CN217952866U - Fluidized bed lithium salt drying device without metal contact - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model belongs to the material drying technology, in particular to a fluidized bed lithium salt drying device without metal contact, which comprises a feeding system, a feeding screw and a feeding distributor which are communicated, wherein, tungsten carbide is sprayed on the part of the feeding system which is contacted with the material; the fluidized bed is connected with the feeding system through the feeding distributor; the drying system comprises a drying blower and a heater, and is connected with the fluidized bed drying part through the heater; a cooling system comprising a dehumidifier and a cooling blower, connected to the fluidized bed cooling section via the dehumidifier; the dust removal system comprises a cyclone dust collector, a bag-type dust collector, an induced draft fan and a wet dust collector; and the discharging system comprises a discharging rotary discharging valve and a discharging screw arranged below the discharging rotary discharging valve, and the discharging rotary discharging valve is arranged at the discharging opening of the fluidized bed.

Description

Fluidized bed lithium salt drying device without metal contact

Technical Field

The utility model belongs to the material drying technology, concretely relates to fluidized bed lithium salt drying device of no metal contact.

Background

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

Lithium is an important energy metal and is a strategic mineral product in China. Lithium is a silver white soft alkali metal and can be better applied to the field of batteries. In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy automobiles and lithium batteries, lithium is widely concerned and is classified as a strategic emerging industrial mineral product in China.

The battery demand accounts for the largest proportion of the lithium salt demand, and accounts for about seven compositions. Lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and lithium chloride, which are positive electrode materials, occupy the core position of the battery and are important lithium salt products.

From the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain, the upstream industry of the lithium industry mainly adopts natural mineral resources, and can morphologically divide hard rock lithium and brine lithium; the middling and migratory industries mainly extract lithium elements in upstream mineral resources to form lithiation industrial products, mainly comprising lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium chloride and the like; the downstream is to use the lithium chemical products produced in the midstream in the production and manufacture of batteries, ceramics, glass, lubricants and the like, and to be applied to the industries of new energy automobiles, consumer electronics, energy storage, aviation, machinery, medicine and the like.

The lithium salt is used as one of the main raw materials of lithium batteries of electronic products and power batteries of new energy automobiles, and the market demand of the lithium salt is increasing day by day. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the preparation technology of the improved lithium salt.

The lithium salt is used as a core raw material in the production process of the lithium ion battery, and the core quality directly influences the production safety, the electrochemical performance of the battery and the use safety. When metal impurities such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and the like exist in the anode material, after the voltage of the battery formation stage reaches the oxidation-reduction potential of the metals, the metals are oxidized at the anode and then reduced at the cathode, and when metal simple substances at the cathode are accumulated to a certain degree, hard edges and corners of the deposited metals pierce through a diaphragm, so that the battery self-discharges. Since self-discharge has a fatal influence on a lithium ion battery, it is important to fundamentally prevent the introduction of metallic foreign materials.

The drying of lithium salt is an extremely important step in the whole preparation of lithium carbonate, the water content before drying is different due to different production raw materials and different production processes, and the water content after drying is required to be less than 0.2%.

The lithium salt used as the core raw material in the production process of the lithium ion battery has the defects of looseness, weak fluidity and the like and high temperature resistance, so that the drying process requires no introduction of metal foreign matters, the energy consumption is low, the material is uniformly heated, the operating environment is good, the index requirement is met at one time, and the like.

The mature material drying technologies traditionally applied in industry on a large scale include hot air drying, microwave drying, far infrared drying and the like. The drying process of the three technologies not only introduces various metal impurity ions, but also has a plurality of disadvantages, and is not the best choice for producing lithium battery raw materials. For example, the hot air drying has high energy consumption and low efficiency, the exhausted tail gas contains a large amount of heat energy, large dust, environmental pollution and the like, the microwave drying has huge equipment investment, uneven material drying, frequent hot spots and thermal runaway phenomena in the heating process, easily damaged parts, high maintenance cost and the like, and the far infrared drying has the defects of complex equipment structure, uneven heating, high energy consumption and the like.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

In order to solve the problem, the utility model provides a fluidized bed lithium salt drying device of no metal contact collects no metal contact drying, cooling, tail gas purification in an organic whole, according to the demand of using the operating mode, carries out the structural reasonable setting and the improvement of drying and tail gas purification, realizes not introducing metal impurity ion, the energy consumption is lower, efficiency is higher, to the little material drying of environmental pollution.

According to some embodiments, the utility model discloses a first aspect provides a fluidized bed lithium salt drying device of no metal contact, adopts following technical scheme:

a fluidized bed lithium salt drying apparatus without metal contact, comprising:

the feeding system comprises a feeding screw and a feeding distributor which are communicated, wherein tungsten carbide is sprayed on the parts of the feeding system, which are in contact with the materials;

the fluidized bed is connected with the feeding system through the feeding distributor;

the drying system comprises a drying blower and a heater, and is connected with the fluidized bed drying part through the heater; wherein, the material contact part in the fluidized bed drying part is made of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE);

a cooling system comprising a dehumidifier and a cooling blower, connected to the fluidized bed cooling section through the dehumidifier; wherein, the material contact part in the fluidized bed cooling part is made of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE);

the dust removal system comprises a cyclone dust collector, a bag-type dust collector, an induced draft fan and a wet dust collector; the input end of the cyclone dust collector is connected to the dust removing port of the fluidized bed through a pipeline, and the output end of the cyclone dust collector is communicated with the input end of the bag-type dust collector through a pipeline; the output end of the bag-type dust collector is connected with the input end of the induced draft fan through a pipeline, and the output end of the induced draft fan is communicated with the input end of the wet dust collector;

and the discharging system comprises a discharging rotary discharging valve and a discharging screw arranged below the discharging rotary discharging valve, and the discharging rotary discharging valve is arranged at the discharging opening of the fluidized bed.

As a further technical limitation, the heater is connected to the fluidized bed drying part through a drying air inlet butterfly valve.

As a further technical limitation, the dehumidifier is connected to the fluidized bed cooling part through a cooling air inlet butterfly valve.

As a further technical limitation, the bottom parts of the cyclone dust collector and the bag-type dust collector are respectively provided with a cyclone discharge valve and a bag discharge valve, and the cyclone discharge valve and the bag discharge valve are respectively arranged above the discharge screw.

As a further technical limitation, the discharge port of the fluidized bed is provided with a fluidization height adjusting mechanism.

As a further technical limitation, one side of the fluidized bed is provided with an air inlet, and the air inlet is provided with an adjusting valve for adjusting air volume.

As a further technical limitation, the heater employs a steam heat exchanger, an electric heater or a combination of a steam heat exchanger and an electric heater.

As a further technical limitation, the dehumidifier adopts the combination of a surface cooler and a demister, so that the moisture in the cooling air is sufficiently low, and the lithium salt in the cooling section is ensured not to absorb moisture to cause the final moisture to exceed the standard.

As a further technical limitation, a spraying device is arranged in the wet dust collector, and the spraying device comprises an input interface, a circulating pump, a spraying switch and a spraying nozzle which are communicated with the wet dust collector, and a pipeline for connecting the input interface, the circulating pump, the spraying switch and the spraying nozzle; the spray nozzle is arranged inside the wet dust collector.

As a further technical limitation, the cyclone dust collector is made of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); the shell of the bag-type dust collector is made of metal materials, and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is sprayed inside the shell; the wet dust collector is made of PP material; and tungsten carbide is sprayed on the contact parts of the cyclone discharge valve and the cloth bag discharge valve with the materials so as to ensure that the lithium salt flow does not directly contact with the metals.

Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the utility model are that:

the tungsten carbide is sprayed on the contact part of the conveying equipment such as the feeding screw, the feeding distributor, the discharging discharge valve, the discharging screw, the cyclone discharge valve, the cloth bag discharge valve and the like and the material; the fluidized bed and the cyclone dust collector are both made of temperature-resistant Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) materials; spraying a temperature-resistant Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material in the bag-type dust collector; the wet dust collector is made of PP materials. The lithium salt is not contacted with a metal material in the drying process of the system, so that the excessive metal foreign matter caused by the friction between the lithium salt and the metal can be avoided, and the purity of the lithium salt can not be influenced.

The fluidized bed drying adopted by the utility model has higher heat transfer and mass transfer rates, high drying rate and high thermal efficiency; the device has the advantages of uniform drying on the whole, good dewatering effect, high evaporation intensity, large specific surface area of a bed layer of the fluidized bed, full contact of materials and hot air, avoidance of powder stacking and agglomeration during drying, and full volatilization of moisture in the materials; the device is mature and stable, the basic investment and the maintenance cost are low, the operation is simple, the integration level is high, and the occupied area is small.

The fluidized bed adopted by the drying system of the utility model is a drying and cooling integrated design, thereby reducing the conveying link between drying and cooling, saving investment and reducing operation cost; the drying system is in continuous operation, the whole system is automatically controlled, the labor cost is reduced, and the loss caused by manual misoperation is avoided.

The utility model provides a drying device dust pelletizing system dust collection efficiency is high, has reduced the loss that the lithium salt caused because of the drying, and tail gas emission to reach standard simultaneously.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which form a part of the specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention without unduly limiting the scope of the invention.

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a fluidized bed lithium salt drying device without metal contact according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of a fluidized bed according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a fluidized bed according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of a fluidized bed according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

11, a feeding screw, 12, a feeding distributor, 21, a fluidized bed, 211, an upper box body, 212, a fluidization section, 2121, a quick-opening type inspection manhole, 2122, a quick-opening type hand hole sight glass, 213, an air chamber, 2131, an air inlet, 2132, an inspection manhole, 214, a cloth wind plate, 215, a discharge hole device, 216, a supporting leg, 22, a drying blower, 23, a heater, 24, a drying air inlet butterfly valve, 31, a cooling blower, 32, a dehumidifier, 33, a cooling air inlet butterfly valve, 41, a cyclone dust collector, 42, a cyclone discharge valve, 43, a cloth bag dust collector, 44, a cloth bag discharge valve, 45, an induced draft fan, 46, a wet dust collector, 47, a circulating pump, 51, a discharge valve, 52 and a discharge screw.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be further explained with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.

It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the invention. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments in accordance with the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

In the present invention, the terms such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", "vertical", "horizontal", "side", "bottom", and the like indicate the position or positional relationship based on the position or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only the terms determined for convenience of describing the structural relationship of each component or element of the present invention, and are not specific to any component or element of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.

In the present invention, terms such as "fixedly connected", "connected", and the like should be understood in a broad sense, and may be fixedly connected, or integrally connected or detachably connected; may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate. The meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be determined according to specific situations by persons skilled in the art, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

Example one

The embodiment of the utility model provides a fluidized bed lithium salt drying device of no metal contact.

The lithium salt drying device of the fluidized bed without metal contact as shown in the figure 1 comprises a feeding system, a drying system, a cooling system, a dedusting system and a discharging system.

Specifically, the feeding system is composed of a feeding screw 11 for conveying materials and a feeding distributor 12 for homogenizing bulk materials, wherein the feeding distributor 12 is directly connected with the fluidized bed 21. Tungsten carbide is sprayed on the contact parts of the feeding screw 11 and the feeding distributor 12 with lithium salt, so that direct contact between particles and metal is avoided.

The drying system comprises a fluidized bed 21, a drying blower 22, a heater 23 and a drying air inlet butterfly valve 24. The air at normal temperature is powered by a drying blower 22 and enters a heater 23 (electric heating or steam heating or combination of the electric heating and the steam heating), the temperature of hot air is kept between 70 ℃ and 220 ℃, and heat is transmitted to the fluidized bed 21; hot air is adjusted by a drying air inlet butterfly valve 24 and then flows into the drying section of the fluidized bed 21 to be uniformly distributed through an air distribution plate, and the hot air and suspended materials are subjected to heat transfer and mass transfer, and are dried step by step in a plurality of chambers. The fluidized bed 21 is made of temperature-resistant Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to prevent the lithium salt from rubbing with metal to generate metal foreign matters during fluidization. The drying blower 22, the heater 23 and the drying air inlet butterfly valve 24 are made of stainless steel, and metal foreign matters are prevented from being carried by drying air.

The cooling system comprises a fluidized bed 21, a cooling blower 31, a dehumidifier 32 and a cooling air inlet butterfly valve 33. The normal temperature air is powered by a cooling blower 31 and enters a dehumidifier 32 (composed of a surface cooler and a demister) for cooling and dehumidifying, the normal temperature air is cooled to 5-15 ℃, and cold energy is provided for the fluidized bed 21; and cold air is regulated by a cooling air inlet butterfly valve 33 and then flows into the cooling section of the fluidized bed 21 to be uniformly distributed by an air distribution plate, and is subjected to heat and mass transfer with suspended materials, and the materials are cooled step by step in a plurality of chambers. The cooling blower 31, the dehumidifier 32 and the cooling air inlet butterfly valve 33 are made of stainless steel, so that the cooling air inlet is prevented from carrying metal foreign matters.

The dust removal system comprises a cyclone dust collector 41 and a cyclone discharge valve 42 which are communicated with the fluidized bed 21, a bag dust collector 43 and a bag discharge valve 44, an induced draft fan 45, a wet dust collector 46 and a circulating pump 47; the fluidized bed 21 dries and cools the dusty tail gas and passes 41 first grade of primary dust removal of the cyclone dust collector at first, then enter 43 second grade dust removals of the bag dust collector, offer the power by the induced draft fan 46, wash and empty after reaching standard finally through the wet dust collector 46; the lithium salt dust particles collected by the cyclone 41 and the bag-type dust collector 43 are respectively discharged to subsequent conveying equipment through a cyclone discharge valve 42 and a bag discharge valve 44. The cyclone 41 is made of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); the shell of the bag-type dust collector 43 is made of metal, and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is sprayed inside the shell; the wet dust collector 46 is made of PP material; the contact parts of the cyclone discharge valve 42 and the cloth bag discharge valve 45 with the lithium salt are sprayed with tungsten carbide, and the measures are all to ensure that the lithium salt flow is not in direct contact with metal.

The discharging system comprises a discharging valve 51 and a discharging screw 52, and is used for discharging and conveying the subsequent lithium salt finished products; the tungsten carbide is sprayed on the part in contact with the lithium salt, and the measures are all to ensure that the lithium salt does not directly contact with metal in the process.

It will be appreciated that a water replenishment circuit is provided in the wet scrubber 46 for replenishing water in the wet scrubber 46 in time; specifically, the water replenishing loop is provided with a water replenishing valve, when the liquid level in the wet dust collector 46 is lower than the set liquid level, the water replenishing valve is opened in time to replenish water for the wet dust collector 46, and when the liquid level of the wet dust collector 46 reaches the set liquid level, the water replenishing valve is closed to complete water replenishment for the wet dust collector 46.

In the process of replenishing water to the wet scrubber 46, the water may be sprayed by a water replenishing spraying device disposed above the wet scrubber 46, or may be replenished by a water replenishing pipe disposed below the wet scrubber 46 and above the liquid level in the wet scrubber 46, or both of the above two water replenishing methods may be adopted.

Fig. 2, fig. 3 and fig. 4 show a fluidized bed structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention, which is composed of an upper box 211, a fluidizing section 212, a plenum 213, an air distribution plate 214, a discharge port device 215, and support legs 216.

Specifically, the upper box 211 is an enlarged gas-collecting hood, so that lithium salt particles with a certain particle size are ensured to be settled at the position, and the particle discharge amount is reduced; the fluidization section 212 is a position where the lithium salt is subjected to heat and mass transfer with hot air and cold air, and the lithium salt is dried and cooled at the position; the air chamber 213 is an air inlet position for drying and cooling, so that air volume distribution is realized; the air distribution plate 214 is an even air distribution device, so that the material is fluidized evenly, and the optimized fluidized state is realized; the large block material discharge opening arranged on the discharge opening device 215 avoids the phenomenon of 'dead bed' caused by accumulation of large blocks, and the material layer adjusting device is arranged to ensure the retention time of the material and the adjusting range of the equipment capacity.

In this embodiment, the air inlet temperature and the air volume of the fluidized bed 21 are adjustable, so that the temperature required by material drying and the fluidization state of the material can be better maintained; the discharge hole device 215 can ensure the retention time of the materials and increase the adjustment range of the equipment capacity.

The utility model completely achieves the non-contact between the material and the metal in the whole drying process, and the purity of the material can not be influenced; the equipment runs uninterruptedly in the whole process, and the system is energy-saving and efficient; the fluidized bed drying has higher heat transfer and mass transfer rates, high drying rate and high thermal efficiency; the process integration level is higher, the drying, dust removal and tail gas treatment are integrated, the operation is convenient, and the occupied area is reduced; the material loss is little, and the material in the whole equipment wets on the top and dries, and the top advances down and goes out, and the velocity of flow of air current is low, and the dust is difficult to be smugglied secretly, and is little to environmental pollution.

Example two

The second embodiment of the present disclosure describes the operation principle of the fluidized bed lithium salt drying device without metal contact based on the first embodiment.

In this example, lithium carbonate is used as a material, and a detailed description is given.

In the device, the wet lithium carbonate material with the water content of 10 wt percent and the temperature of 20 ℃ is firstly conveyed to the feeding distributor 12 by the feeding screw 11 and then is uniformly distributed into the fluidized bed 21, and the wet lithium carbonate material is subjected to heat and mass transfer with drying hot air with the temperature of 180 ℃ in the drying section of the fluidized bed 21 to realize the drying purpose, and the water content of the dried lithium carbonate is less than 0.2 wt percent; the dried lithium carbonate enters a cooling section of the fluidized bed 21, and exchanges heat with cold air at 8 ℃ to realize the cooling purpose, and the discharging temperature of the cooled lithium carbonate is less than 50 ℃; discharged through the discharge outlet device 215 and then discharged to the discharge screw 52 through the discharge valve 51.

Air with the temperature of 20 ℃ is powered by a drying blower 22, heated to 180 ℃ by a heater 23, distributed by a drying air inlet butterfly valve 24, enters a drying section of a fluidized bed 21 to be dried by heat transfer and mass transfer with lithium carbonate, the temperature of the lithium carbonate after heat exchange is raised to 85 ℃, and the air temperature is reduced to 90 ℃ after cooling.

The air with the temperature of 20 ℃ is powered by a cooling blower 31, cooled to 8 ℃ by a cooler 32, distributed by a cooling air inlet butterfly valve 33, enters a cooling section of the fluidized bed 21 to exchange heat with lithium carbonate for cooling, the temperature of the lithium carbonate is reduced to 50 ℃, and the air temperature is increased to 45 ℃ after heat exchange.

Mixing the dried hot air at 90 ℃ with the cooled cold air at 45 ℃ in the box body 211 on the fluidized bed 21, and keeping the mixed air at the temperature of about 85 ℃; the mixed tail gas contains a small amount of lithium carbonate dust, and is supplied with power by the induced draft fan 45, and is subjected to dust removal by the cyclone dust collector 41, the bag-type dust collector 43 and the wet dust collector 46 in sequence and is discharged after reaching the standard.

In the process, the lithium carbonate is not contacted with the metal, so that the doping of metal foreign matters is completely avoided, and the quality of the lithium carbonate product is ensured.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A fluidized bed lithium salt drying apparatus without metal contact, comprising:

the feeding system comprises a feeding screw and a feeding distributor which are communicated, wherein tungsten carbide is sprayed on the parts of the feeding system, which are contacted with the material;

the fluidized bed is connected with the feeding system through the feeding distributor;

the drying system comprises a drying blower and a heater, and is connected with the fluidized bed drying part through the heater; wherein, the material contact part in the fluidized bed drying part adopts polytetrafluoroethylene;

a cooling system comprising a dehumidifier and a cooling blower, connected to the fluidized bed cooling section through the dehumidifier; wherein, the material contact part in the fluidized bed cooling part adopts polytetrafluoroethylene;

the dust removal system comprises a cyclone dust collector, a bag-type dust collector, an induced draft fan and a wet dust collector; the input end of the cyclone dust collector is connected to the dust removing port of the fluidized bed through a pipeline, and the output end of the cyclone dust collector is communicated with the input end of the bag-type dust collector through a pipeline; the output end of the bag-type dust collector is connected with the input end of the induced draft fan through a pipeline, and the output end of the induced draft fan is communicated with the input end of the wet dust collector;

and the discharging system comprises a discharging rotary discharging valve and a discharging screw arranged below the discharging rotary discharging valve, and the discharging rotary discharging valve is arranged at the discharging opening of the fluidized bed.

2. The lithium salt drying apparatus in a fluidized bed without metal contact as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heater is connected to the fluidized bed drying part through a dry air intake butterfly valve.

3. The lithium salt drying device in fluidized bed without metal contact as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dehumidifier is connected to the cooling part of the fluidized bed through a cooling intake butterfly valve.

4. The lithium salt drying device in fluidized bed without metal contact as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bottom of said cyclone and said bag-type dust collector are respectively provided with a cyclone discharge valve and a bag discharge valve, and said cyclone discharge valve and said bag discharge valve are respectively disposed above said discharging screw.

5. The lithium salt drying device of the fluidized bed without metal contact as claimed in claim 1, wherein the discharge port of the fluidized bed is provided with a fluidization height adjusting mechanism.

6. The lithium salt drying device of fluidized bed without metal contact as claimed in claim 1, wherein an air inlet is provided at one side of the fluidized bed, and the air inlet is provided with an adjusting valve for adjusting air volume.

7. The metal-free fluidized bed lithium salt drying apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heater is a steam heat exchanger, an electric heater, or a combination of a steam heat exchanger and an electric heater.

8. The lithium salt drying device of claim 1, wherein the dehumidifier comprises a combination of a surface cooler and a demister.

9. The lithium salt drying device of a fluidized bed without metal contact as claimed in claim 1, wherein a spraying device is disposed in the wet dust collector, the spraying device comprises an input interface, a circulating pump, a spraying switch and a spraying nozzle which are communicated with the wet dust collector, and a pipeline for connecting the input interface, the circulating pump, the spraying switch and the spraying nozzle; the spray nozzle is arranged inside the wet dust collector.

10. The lithium salt drying device of the fluidized bed without metal contact as claimed in claim 4, wherein said cyclone is made of polytetrafluoroethylene; the shell of the bag-type dust collector is made of metal materials, and polytetrafluoroethylene is sprayed inside the shell; the wet dust collector is made of PP material; and tungsten carbide is sprayed on the contact parts of the cyclone discharge valve and the cloth bag discharge valve with the materials so as to ensure that the lithium salt flow does not directly contact with the metals.

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