CN217368415U

CN217368415U - Material thermal decomposition device without contacting oxygen

Info

Publication number: CN217368415U
Application number: CN202220249775.2U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 皮特·库伯
Original assignee: Theodore Design Co
Current assignee: Theodore Design Co
Priority date: 2021-02-10
Filing date: 2022-02-07
Publication date: 2022-09-06
Anticipated expiration: 2032-02-07
Also published as: CZ34946U1; WO2022171217A1

Abstract

A device for the thermal decomposition of materials not in contact with oxygen comprises at least one reactor (1) and a hot chamber (2), the hot chamber (2) comprising a heating tank (8), a hollow ring (9), a base (4) of the reactor (1), a height section (301, 302, 303) and an electric heater (3) at the bottom of the base (4) and a temperature regulating housing (10). Inside said circular hot chamber (2) there is a cylindrical reactor (1) with a central protrusion (13) at the bottom, inside which there is a baffle (15), preferably perforated, equipped with a gas pipe (17). The arrangement of the hot chamber (2) and the reactor (1) allows the thermal decomposition of the material without contacting oxygen. In the first and second stages, the heating of the reactor (1) is carried out simultaneously from below and from the side of the reactor (1) and then only from below to a height of 1/10 to 1/2 of the reactor (1). Heat is also supplied directly to the middle of the material.

Description

Material thermal decomposition device without contacting oxygen

Technical Field

The proposed solution relates to a device for the thermal decomposition of organic materials without contact with oxygen.

Background

Thermal decomposition of the material, i.e. thermolysis, is carried out to obtain a usable product. As a special variant of thermal decomposition, for organic materials pyrolysis is usually chosen, during which there is no oxygen and therefore no combustion. The decomposition of the material is caused by high temperatures and pressures, which are selected and constantly adjusted according to the composition of the material and the type and quality of the desired product. The material to be treated is placed in a closed heating space, such as a furnace chamber, in which the material is subjected to high temperatures, while the gases are discharged from the heating space for further treatment. Preferably, the material is in a process that allows good thermal access, for example in the form of crushed or ground particles. The gas generated when the material is heated changes its composition as the temperature of the material increases. Volatile substances, water and inert gas are gradually released. It is well known that gases with high hydrocarbon content, which are useful as energy sources, are released from these materials at high temperatures, depending on the composition of the starting materials and the pressure conditions. The principle of the thermal decomposition process of these materials and the composition of the fractions obtained by thermal decomposition according to specific thermal decomposition temperatures and pressures are known. However, the problem is to achieve good economics of these thermal decomposition processes, which is mainly dependent on the structural solution of the heating device and the reactor combination located therein. In order to achieve economic efficiency, it is necessary to select a good heating mode of the material, especially batch, material heating time and pressure. It also depends on the thickness of the material processing layer and its distribution, the location of the heater or heat exchanging surface providing the heat, the correct choice of heat source, etc. This is also associated with the lack of optimum equipment. The heating chamber is not normally operated continuously and each batch of raw material needs to be cooled before it is opened. Typically, heating of the heated space is first stopped, but the heat is still allowed to act for a period of time, and then the space is allowed to cool naturally or artificially. After economical exhaustion of the available gaseous medium from the treated material and during cooling, the gas can still escape from the material, so that even during this time the gas is usually removed, after which the gas is still present and/or rotating dust particles are sucked out if the space is sufficiently cooled to a safe opening temperature. From the heat-treated raw batch material, only one solid residue remains in the working space in the form of char particles, or the char framework is decomposed from carbonaceous particles (the main component of which is carbon) into pulp.

The device for the above method is described, for example, in patent application CZ PV 2010-. The invention relates to a rubber waste heat treatment device, which consists of a chamber with a heating element and a cooling element and a condensation loop with a flow source and a condenser. The heating element is a body consisting of four electric spirals with a common cover, said heating body being placed as a housing in the chamber. The chamber has an insulating layer as seen from the outside. As cooling elements, a system of tubes with ribbed tubes in a heating chamber is described in the first case of said document, and in the second case, partitions on at least two sides of the heating chamber. An air gap is provided between the partition wall and the chamber wall, and is cooled by the flowing air. The condensation circuit is provided with a fan to ensure circulation of the gaseous medium from the chamber to the circuit and from the circuit back to the chamber, and with a condensation collection vessel. Rubber waste having a volume of 0.1 to 0.9 of the volume of the heating chamber is placed in the heating chamber, the heating chamber is closed, and the temperature is raised to 350 to 400 ℃. Combustible liquid condensate is removed from the heating chamber gases for further use by the condenser loop of the condenser. After at least 40 minutes, but not before the weight of the scrap rubber batch dropped more than 15%, the chamber space was cooled to below 2000 ℃. Finally, the chamber is opened and cleaned of solid residues produced.

A disadvantage of the given apparatus is that it does not allow sufficient decomposition of the raw process materials. The heater is located only at one position around, or inside, the material, without heating from below. During heating, the material settles to form a hard mass, which may or may not have a crust. This makes it difficult for heat to enter the material and possibly escape as a result of decomposition of the species produced, which lengthens the necessary processing time and removes the limitation of the selectivity of the constituents of the exiting species. Apart from condensation, said device does not allow other treatments of the gas vapours and aerosols generated during thermal decomposition, and therefore only oil is available, not a usable combustible gas. When the chamber is open, residual fumes contained in the chamber may leak into the environment.

Application PCT/CZ2013/000133(CZ patent 304835) describes an apparatus and a method for producing electrical engineering fuels, wherein carbonaceous material is treated by pyrolysis without a flame. The batch is placed in the cavity of the reactor in the form of a mobile tank consisting of a pressure vessel with a flat or circular bottom and a lid with a gas outlet connected to a gas line. The apparatus for heating the reactor comprises two chambers, a preheating chamber and a heating chamber. In the preheating chamber, the pressure vessel is preheated to a temperature of 90 to 120 ℃ in 60 to 120 minutes and the gas mixture produced by thermal decomposition is removed. The pressure vessel is then transferred in a closed state to a reheat chamber, heated to a higher temperature, up to 550 ℃, where the pressure vessel is heated for a further 180 minutes at a pressure of 2 to 5kPa, and the resulting gas mixture is vented for further processing. The heating chamber space is kept continuously heated and after removal of one pressure vessel, another pressure vessel is put in place. The preheating chamber is in the form of a tank filled with a liquid heat transfer medium and contains one or more pressure vessel bases. The reheat chamber also contains at least one pressure vessel base. In the reheat chamber, the side wall around the pressure vessel is made up of a ceramic ring made of refractory clay and a built-in electric heater. Approximately the lower part 3/5 of the ring dips into a tank with a hollow shell filled with a liquid heat transfer medium, in which tank the side around the ring stores additional electric heaters. The two chambers are connected to each other so that a heat transfer medium can be circulated therebetween. A disadvantage of this solution is the need to reposition the reactor with decomposed material. During such relocation, the reactor may be accidentally cooled. In addition to repositioning the required treatment, the exhaust line must also be disconnected and reconnected. Furthermore, the handling of the thermal reactor requires additional machinery and some safety measures. During the decomposition, the material settles in the lower part of the reactor and thickens, forming a higher layer. The densification of the high density layer prevents perfect heat transfer and escape of released species. Intensive heating is effected only at the sides around the reactor by means of electric heaters, and heating from below by means of the liquid medium alone is not rapid and effective. Furthermore, the loop heating by means of heaters of the same temperature over the entire height of the reactor does not provide optimal conditions for the economical decomposition of the settled material during the entire heating time. The upper portion is superheated around the void space in the reactor while the lower material is compacted, heating at a slower rate, requiring a relatively large amount of electrical energy to adequately heat and maintain the desired thermal decomposition temperature.

The CZ patent 305,015 describes that materials subjected to thermal decomposition are suitable for delamination into thinner or thinner layers. This patent only thermally decomposes the loose particles by a continuous process. The apparatus according to this patent is a reactor in the form of a vertical body having a cylindrical wall with a hollow shell with a liquid heat transfer medium, an upper hopper of material and a lower discharge outlet for the material. The interior has a hollow heater that flows around the work material. These hollow heaters are filled with a liquid heat transfer medium and have an inlet and an outlet on the outside of the reactor. At the top and bottom, these heaters form a heating chamber with a conical upper surface and at the middle level there is a heating tunnel with channels around the reactor wall and material in the middle of the reactor. The path of the material to be treated is formed on the one hand by the heating surfaces of these heaters located inside the reactor and on the other hand by the passage between the heater and the heating wall of the reactor. From above, the material was poured into a reactor, the reactor in the reactor was layered into a thin layer on a heated slope. After falling on the heated surfaces, the material then moves under the influence of gravity and diffuses down the various heated surfaces. During the diffusion of the material from top to bottom through the reactor, the material is heated and the escaping gaseous thermal decomposition products are discharged through the side walls of the reactor. The outlet from which the dry residue is taken is as follows. The heating is carried out by heating the hollow shell of the reactor, but can also be carried out inside the reactor, wherein the material path is heated by a liquid heat transfer medium. The temperature and pressure in the reactor are maintained and varied according to the composition of the material to be treated and the composition requirements of the hypothetical product. The disadvantage of said solution is the inability to handle materials other than liquids or loose particles. Another disadvantage is that only a constant composition of the material mixture is discharged and the pyrolysis products do not continue to differ significantly over time, since the material in the reactor does not stop and more material flows in and out continuously. In a continuous process, the process material is not completely decomposed either, so that there is a lot of mixing and ballast in the final product, which limits the possibilities of using the product. In the reactor, the risk of material adhering to the hot surfaces of the heater and clogging the channels is high. The heat transfer through the surface of the adhesive material is significantly deteriorated. Channel blockage is associated with unnecessary local overheating of the material and possible explosion risks. To avoid these risks, the reactor must be closely monitored, the process interrupted frequently, and the equipment disassembled, cleaned, and otherwise maintained.

Disclosure of Invention

The proposed solution eliminates the above mentioned drawbacks. The pyrolysis apparatus comprises at least one reactor and a hot chamber for heating the reactor, wherein the hot chamber has a wall provided with an electric heater and comprises a recess having a shape adapted to accommodate a seat of the shape and size of the reactor. The reactor is a pressure vessel made of heat conducting material and has a gas-tight cover on the top. The gas-tight cover has at least one handle for manipulation and at least one outlet for escape of gaseous substances and aerosols. The principle of the new solution of the device is the following structural solution of a hot chamber and reactor combination. The hot chamber is composed of a heating tank and a hollow ring located above the heating tank and reaching at least the reactor lid. The height of the heating tank reaches 1/2 to 9/10 of the reactor placed therein. The heating tank is equipped with electric heaters in the walls and at the bottom of the base and a double temperature regulating housing around it, which is filled with a moving heat transfer medium. The hollow ring is located above the walls of the heating tank and the temperature regulation housing, and is connected to the temperature regulation housing of the heating tank while also being filled with a heat transfer medium. The heating tank with the temperature control jacket, the heating tank with the hollow ring, the heating tank with the reactor, the temperature control jacket with the hollow ring and the wall of the hollow ring with the reactor in contact are composed of a thermally conductive material.

The electric heating elements of the heating tank are preferably arranged in at least three independently controllable elevation sections, one above the other.

The base formed in the hot chamber for inserting and heating the reactor preferably has a cylindrical wall. The bottom of the base is flat or convex. The reactor also has a cylindrical wall corresponding in shape and size to the base, preferably contiguous with the cylindrical wall of the base. The bottom of the reactor is convex, i.e. near the bottom edge, at least in the peripheral part of the reactor. This means that the cross-section of the base and the reactor is circular or oval, while the cross-sectional shape of the base is the same as the cross-sectional shape of the reactor, and thus corresponds in size to the circumference of the base of the reactor. This is not the case at the bottom of the reactor. Which may or may not be the same shape as the base bottom, so that according to the proposed solution the reactor bottom does not have to be located at the base bottom.

The central part of the reactor preferably has a concave bottom, wherein said protrusion forms a hollow central projection towards the interior of the reactor, for spreading and diluting the layer of material to be treated, and for supplying heat from the heated bottom of the heating tank to the material thus spread.

The central protrusion described in the preceding paragraph preferably extends to the lower portion of the reactor height from 1/10 to 1/2.

Between the bottom of the heating bath base and the material space in the reactor, a hollow groove is preferably provided in the reactor, which is formed at the bottom by the lower part of the reactor and at the top by a partition separating the space in the reactor.

The baffles are preferably located below the reactor heights 1/10 and 1/3.

Preferably, the partition comprises a plurality of openings. Spacers in the form of screens, meshes, grids, perforated stainless steel plates, etc. may be used. Preferably, at least one gas tube leads out below the partition and has an opening through the reactor cover and down through the space in the reactor into a recess below the partition.

If the reactor comprises a central protrusion, the height of the central protrusion is greater than the height of the partition.

The proposed pyrolysis apparatus is particularly suitable for the pyrolysis of organic substances containing carbon compounds, such as rubber, plastics, biomass, sewage sludge, etc. Therefore, it can be used for secondary treatment of various wastes, such as PET bottles, general plastic wastes, waste tires, agricultural wastes, food production wastes, etc. The thermal decomposition is carried out by using a prepared device, and products such as various additives, fertilizers, gas fuels, industrial oil and lubricant, hydrogen, activated carbon and other adsorbents, pigments, composite materials and the like can be obtained. Various industrial semi-finished products can be produced, such as hydrocarbons, fractions for the production of other substances (such as polypropylene), liquid products for petrochemicals, solid products for agriculture.

The advantage of the device is mainly to improve the economics of the thermal decomposition process. There is no need to reposition the reactor during ongoing pyrolysis, thereby eliminating safety risks, the necessity of unnecessarily disposing of the thermal reactor, and heat losses due to current conditions when moving the thermal reactor from a preheat chamber to a reheat chamber. By supplying heat to the middle of the material layer and reducing the heating of the electric heater during the material processing, the height of supplying heat to the reactor is reduced in proportion to the sedimentation of the decomposed material layer, thereby improving the efficiency. According to the invention, the removal of the released products from the material can be improved by temperature and pressure control, as well as by supplying the activation medium to the reactor and treating it in a controlled manner by decomposing the material. The process efficiency is also improved by accelerating the final cooling by controlled inert gas supply.

By using the proposed device, a continuous processing of each batch of products can be achieved without the need for handling demanding operations. For example, the processing speed of a batch is improved by 30% without increasing the energy consumption as compared to CZ patent 304,835. More types of materials can be processed. Compared with other documents known in the prior art, the decomposition effect of the material is obviously better. The solid residue remaining on the partition after thermal decomposition is pure carbon and free of unwanted ballast impurities. Gases and aerosols that can be processed into a wider range of products are available through the hot chamber outlet than is currently possible.

Drawings

The proposed solution is shown in the figure:

FIG. 1 is a view of a vertical section through a hot chamber in the middle with a plug-in reactor;

FIG. 2 is a view from the front of the hot cell without the reactor, of the arrangement of the electric heaters around the base of the hot cell;

FIG. 3 is a top view of the hot chamber inserted into the reactor;

FIG. 4 is a bottom view of an electric heater under a base in a hot cell, with a cross-section under the electric heater;

FIG. 5 is a vertical sectional view through the center of the reactor of a reactor with perforated baffles and a central protrusion;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of the reactor partition itself according to the above figure;

FIG. 7 is a vertical cross-sectional view through the center of a reactor without a center protrusion;

FIG. 8 is a plan view of the reactor partition itself according to the above figure;

FIG. 9 is a bottom view of the hot box with terminal plate;

fig. 10 is a reactor heating schedule during operation, wherein the letters A, B, C, D indicate the various successive stages of the process.

1. A reactor; 2. a hot chamber; 3. an electric heater; 4. a base; 5. an airtight cover; 6. a handle; 7. An outlet; 8. a heating tank; 9. a hollow ring; 10. a temperature regulating housing; 11. a heat transfer medium; 12. a junction box; 13. a central protrusion; 14. a groove; 15. a partition plate; 16. an opening; 17. an air tube; 18. a base; 301. 302, 303, segment.

Detailed Description

An exemplary design of the proposed solution is illustrated by the description of the construction of the device for performing pyrolysis according to fig. 1 to 9 and the subsequent description of the function of said device schematically illustrated by fig. 10.

The most preferred design of the proposed solution is shown in fig. 1 to 6 and 9. The device consists of two separable bodies, a reactor 1 and a hot chamber 2 for heating.

The hot chamber 2 takes the form of a flameless furnace, the walls of which are equipped with an electric heater 3 and internally have a hollow base 4 shaped and sized to house the reactor 1.

The reactor 1 is a hollow pressure vessel made of a heat conductive material, such as stainless steel, with a gas tight lid 5 on top. The airtight cap 5 is provided with three handles 6 for manipulation and an outlet 7 for escape of gaseous substances and aerosols.

As mentioned above, the term hot chamber 2 here refers to a heating device, i.e. a furnace, which is not inserted into the reactor 1. The hot chamber 2 consists of two heating elements, one above the other, namely a heating bath 8 and a hollow ring 9 above the heating bath 8. The heating bath 8 reaches a height of 1/2 to 9/10 of the reactor 1 placed inside. The height of the reactor 1 is herein understood to be the height dimension within the reactor 1 closed by the gas-tight lid 5, from the lowest point at the bottom to the highest point at the top, in the case of a graphic representation of the shape of the reactor 1 in the middle of the bottom surface of the gas-tight lid 5. The heating bath 8 is equipped with an electric heater 3, and the electric heater 3 is located not only in the side wall of the base 4 but also in the bottom of the base 4 as shown in fig. 1, 2 and 4. In this particular case, a heating screw is used. The surface portion of the heating channel 8 is provided with a double temperature regulating housing 10 around the circumference. In the operating state of the thermal chamber 2, the hollow space in the double temperature regulating housing 10 is filled with a moving heat transfer medium 11, for example oil. The hollow ring 9 is placed on the heating bath 8. The hollow ring 9 has such a thickness that it is simultaneously located above the wall of the heating tank 8 and above the temperature-regulating housing 10. The hollow space located in the hollow ring 9 is connected to the hollow space of the temperature regulation housing 10, and is also filled with a heat transfer medium 11. This connection allows the heat transfer medium 11 to be dumped in the upper and lower portions of the heat chamber 2 to accelerate heating or cooling. To ensure efficient heat exchange, it is necessary to select suitable materials for the contact surfaces in the device. The walls of the heating tank 8 and the thermoregulation housing 10, the heating tank 8 and the hollow ring 9, the heating tank 8 and the reactor 1, the thermoregulation housing 10 and the hollow ring 9 in contact with the reactor 1 are made of a good heat conducting material, such as copper, stainless steel, brass, aluminium, glass fibre, ceramics, slate, concrete, acrylate polymer or a combination of these materials.

The electric heaters 3 of the heating channel 8 located above the bottom are arranged in three independently

controllable height sections

301, 302, 303 above each other. The arrangement is shown in figure 2. The division into

parts

301, 302, 303 and the controllability of their operation is achieved by conventional technical means, for example by means of a junction box 12 as shown in fig. 9, which is connectable to a control unit. The junction box 12 according to fig. 9 comprises six pairs of contacts, one pair being the inlet and outlet of the electric heater 3 at the bottom of the heating channel 8, one pair for the first part 301 of the side, one pair for the second part 302, one pair for the third part 303 of the electric heater 3, one pair for the temperature sensor (not shown in the figures), and one pair as a backup.

The base 4 for insertion into the hot chamber 2 of the reactor 1 has a cylindrical wall and a flat or convex bottom, and the reactor 1 also has a cylindrical wall and a bottom which is convex at least in the peripheral part, wherein the cylindrical walls of the base 4 and the reactor 1 are optimal. Are tightly bonded together.

The central part of the reactor 1 has a concave bottom, said projection forming a hollow central projection 13 facing the inside of the reactor 1 for supplying heat from the heated bottom of the heating tank 8 to the layer of material to be treated. It extends to 1/10 to 1/2 of the height of the reactor 1. Between the bottom of the base 4 of the heating tank 8 and the material space, a hollow groove 14 is formed inside the reactor 1, at the bottom by the lower part of the reactor 1, i.e. by the lower part of its wall and the bottom, and at the top by a partition 15 separating the hollow space inside the reactor 1. The partitions 15 are located at 1/10 and 1/3 of the height of the reactor 1. In the preferred variant of the reactor 1 shown in figures 1, 5 and 6, the partition 15 is provided with a plurality of openings 16. Below the partition 15, a gas pipe 17 passes through the partition 15, through the gas-tight lid 5 of the reactor 1, down through the hollow space of the reactor 1, then through the partition 15, and into the groove 14 below the partition 15. In the exemplary design, when reactor 1 includes baffles 15 and central protrusion 13, the height of central protrusion 13 is greater than the height of baffles 15. Specifically, in this case, the height of the central protrusion 13 is about 1/3 the height of the reactor 1, and the position of the partition 15 is about 1/8 the height of the reactor 1, so that the central protrusion 13 protrudes above the partition 15. As shown in fig. 6, the partition 15 having the plurality of openings 16 may be in the form of a screen, a grid, or a perforated plate. At the bottom, the reactor 1 has welded kerbs, forming a seat 18, preventing tipping over when the external space is filled.

The above described variant of the reactor 1 is most suitable for the treatment of particles and smaller objects, such as biomass, plastics, various industrial wastes and scraps of various materials.

Alternatively, depending on the composition of the material to be treated and the treatment method chosen, the reactor 1 can be adapted or manufactured for use without activating the material, so that the gas tube 17 is not used. For process variants using no activation, the perforated partition 15 may be replaced by a non-perforated partition, or the reactor 1 may be used without using any partition 15. The improved reactor 1 is therefore particularly suitable for the thermal treatment of materials falling through the opening 16, such as liquid sewage sludge or liquid industrial waste.

Another variant of the proposed solution is a reactor 1 of the form shown in figures 7 and 8. The reactor 1 differs from the previous design in that it lacks a central protrusion 13. The bottom of the reactor 1 has a simple convex shape. The preferred design of the reactor 1 comprises a baffle 15 with a plurality of openings 16 and a gas tube 17. This is a variant of the reactor 1 for activating or not activating the material to be treated. This variant of the reactor 1 is suitable, for example, for the thermal treatment of materials (such as used tyres) which are relatively bulky, but hollow, and which contain steel cords, preventing easy grinding before processing.

All variants of the design device allow the material to be thermally decomposed without contact with oxygen.

It is advantageous to preheat the hot chamber 2 to 150 to 300 ℃ before insertion into the reactor 1.

A batch of material to be treated is placed in reactor 1. If the reactor 1 having the central protrusion 13 is used, the central protrusion 13 prevents the material filled in the reactor 1 from being accumulated in the middle, and the material is diffused around the central protrusion 13. If a reactor with a central protrusion 13 and a partition 15 is used, the material spreads on the partition 15 and reaches the height of the central protrusion 13 around the central protrusion 13. Material may also be laid over the central protrusion 13. If a reactor 1 without a central protrusion 13 is used, the material is distributed over the entire partition 15. If non-liquid materials are used, the materials in the reactor form the highest-in-the-middle heap.

The reactor 1 with the ingredients is inserted into the preheating chamber 2 and heated there in the absence of oxygen when the gas-tight lid 5 is closed. The generated steam, gas and pyrolysis aerosol are continuously discharged from the upper portion of the reactor 1 through the outlet 7. It is then sent to other processing equipment, in particular to a cooling system, to fractionate the final product. During the thermal treatment in the hot chamber 2, the decomposition process of the material in the reactor 1 makes continuous adjustments to the requirements of the temperature and pressure levels in the reactor 1 on the composition of the product mass, depending on the type and temperature of the starting material. The different constituents of the vapour, gas and aerosol are gradually released from the decomposed substances. The pressure is adjusted according to the material to be treated and the desired type and mass of substance taken from the outlet 7 of the reactor 1.

The thermal treatment of the material in the hot chamber 2 is carried out in at least four stages, with the reactor 1 being heated in at least three stages, so that:

in a first stage, the reactor 1 is preheated to a temperature of 90 to 120 ℃, the treated material being free of water vapor and air;

-in a second stage, heating the reactor 1 to 120 to 600 ℃ and removing from the reactor 1 the pyrolysis aerosols and gaseous substances resulting from the pyrolysis;

in the penultimate stage, the heating of the reactor 1 is carried out only in the range kept up to the maximum temperature, and the pyrolysis aerosol and gaseous substances produced by the pyrolysis are removed from the reactor 1;

in the final phase, the heating is stopped, then the reactor 1 is taken out of the hot chamber 2 and the residual material is poured off.

The heating of the reactor 1 is carried out gradually at different heights. The heating scheme is shown in fig. 10. In the first and second phases, all the electric heaters 3 of the hot cell 2 are operated, as indicated by the letter A, B in fig. 10. All three

sections

301, 302 and 303 of the electric heater 3 are heated in the walls of the heating channel 8 and around the electric heater 3 at the bottom of the base 4. In addition, it is heated by the hollow ring 9. Thus, the heating of the reactor 1 is intensive in the first and second stages of the thermal treatment of the material in the hot chamber 2. Heat enters the reactor 1 from the sides and bottom of the base 4 simultaneously. In addition to heating from above, the material is heated from all directions. From below, the heat passes through the bottom of the reactor 1, the grooves 14 and the partitions 15. Around the side walls of the reactor 1, heat flows along the entire height of the reactor 1. If a reactor 1 is used which has a concave bottom projection in the form of a central projection 13, the heat supplied from below heats the material layer from below on the one hand and on the other hand enters the central projection 13 and passes through it into the material layer, thereby heating the material away from the axis of the reactor 1. The heat supply in the middle of the material layer by the central elevation 13 improves the heating efficiency considerably, in particular with regard to the fact that the bulk material in the reactor 1 is usually in the shape of a pile with the greatest height in the middle.

In the first stage, the pressure in the reactor 1 is preferably kept below 3.5 kPa. In the second stage, the pressure in the reactor is preferably increased to 3.5 to 5.5 kPa. The values of the temperature and pressure in the reactor 1 at which the second stage is elevated are preferably maintained for 2 to 3 hours in the second stage.

As a third stage, the decomposed substance is finally activated. Said phase is shown in fig. 10 and is indicated by the letter C. The activation phase can be carried out if a reactor 1 is used which comprises a baffle 15 with a plurality of openings 16 and a gas pipe 17. Whether or not an activation stage is included in the material pyrolysis process depends on the user's choice. He decides whether or not to use it according to the current conditions, in particular according to the type of material to be processed, the presence of other relevant devices for the partial processing of the discharged substances and the requirements of the composition of the material of the product. During the activation phase, the temperature in the reactor 1 is raised to 560 to 700 ℃. All temperatures mentioned in reactor 1 were measured under a gas-tight lid 5 at heights 2/3 to 9/10 of the height of reactor 1. Also during the activation phase, all three

sections

301, 302, 303 of the electric heater 3, the electric heater 3 heating the bottom of the tank 8 and the hollow ring 9 are used to increase the temperature. The heat transfer medium 11 is heated by the heating of the electric heater 3, and circulated from the temperature regulation housing 10 to the hollow ring 9 and then returned. The pressure required in the stage reactor 1 is 6 to 200 kPa. At the above-mentioned elevated temperature and pressure, the activation medium based on water vapor is supplied into the reactor 1 through the gas pipe 17, into the recess 14, forming a cavity below the partition 15. Specifically, it will be steam, or steam and admixture. The activation medium flows from below and is dispersed through the partition 15 and the plurality of openings 16 in the decomposed material and then flows upward. As the activation medium flows through the decomposed material, its flow breaks down the settled particles, helping to provide heat to the material, as well as helping to release and remove substances from the decomposed material. The release medium enriched with released substances rises above the material to be treated up to the gas-tight lid 5 and is then discharged from the reactor 1 through the gas-tight lid 5. During the third stage, the most preferred volume of activation medium to be fed to reactor 1 is 3 to 5 times the volume of reactor 1.

During the thermal decomposition, the volume of the material decreases and its layer height decreases due to the loss of water, air and released substances. After the desired maximum temperature is reached, the volume of the material is sufficiently reduced and the penultimate stage of the heat treatment begins. If no activation is performed, the penultimate phase is the third phase. If activation is performed, the penultimate stage is the fourth stage. The stages are shown in fig. 10 and are labeled with the letter D. In the penultimate stage, the maximum temperature reached in the reactor 1 is maintained. The heat transfer medium 11 is discharged from the hollow ring 9 and heated only by the electric heater 3, so that the reactor 1 is heated only from below the bottom and around the side walls to a height of 1/10 to 1/2 of the reactor 1. The penultimate stage is preferably carried out for 15 to 30 minutes. The electric heater 3 is only allowed to heat under the bottom of the base 4 and the heating of the

portions

303, 302, 301 is limited, in particular by the lower portion 301. It is optimally heated to the material level to reduce the height of the layer of processing material-descending residue. When

multiple sections

303, 302, 301 are used at this stage, the sections are gradually closed from above. After the material is fully decomposed, the final stage is entered, namely cooling.

The last stage is shown in fig. 10 and is labeled with the letter E. In the last stage, no further heating takes place. On the other hand, after heating, cooling occurs. The cooling rate can be adjusted by introducing nitrogen gas into the gap (i.e., the groove 14) below the partition 15. On the one hand, it accelerates the cooling and, on the other hand, discharges the residues of the pyrolysis gases. In the final stages of the material processing, the economic volume of nitrogen fed to reactor 1 is 1 to 2 times the volume of reactor 1. If accelerated cooling is required in the double temperature controlled housing 10 and the hollow ring 9, the cold heat transfer medium 11 is circulated. If the partition 15 is included, the decomposed material remains on the partition 15 throughout the treatment of the reactor 1. The baffle 15 facilitates the distribution of the material, the uniform distribution of the supplied medium and of the heat coming from below, the prevention of the clogging of the mouth of the gas pipe 17, the removal of any solid residues from the processed material, and the cleaning and maintenance of the reactor 1.

After cooling, the reactor 1 is detached from the base 4, the airtight lid 5 is opened and the remaining materials are taken out. The remainder is usually present in the form of powdered carbon, but in the presence of inorganic substances other particles may be present, for example in the case of the processing of used tyres, steel cords remain in the reactor 1 in addition to the carbon.

Claims

1. A device for the thermal decomposition of materials not in contact with oxygen, comprising at least one reactor (1) and a hot chamber (2) for heating it, wherein said hot chamber (2) has walls equipped with electric heaters (3) and comprises at least one recess having the shape of a seat (4) adapted in shape and size to house said reactor (1), whereas said reactor (1) is a pressure vessel made of a heat-conducting material, topped with an airtight lid (5), when said airtight lid (5) is equipped with at least one handle (6) for manipulation and at least one outlet (7) for escape of gaseous substances and aerosols, characterized in that said hot chamber (2) is arranged starting from a heating tank (8), the height of said heating tank (8) reaching 1/2 to 9/10 of said reactor (1) stored therein, arranged starting from a hollow ring (9) above the heating tank (8) and reaching at least the gas-tight lid (5) of the reactor (1), wherein the heating tank (8) is provided with the electric heater (3) not only on the wall but also on the bottom of the base (4) and is provided with a double-layered temperature control housing (10) around the base (4), which is filled on the circumference with a movable heat transfer medium (11), whereas the hollow ring (9) is located above the heating tank (8) wall and above the temperature control housing (10) and is connected to the temperature control housing (10) and is also filled with a heat transfer medium (11), wherein the wall between the heating tank (8) and the temperature control housing (10) the heating tank (8) with the hollow ring (9), The heating tank (8) with the reactor (1), the temperature control housing (10) with the hollow ring (9) and the hollow ring (9) with the reactor (1) are made of a thermally conductive material.

2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the electric heaters (3) located in the walls of the heating tank (8) are arranged in at least three independently controllable elevation sections (301, 302, 303) above each other.

3. The apparatus for the thermal decomposition of a material not in contact with oxygen according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the base (4) of the reactor (1) has a cylindrical wall with a circular or elliptical cross section and a bottom which is flat or convex, while the reactor (1) has a shape and dimensions corresponding to the cylindrical wall which is contiguous to the wall of the base (4) and a bottom which is convex at least in the peripheral area.

4. The apparatus for the thermal decomposition of a material not in contact with oxygen according to claim 3, characterized in that the reactor (1) has a central portion with a bottom concavity facing the inside of the reactor (1), said concavity forming a hollow central protrusion (13) for providing heat from the bottom of the heating tank (8) to the layer of material to be treated.

5. The apparatus for the thermal decomposition of a material not in contact with oxygen of claim 4, wherein the central protrusion (13) is extended to 1/10 to 1/2 of the height of the reactor (1).

6. The apparatus for thermal decomposition of a material not in contact with oxygen according to claim 1, wherein a hollow groove (14) is formed in the reactor (1) between the bottom of the base (4) of the heating bath (8) and a material space, and a partition (15) is formed at the bottom and top of the lower part of the reactor (1) to partition the space in the reactor (1).

7. The apparatus for the thermal decomposition of a material not in contact with oxygen of claim 6, wherein the partition (15) is located at 1/10 and 1/3 of the height of the reactor (1).

8. The apparatus for the thermal decomposition of a material that is not in contact with oxygen according to claim 6, characterized in that the partition (15) comprises a plurality of openings (16), while at least one gas pipe (17) passing through the gas tight lid (5) of the reactor (1) is below the partition (15) and down through the space in the reactor (1), which leads to the recess (14).

9. The apparatus for the thermal decomposition of a material that is not in contact with oxygen according to any of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that if the reactor (1) comprises a central protrusion (13), the height of the central protrusion (13) is greater than the height of the partition (15).