CN216306061U

CN216306061U - Anti-icing structure of differential pressure pipe, vehicle exhaust system and vehicle

Info

Publication number: CN216306061U
Application number: CN202123045102.XU
Authority: CN
Inventors: 乔辉
Original assignee: Great Wall Motor Co Ltd
Current assignee: Great Wall Motor Co Ltd
Priority date: 2021-12-06
Filing date: 2021-12-06
Publication date: 2022-04-15
Anticipated expiration: 2031-12-06

Abstract

The utility model relates to a differential pressure tube anti-icing structure, a vehicle exhaust system and a vehicle, wherein the differential pressure tube anti-icing structure comprises a structure main body and a sealing piece, wherein a cavity is formed in the structure main body; the structure main body is provided with a connecting port for communicating the differential pressure pipe and a communicating port communicated with the outside; the blocking piece is arranged corresponding to the communication port, and can seal the communication port due to the driving of the pressure of the tail gas entering the cavity, and the blocking piece can remove the sealing of the communication port along with the removal of the pressure of the tail gas. According to the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe, when the engine is ignited, the connecting opening can be sealed by the blocking piece under the action of the pressure of the tail gas, so that the normal use of the differential pressure sensor can be ensured; when the engine is flamed out, the sealing piece can release the sealing of the communicating port to enable the communicating port to be communicated with the outside, so that water drops formed in the differential pressure pipe can flow back to the particle catcher, and the differential pressure pipe can be effectively prevented from being blocked by the frozen water drops.

Description

Anti-icing structure of differential pressure pipe, vehicle exhaust system and vehicle

Technical Field

The utility model relates to the technical field of vehicle exhaust systems, in particular to a differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure, and also relates to a vehicle exhaust system with the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure and a vehicle with the vehicle exhaust system.

Background

At present, a particle catcher and a differential pressure sensor are generally arranged in an exhaust system of a fuel vehicle, and the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the particle catcher are respectively connected with the differential pressure sensor through differential pressure pipelines. The pressure difference sensor is used for detecting the air pressure in the pipeline and feeding back the air pressure to the engine control system, and the engine control system judges whether the particle catcher needs to be subjected to regeneration treatment or not according to the front and back pressure difference.

Because the inside of the pressure sensor is a closed system, the pressure difference pipe and the pressure difference sensor form two closed pipelines. Although the pressure difference pipeline is required to continuously rise when each main engine plant is designed at present, and a structure which is easy to store water cannot be formed, because engine waste gas contains a large amount of water vapor formed by combustion, the water vapor can enter the pressure difference pipeline through diffusion. When the engine is shut down, water vapor inside the differential pressure pipe meets the inner wall of the differential pressure pipe with lower temperature and is condensed into water drops, and the water drops are accumulated to form a liquid column. In summer, the liquid column will slowly flow back into the particle trap under the influence of gravity. However, in winter, especially in extremely cold areas, since the differential pressure pipeline is a closed pipeline, the part of the liquid column can be frozen to form an ice column before flowing back to the particle catcher, and the ice column can block the differential pressure pipeline. When the engine is ignited again, the ice column blocks the differential pressure pipeline, the differential pressure sensor cannot normally read the pressure value in the particle catcher, and the fault code reported by the engine can occur, so that the use mood of passengers is influenced.

SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL

In view of the above, the present invention is directed to an anti-icing structure for a differential pressure pipe, which can effectively prevent the differential pressure pipe from being clogged when the differential pressure pipe is connected to the differential pressure pipe.

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the utility model is realized as follows:

the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe comprises a structure main body and a blocking piece, wherein a cavity is formed in the structure main body;

the structure main body is provided with a connecting port for communicating the differential pressure pipe and a communicating port communicated with the outside;

the blocking piece is arranged corresponding to the communicating opening, and can block the communicating opening under the driving of the pressure of the tail gas entering the cavity, and the blocking piece can release the blocking of the communicating opening along with the removal of the pressure of the tail gas.

Further, the blocking piece is rotatably arranged in the cavity, and rotates towards one side of the communication port along with the blocking piece to close the communication port, and rotates towards one side departing from the communication port along with the blocking piece to release the closing of the communication port.

Furthermore, a limiting part positioned on the rotation path of the blocking piece is arranged in the cavity; the limiting part can be abutted to the blocking piece to limit the rotation angle of the blocking piece to deviate from one side of the communication port in a rotating mode.

Further, the opening direction of the communication port is upward.

Furthermore, an installation seat positioned on one side of the communication port is arranged in the cavity, a rotating shaft is arranged on the installation seat, and the blocking piece comprises a blocking piece and a connecting lug fixedly connected to one side of the blocking piece; the engaging lug stretches into the mount pad to rotate and locate in the pivot, just spacing portion correspond to the engaging lug sets up, and can with the tip looks butt of engaging lug.

Furthermore, the connecting lug is bent to form a groove, and the rotating shaft penetrates through the groove, so that the connecting lug is rotatably erected on the rotating shaft; the limiting part comprises a limiting block fixedly connected to the structure main body.

Furthermore, an elastic pad is arranged at the edge of the communication port, which is positioned in the cavity, and the blocking piece is abutted against the elastic pad to close the communication port.

Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the following advantages:

according to the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe, the connecting port, the communicating port and the blocking piece arranged corresponding to the communicating port are arranged on the structure main body, so that the blocking piece can seal the communicating port under the action of tail gas pressure when an engine is ignited, and normal use of a differential pressure sensor can be guaranteed; when the engine is flamed out and the pressure of the tail gas is removed, the sealing piece can remove the sealing of the communicating port, so that the communicating port is communicated with the outside, and therefore water drops formed in the differential pressure pipe can flow back to the differential pressure sensor, and the differential pressure pipe can be effectively prevented from being blocked by the ice of the water drops.

In addition, the blocking piece is arranged in the cavity in a rotating mode, and the blocking piece rotates to close or remove the closing of the communication opening. Through set up spacing portion in the cavity to the restriction piece of blocking can be prevented to keeping off a turned angle too big to deviating from intercommunication mouth one side pivoted turned angle, and be unfavorable for accepting ordering about of tail gas pressure. The opening direction of the communicating opening is vertically upward, and the communicating opening rotates towards one side deviating from the communicating opening due to self gravity, so that the structure of the anti-icing structure can be simplified, and the design and implementation are facilitated.

In addition, the mounting seat provided with the rotating shaft is arranged in the cavity, and the blocking piece comprises the blocking piece and the connecting lug, so that the blocking piece can be conveniently and rotatably arranged in the cavity. The connecting lug is bent to form a groove, so that the connecting lug can be conveniently arranged on the rotating shaft in a rotating manner. The elastic piece used for being abutted to the blocking piece is arranged at the communication opening, so that the sealing effect of the blocking piece on the communication opening can be improved.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle exhaust system, which has an inlet differential pressure pipe and an outlet differential pressure pipe for connecting a differential pressure sensor, wherein the inlet differential pressure pipe and/or the outlet differential pressure pipe is connected with an anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe.

Furthermore, a connecting branch pipe is arranged on the air inlet differential pressure pipe and the air outlet differential pressure pipe, and the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe is connected to one end of the connecting branch pipe; the sealing ring is arranged in the cavity and close to the connecting port, one end of the connecting branch pipe is inserted into the cavity through the connecting port, and the sealing ring is abutted between the structure main body and the connecting branch pipe.

According to the vehicle exhaust system, the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe is arranged on the air inlet differential pressure pipe and/or the air outlet differential pressure pipe, so that the icing and blockage of the air inlet differential pressure pipe and/or the air outlet differential pressure pipe can be effectively prevented.

In addition, the connecting branch pipes are arranged on the air inlet differential pressure pipe and the air outlet differential pressure pipe, so that the arrangement of the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe on the air inlet differential pressure pipe and the air outlet differential pressure pipe is convenient. The sealing ring arranged close to the connecting port is arranged in the cavity and is abutted between the structure main body and the connecting branch pipe, so that the structure main body is conveniently in sealed connection with the connecting branch pipe.

Another object of the present invention is to propose a vehicle on which a vehicle exhaust system as described above is applied.

Compared with the prior art, the vehicle, the exhaust system of the vehicle and the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure pipe have the same beneficial effects, and the detailed description is omitted.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the utility model and, together with the description, serve to explain the utility model and not to limit the utility model. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an anti-icing structure of a differential pressure tube according to a first embodiment of the utility model;

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an anti-icing structure of a differential pressure tube according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a state where the blocking member closes the communication opening according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a state where the blocking member is released from closing the communication opening according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a mounting base according to a first embodiment of the utility model;

fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a blocking member according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a differential pressure tube ice protection structure according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 8 is an assembly state diagram of the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure and the differential pressure outlet pipe according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

Description of reference numerals:

1. a structural body; 101. a cavity; 102. a communication port; 103. a connecting port;

2. a sealing member; 201. sealing the blocking piece; 202. connecting lugs; 203. a groove;

3. a stopper; 301. a rotating shaft;

4. a limiting block; 5. an elastic pad;

6. a mounting seat; 601. a shaft hole; 602. mounting grooves;

7. pulling a rope; 8. a seal ring;

9. an air outlet pressure difference pipe; 901. connecting the branch pipes.

Detailed Description

It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.

In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, if terms indicating orientation or positional relationship such as "upper", "lower", "inside", "outside", etc. appear, they are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings and are only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the appearances of the terms first, second, etc. in this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same item, but are to be construed as indicating or implying any particular importance.

In addition, in the description of the present invention, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connecting" are to be construed broadly unless otherwise specifically limited. For example, the connection can be fixed, detachable or integrated; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. To those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in conjunction with specific situations.

The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.

Example one

The embodiment relates to a differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure which comprises a structure body 1 and a blocking piece 2, wherein a cavity 101 is formed inside the structure body 1, and the blocking piece 2 is arranged in the cavity 101.

The structure body 1 is provided with a connection port 103 for connecting the differential pressure pipe and a communication port 102 for communicating with the outside. The blocking member 2 is arranged corresponding to the communication port 102, and the blocking member 2 can block the communication port 102 under the driving of the pressure of the exhaust gas entering the cavity 101, and the blocking member 2 can release the blocking of the communication port 102 along with the removal of the pressure of the exhaust gas.

In the anti-icing structure of the differential pressure tube of the embodiment, the connecting port 103, the communication port 102 and the blocking piece 2 arranged corresponding to the communication port 102 are arranged on the structure main body 1, so that the blocking piece 2 can close the communication port 102 under the action of the pressure of the tail gas when the engine is ignited, and the normal use of the differential pressure sensor can be ensured; when the engine is shut down and the pressure of the tail gas is removed, the sealing part 2 can remove the sealing of the communication port 102, so that the communication port 102 is communicated with the outside, and water drops formed in the differential pressure pipe can flow back to the differential pressure sensor, so that the differential pressure pipe can be effectively prevented from being blocked by the ice of the water drops.

Based on the above design concept, an exemplary structure of the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure of the present embodiment is shown in fig. 1 and 2, wherein, as a specific embodiment, the structure body 1 of the present embodiment is specifically cylindrical, and the connection port 103 and the communication port 102 are respectively provided at both ends of the structure body 1. In addition, based on the state shown in fig. 1, the connection port 103 is located at the bottom end of the structure body 1 and is opened, the communication port 102 is located at the top end of the structure body 1, and the area of the communication port 102 is smaller than that of the connection port 103 and is semicircular.

Of course, the communication port 102 may be formed in other shapes according to design requirements, in addition to the semicircular shape shown in fig. 2. In addition, the main structure body 1 may be rectangular or other shapes besides cylindrical.

In order to improve the sealing effect of the communication port 102, an elastic cushion 5 is provided at an edge of the communication port 102 located in the cavity 101, and the stopper 2 abuts against the elastic cushion 5 to close the communication port 102. In this embodiment, in order to improve the use effect, as shown in fig. 1, an inward flange folded toward the cavity 101 along the edge of the communication port 102 is formed on the structure main body 1, and the elastic pad 5 is specifically made of rubber and vulcanized at one end of the inward flange located in the cavity 101. By providing the inward flange, not only the structural strength of the communication opening 102 can be improved, but also the sealing property of the blocking member 2 against the communication opening 102 can be improved when the blocking member 2 is provided in the cavity 101 in a rotational manner as described below.

In this embodiment, as a specific embodiment, the blocking member 2 is rotatably disposed in the cavity 101, and as shown in fig. 3 and 4, the communication opening 102 is closed as the blocking member 2 rotates toward the side of the communication opening 102, and the communication opening 102 is released from being closed as the blocking member 2 rotates toward the side away from the communication opening 102. For convenience of manufacture, as a preferred embodiment, the differential pressure pipe ice protection structure of the present embodiment is used specifically, in which the structure body 1 is arranged vertically, and the opening direction of the communication port 102 is directed upward. With such an arrangement, the blocking member 2 can rotate toward the side away from the communication opening 102 due to its own weight as the pressure of the exhaust gas is removed.

Specifically, a mounting seat 6 located on the communication port 102 side is provided in the cavity 101, and a rotation shaft 301 is provided on the mounting seat 6. Moreover, the axis of the rotating shaft 301 and the end face of the elastic cushion 5 far away from the inward flanging end are arranged in a coplanar manner, and meanwhile, the axis of the rotating shaft 301 and the end face of the blocking piece 2 used for tightly abutting against the elastic cushion 5 are arranged in a coplanar manner, so that the blocking piece 2 can apply uniform abutting force to each position of the elastic cushion 5, and the sealing effect on the communication port 102 can be improved.

Wherein, the structure of the mounting seat 6 is as shown in fig. 5, a shaft hole 601 for the rotating shaft 301 to pass through is provided on the mounting seat 6, and a mounting groove 602 communicated with the shaft hole 601 is provided on the mounting seat 6, and the mounting groove 602 includes a circumferential section arranged along the circumferential direction of the shaft hole 601, and a tangential section arranged along the tangential direction of the shaft hole 601. The structure of the rotating shaft 301 is shown in fig. 3, two ends of the rotating shaft are respectively provided with a stop 3, and each stop 3 is respectively stopped at one end of the mounting seat 6 to prevent the rotating shaft 301 from falling out of the shaft hole 601.

The structure of the blocking member 2 of this embodiment is shown in fig. 6, and includes a blocking piece 201, and an engaging lug 202 attached to one side of the blocking piece 201. The blocking piece 201 is preferably semicircular in shape following the communication opening 102, and the engaging lug 202 is bent to form a groove 203. Furthermore, the engaging lug 202 extends into the mounting groove 602 of the mounting seat 6, the rotating shaft 301 passes through the groove 203 of the engaging lug 202, so that the engaging lug 202 is rotatably mounted on the rotating shaft 301, thereby forming the engaging lug 202 rotatably mounted on the rotating shaft 301.

It should be noted that, in addition to the above-mentioned engaging lug 202, the blocking member 2 may be rotatably disposed on the rotating shaft 301, a connecting ring may be disposed on the blocking piece 201, and the connecting ring is sleeved on the rotating shaft 301, or the blocking member 2 may be rotatably disposed on the mounting base 6.

In addition, a limiting portion is provided in the cavity 101, which is located on the rotation path of the stopper 2, and the limiting portion can abut against the stopper 2 to limit the rotation angle of the stopper 2 to the side away from the communication opening 102. By providing the limiting portion, the blocking member 2 can be prevented from deviating from the communicating opening 102, so that the blocking member is not beneficial to receiving the pressure of the exhaust gas to close the communicating opening 102. As shown in fig. 1, fig. 3 and fig. 4, the limiting portion of the present embodiment is disposed corresponding to the connecting lug 202, and can abut against the end of the connecting lug 202, and the limiting portion specifically includes a limiting block 4 fixedly connected to the structure body 1.

Here, it should be mentioned that, instead of using the stopper 4 provided on the structure body 1, the stopper may be a pull rope 7 or a spring connected between the structure body 1 and the blocking member 2 as shown in fig. 7.

In addition, in the present embodiment, in addition to the stopper 2 being rotatably disposed in the cavity 101, the stopper 2 may also be slidably disposed in the cavity 101. At this time, the blocking member 2 may also slide upward to close the communication port 102 under the driving of the pressure of the exhaust gas, and the blocking member 2 may slide downward to release the closing of the communication port 102 under the action of its own gravity. In addition, in addition to releasing the sealing of the communication port 102 by the stopper 2 due to its own weight, a spring may be provided between the stopper 2 and the end of the structure body 1 where the connection port 103 is provided, so that the sealing of the communication port 102 is released by restoring the stopper 2 by the urging of the spring.

By adopting the above structure, when the engine is ignited, the connecting opening 102 can be closed by the blocking piece 2 under the action of the pressure of the tail gas, so that the normal use of the differential pressure sensor can be ensured; and after the engine is shut down and the pressure of the tail gas is removed, the sealing piece 2 can remove the sealing of the communicating port 102, so that the communicating port 102 is communicated with the outside, and water drops formed in the differential pressure pipe can flow back to the differential pressure sensor under the action of gravity, so that the differential pressure pipe can be effectively prevented from being blocked by the ice of the water drops.

Example two

The embodiment relates to a vehicle exhaust system, which is provided with an air inlet differential pressure pipe and an air outlet differential pressure pipe 9 which are used for connecting a differential pressure sensor, and the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure in the embodiment is connected to the air inlet differential pressure pipe and/or the air outlet differential pressure pipe 9.

As a preferred embodiment, the differential pressure inlet pipe and the differential pressure outlet pipe 9 are both provided with a differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure, and a connecting branch pipe 901 is provided on the differential pressure inlet pipe and the differential pressure outlet pipe 9, and the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure is connected to one end of the connecting branch pipe 901. In this embodiment, taking the differential pressure outlet pipe 9 as an example, and referring to fig. 8, in order to prevent water accumulation between the differential pressure inlet pipe and the differential pressure outlet pipe 9, the differential pressure inlet pipe and the differential pressure outlet pipe 9 are generally arranged upward, and the connecting branch pipe 901 is also arranged upward, so that the communication port 102 of the main structure body 1 is arranged vertically upward, thereby facilitating the release of the sealing of the communication port 102 by the sealing member 2 under the action of its own weight.

In this embodiment, in order to facilitate the connection between the branch pipe 901 and the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure, as shown in fig. 8, a sealing ring 8 disposed near the connection port 103 is disposed in the cavity 101, one end of the branch pipe 901 is inserted into the cavity 101 through the connection port 103, and the sealing ring 8 abuts between the structure body 1 and the branch pipe 901. In a preferred embodiment, the sealing ring 8 is vulcanized to the structural body 1. Of course, the seal ring 8 may be bonded to the structure body 1, or the seal ring 8 may be bonded to the outer peripheral surface of the connecting branch 901, instead of being vulcanized to the structure body 1.

The vehicle exhaust system of this embodiment through setting up embodiment one pressure differential pipe anti-icing structure, can effectively prevent that air inlet pressure differential pipe and air outlet pressure differential pipe 9 from freezing the jam to can guarantee that differential pressure sensor can normally read the pressure value in the particle trapper, and then can guarantee the normal work of particle trapper.

In addition, the embodiment also relates to a vehicle applying the vehicle exhaust system, and the vehicle can effectively prevent the complaint of passengers caused by the engine fault alarm due to the ice and blockage of the differential pressure pipe by adopting the vehicle exhaust system, so that the satisfaction degree of the passengers on the vehicle can be improved.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the utility model, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims

1. The utility model provides a pressure differential pipe anti-icing structure which characterized in that:

the structure comprises a structure body (1) with a cavity (101) formed inside and a sealing piece (2) positioned in the cavity (101);

the structure main body (1) is provided with a connecting port (103) for communicating the differential pressure pipe and a communicating port (102) communicated with the outside;

the sealing piece (2) is arranged corresponding to the communication port (102), and driven by the pressure of the exhaust gas entering the cavity (101), the sealing piece (2) can seal the communication port (102), and the sealing piece (2) can release the sealing of the communication port (102) along with the removal of the pressure of the exhaust gas.

2. The differential pressure pipe ice protection structure according to claim 1, wherein:

the blocking piece (2) is rotatably arranged in the cavity (101), and the communication opening (102) is closed along with the rotation of the blocking piece (2) towards one side of the communication opening (102), and the communication opening (102) is released from being closed along with the rotation of the blocking piece (2) towards one side away from the communication opening (102).

3. The differential pressure pipe ice protection structure according to claim 2, wherein:

a limiting part positioned on the rotation path of the sealing piece (2) is arranged in the cavity (101);

the limiting part can be abutted against the sealing piece (2) to limit the rotation angle of the sealing piece (2) rotating to one side away from the communication opening (102).

4. The differential pressure pipe ice protection structure according to claim 3, wherein:

the communication port (102) has an upward opening direction.

5. The differential pressure pipe ice protection structure according to claim 3, wherein:

an installation seat (6) positioned on one side of the communication port (102) is arranged in the cavity (101), a rotating shaft (301) is arranged on the installation seat (6), and the sealing blocking piece (2) comprises a sealing blocking piece (201) and a connecting lug (202) fixedly connected to one side of the sealing blocking piece (201);

the connecting lug (202) extends into the mounting seat (6) and is rotatably arranged on the rotating shaft (301), and the limiting part is arranged corresponding to the connecting lug (202) and can be abutted against the end part of the connecting lug (202).

6. The differential pressure pipe ice protection structure according to claim 5, wherein:

the connecting lug (202) is bent to form a groove (203), and the rotating shaft (301) penetrates through the groove (203), so that the connecting lug (202) is rotatably arranged on the rotating shaft (301);

the limiting part comprises a limiting block (4) fixedly connected to the structure main body (1).

7. The differential pressure pipe ice protection structure according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein:

an elastic pad (5) is arranged at the edge of the communication port (102) positioned in the cavity (101), and the blocking piece (2) is abutted against the elastic pad (5) to close the communication port (102).

8. A vehicle exhaust system having a differential inlet pressure pipe and a differential outlet pressure pipe (9) for connecting a differential pressure sensor therein, characterized in that:

the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure of any one of claims 1 to 7 is connected to the differential pressure inlet pipe and/or the differential pressure outlet pipe (9).

9. The vehicle exhaust system according to claim 8, characterized in that:

a connecting branch pipe (901) is arranged on the air inlet differential pressure pipe and the air outlet differential pressure pipe (9), and the differential pressure pipe anti-icing structure is connected to one end of the connecting branch pipe (901);

a sealing ring (8) arranged close to the connecting port (103) is arranged in the cavity (101), one end of the connecting branch pipe (901) is inserted into the cavity (101) through the connecting port (103), and the sealing ring (8) is abutted between the structure body (1) and the connecting branch pipe (901).

10. A vehicle, characterized in that: the vehicle having the vehicle exhaust system according to claim 8 or 9 applied thereto.