CN213467586U - Mixed formation device for phosphate fertilizer production - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses a mixing and formation device for producing phosphate fertilizer, including a mixing chamber and a formation chamber, a belt conveyor is arranged between the mixing chamber and the formation chamber, the mixing chamber comprises a mixing barrel body, a discharge pipe and a top cover, a rotary drum is rotatably arranged between the mixing barrel body and the discharge pipe, an outer gear ring is fixedly arranged on the rotary drum, a first motor and a speed reducer are arranged at the bottom of the mixing barrel body, a driving gear is arranged on the speed reducer, the driving gear is mutually meshed with the outer gear ring, a plurality of groups of scraping plates are uniformly arranged at the top of the rotary drum, a plurality of stirring shafts are arranged on a fixing frame at the tops of the scraping plates, at least 2 communicating pipes are arranged on the top cover, and a; the formation chamber comprises an outer bin body and an inner bin body, the top of the inner bin body is provided with a communicating groove, a blanking mechanism is arranged in the communicating groove, and an exhaust pipe is arranged at the top of the inner bin body. The device has the advantages of reasonable structure, convenient use, stable operation and capability of effectively improving the hybrid formation effect.

Description

Mixed formation device for phosphate fertilizer production

Technical Field

The utility model belongs to the technical field of the phosphorus fertilizer production facility, concretely relates to phosphorus fertilizer production is with mixxing becomes device.

Background

Phosphate fertilizers are chemical fertilizers containing phosphorus. The concentration and purity of phosphorus are calculated by the content of phosphorus pentoxide, and the content of available phosphorus pentoxide (also called available phosphorus) in phosphate fertilizer is generally used as a standard for measuring the quality of the phosphate fertilizer. The available phosphorus pentoxide refers to the amount of phosphorus pentoxide in the phosphate fertilizer which can be absorbed and utilized by crops, namely the amount of soluble phosphorus pentoxide. The phosphate fertilizer is divided into water-soluble phosphate fertilizer and citrate-soluble phosphate fertilizer, and the water-soluble phosphate fertilizer is quick-acting fertilizer; most of the citrate soluble phosphate fertilizers are only suitable for acid soil because the citrate soluble phosphate fertilizers are only soluble in sodium citrate (sodium citrate) or 2 percent citric acid (citric acid) solution. Phosphorus is a component of cellular protoplasm in the plant body and is involved in photosynthesis. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer can promote the root system of the crops to be developed, increase the ears of the crops, plump the seeds and improve the yield. The main raw materials used for producing the phosphate fertilizer are phosphate rock, and the decomposition of the phosphate rock mainly comprises an acid method and a thermal method, wherein the thermal phosphate fertilizer is prepared by adding silica, dolomite, coke and the like or adding no other ingredients to decompose the phosphate rock at high temperature, and the thermal phosphate fertilizer is mostly citrate soluble phosphate fertilizer, such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; the acid phosphate fertilizer is prepared by decomposing phosphate rock powder with sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid, and is usually water soluble phosphate fertilizer, such as calcium superphosphate or double superphosphate. In the existing mixing and formation process, due to unreasonable structure arrangement, the conditions of uneven mixing, wall adhesion, unsmooth discharging, unsatisfactory formation, easy leakage of waste gas in the formation process and the like easily occur in the mixing process. Therefore, it is objectively needed to develop a mixed formation device for producing phosphate fertilizer, which has reasonable structure, convenient use, stable operation, can effectively improve the mixed formation effect and is not easy to cause waste gas pollution.

Disclosure of Invention

An object of the utility model is to provide a but rational in infrastructure, convenient to use, operation are stable, can effectual improvement mixization become the effect, just be difficult for causing exhaust pollution's phosphorus fertilizer production with mixing into device.

The utility model aims at realizing the purpose, which comprises a mixing chamber and a formation chamber, a belt conveyor is arranged between the mixing chamber and the formation chamber, the mixing chamber comprises a mixing barrel body, a discharging pipe and a top cover, the discharging pipe is fixedly arranged at the center of the bottom of the mixing barrel body, a rotary drum is rotatably arranged between the mixing barrel body and the discharging pipe through a bearing, the upper end of the rotary drum is positioned in the mixing barrel body, the lower end of the rotary drum is higher than the lower end of the discharging pipe, a discharging valve is arranged at the lower end of the discharging pipe, an outer gear ring is fixedly arranged on the outer wall of the rotary drum, a first motor is arranged at the bottom of the mixing barrel body, a speed reducer is arranged on the output shaft of the first motor, a driving gear is arranged on the output shaft of the speed reducer, the driving gear is mutually meshed with the outer gear ring, a plurality of scraping plates are uniformly arranged at the top, the mixing device comprises a fixing frame, a plurality of stirring shafts, a spiral stirring paddle, a material scraping plate, a top cover, at least 2 communicating pipes and a quantitative feeder, wherein the fixing frame is rotatably arranged on the inner wall of a mixing barrel, the bottom of the fixing frame is uniformly provided with the stirring shafts, each stirring shaft is provided with the spiral stirring paddle, the lower ends of the stirring shafts are connected with the material scraping plate through connecting rods, the top cover is arranged at the top of the mixing barrel, the top;

the formation chamber comprises an outer bin body and an inner bin body arranged in the outer bin body, sealing doors are arranged on the outer bin body and the inner bin body, a communicating groove is formed in the top of the inner bin body, the feeding end of a belt conveyor is located below a discharge pipe, the discharging end of the belt conveyor passes through the top of the communicating groove behind the outer bin body, a blanking mechanism is arranged in the communicating groove, an exhaust pipe extending out of the upper portion of the outer bin body is arranged at the top of the inner bin body, and at least two groups of stirrers are arranged in the inner bin body.

Further, the dosing mechanism includes a feeding cylinder, advance sour pipe and ground phosphate rock unloading pipe, a feeding cylinder level is arranged, coaxial arrangement has the defeated material axle in the feeding cylinder, install spiral defeated material leaf on the defeated material axle, the second motor of being connected with defeated material axle transmission is installed to the one end of a feeding cylinder, it sets up at the feeding cylinder top of being close to second motor one side to advance sour pipe and ground phosphate rock unloading pipe, install the flow valve on advancing the sour pipe, the loading hopper is installed to the upper end of ground phosphate rock unloading pipe, it installs quantitative fan wheel to rotate between loading hopper and the ground phosphate rock unloading pipe, be provided with the feed opening bottom keeping away from second motor one side, the feed opening links to each other with communicating pipe.

Further, the bottom of the mixing barrel body is arranged into a downward-concave arc-shaped structure.

Further, the blanking subassembly includes striker plate and fly leaf, and the intercommunication groove is the rectangle structure, and the striker plate symmetry is installed at intercommunication groove length direction's top, and one side between two striker plates is rotated and is installed the bull stick, installs the axle sleeve on the bull stick, and fly leaf fixed mounting is on the axle sleeve, and opposite side fixed mounting between two striker plates has the limiting plate, and magnet is installed to the bottom of limiting plate, and magnet is located the top of fly leaf, and the fixed block is installed to the intercommunication tank bottom of bull stick below, installs the spring between the bottom of fixed block and fly leaf.

Further, the fixing frame comprises a central circular plate and an outer circular plate which are concentrically arranged, the central circular plate and the outer circular plate are fixedly connected through a plurality of supporting rods, a sliding block is arranged on the outer edge of the outer circular plate in the circumferential direction, a sliding groove is machined in the circumferential direction on the inner wall of the mixing cylinder body, the sliding block is slidably mounted in the sliding groove, the scraping plate is of an L-shaped structure, the upper end of the scraping plate is fixed on the outer circular plate, and the upper end of the stirring shaft is fixed on the supporting rods.

Furthermore, at least two layers of filter screens are arranged in the exhaust pipe.

Compared with the prior art, the device has the advantages that: firstly, the arranged constant feeder can accurately convey raw materials into the mixing cylinder, and the feeding process is continuous, so that the production efficiency is improved; the mixing mechanism changes the traditional mixing mode of top stirring, and utilizes the lower mixing mode of stirring, so that on one hand, the ground phosphate rock and the acid liquor can be fully stirred by the stirring shaft and the stirring paddle, the mixing of the acid liquor and the ground phosphate rock is more uniform, on the other hand, the inner wall of the mixing barrel body is scraped by the scraping plate, the inner wall of the mixing barrel body can be cleaned, the phenomenon of wall sticking is avoided, the mixed material after mixing can be smoothly discharged from the discharging pipe, and in addition, the scraping plate and the stirring paddle are matched for use, so that the effect of stirring and mixing can be further improved; and thirdly, the formation chamber adopts an internal and external bin body structure, so that the formation process is favorably controlled by formation condition parameters, a blanking mechanism is arranged in the communicating groove, when the mixture falls on the blanking mechanism, the mixture enters the internal bin body by depending on the relationship of gravity, and when the mixture is not fed, the feeding groove can be sealed, the waste gas generated in the formation process can be prevented from escaping from the feeding groove, and the waste gas leakage is prevented. The device has the advantages of reasonable structure, convenient use, stable operation, effective improvement mixing formation effect, difficult waste gas pollution, and easy popularization and use.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention;

fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of the constant feeder 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of the mixing chamber 2;

FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of the formation chamber 4;

fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of the blanking mechanism 42;

in the figure, 1-a quantitative feeder, 11-a second motor, 12-a feeding barrel, 13-a spiral conveying blade, 14-a conveying shaft, 15-a discharging port, 16-a flow valve, 17-an acid inlet pipe, 18-a quantitative fan wheel, 19-a ground phosphate rock discharging pipe, 110-a feeding hopper, 2-a mixing chamber, 21-a discharging pipe, 22-a rotary drum, 23-an outer gear ring, 24-a driving gear, 25-a speed reducer, 26-a first motor, 27-a mixing barrel, 28-a scraper, 29-a stirring shaft, 210-a stirring paddle, 211-a fixed frame, 212-a top cover, 213-a communicating pipe, 3-a belt conveyor, a 4-a formation chamber, 41-an outer bin body, 42-a blanking mechanism, 421-a rotary rod and 422-a movable plate, 423-material baffle, 424-limit plate, 425-magnet, 426-spring, 427-fixed block, 43-inner bin, 44-exhaust pipe, 45-stirrer, 46-sealing door, 47-communicating groove.

Detailed Description

The following further describes the present invention with reference to the attached drawings, but the present invention is not limited in any way, and any changes or improvements based on the teaching of the present invention all belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

As shown in fig. 1-5, the utility model discloses a mixing chamber 2 becomes room 4 with becoming, mixing chamber 2 becomes and is provided with belt conveyor 3 between the room 4 with becoming, and belt conveyor 3 is prior art, and belt conveyor 3 is used for carrying the mixture in mixing chamber 2 to become in the room 4.

The mixing chamber 2 comprises a mixing cylinder body 27, a discharging pipe 21 and a top cover 212, the discharging pipe 21 is fixedly arranged at the center of the bottom of the mixing cylinder body 27, a rotary drum 22 is rotatably arranged between the mixing cylinder body 27 and the discharging pipe 21 through a bearing, the upper end of the rotary drum 22 is positioned in the mixing cylinder body 27, the lower end of the rotary drum 22 is higher than the lower end of the discharging pipe 21, a discharging valve is arranged at the lower end of the discharging pipe 21, an outer gear ring 23 is fixedly arranged on the outer wall of the rotary drum 22, a first motor 26 is arranged at the bottom of the mixing cylinder body 27, a speed reducer 25 is arranged on an output shaft of the first motor 26, the first motor 26 and the speed reducer 25 are both in the prior art, finished products are directly purchased according to the used power, a driving gear 24 is arranged on an output shaft of the speed reducer 25, the driving gear 24 is mutually meshed with the, the scraping plate 28 can scrape materials on the inner wall of the mixing cylinder 27, the outer side of the scraping plate 28 is in sliding fit with the inner wall and the bottom of the rotary drum 22, the top of the scraping plate 28 is fixedly installed on the fixing frame 211, the fixing frame 211 is rotatably installed on the inner wall of the mixing cylinder 27, a plurality of stirring shafts 29 are uniformly installed at the bottom of the fixing frame 211, a spiral stirring paddle 210 is installed on each stirring shaft 29, the lower end of each stirring shaft 29 is connected with the scraping plate 28 through a connecting rod, the top cover 212 is installed at the top of the mixing cylinder 27, at least 2 communicating pipes 213 are arranged on the top cover 212, and a group of constant feeders 1 is arranged on each communicating pipe 213;

the formation chamber 4 comprises an outer chamber body 41 and an inner chamber body 43 arranged inside the outer chamber body 41, sealing doors 46 are arranged on the outer chamber body 41 and the inner chamber body 43, discharging is facilitated through the sealing doors 46, a communicating groove 47 is arranged at the top of the inner chamber body 43, the feeding end of the belt conveyor 3 is positioned below the discharging pipe 21, the discharging end of the belt conveyor 3 passes through the outer chamber body 41 and then is positioned above the communicating groove 47, a blanking mechanism 42 is arranged in the communicating groove 47, an exhaust pipe 44 extending out of the upper portion of the outer chamber body 41 is arranged at the top of the inner chamber body 43, at least two groups of stirrers 45 are arranged inside the inner chamber body 43, the stirrers 45 are of the existing structure and can be spiral stirrers, and the number of the stirrers 45 is reasonably arranged according to the structure of the inner chamber body 43.

The using method of the device comprises the following steps: utilize batcher 1 to add ground phosphate rock and acidizing fluid in compounding barrel 27 through communicating pipe 213, in the process of adding the raw materials in compounding barrel 27, turn on first motor 26, first motor 26 drives driving gear 24 through speed reducer 25 and rotates, and then drive rotary drum 22 through outer ring gear 23 and rotate, rotary drum 22 is in the pivoted process, it scrapes flitch 28 together to drive, mount 211, (mixing) shaft 29 and stirring rake 210 rotate simultaneously, rotatory stirring rake 210 and scraping flitch 28 can carry out abundant stirring to ground phosphate rock and acidizing fluid, make acidizing fluid and ground phosphate rock compounding more even, when ground phosphate rock and acidizing fluid stirring are more sufficient, open the blow-off valve, rotatory scraping flitch 28 can let the mixed material after the mixing discharge from arranging the pipe 21 fast, smoothly, the setting of scraping flitch 28 can realize the stirring to the mixture on the one hand, on the other hand can clear up the inner wall of compounding barrel 27, the phenomenon of wall sticking is avoided, after the mixture in the mixing cylinder 27 is discharged, the discharge valve is closed, the mixture is repeatedly fed and mixed, the mixture discharged from the discharge pipe 21 is conveyed to the upper part of the communicating groove 47 under the action of the belt conveyor 3, the communicating groove 47 is internally provided with the blanking mechanism 42, when the mixture falls onto the blanking mechanism 42, the mixture falls into the inner bin body 43 depending on the gravity, after the mixture in the inner bin body 43 is filled, the belt conveyor 3 stops running, the blanking mechanism 42 returns to the original position, so that when the mixture in the inner bin body 43 is formed, the generated gas is not easy to escape from the communicating groove 47, but is directly discharged from the exhaust pipe 44 for subsequent waste gas treatment, the forming chamber 4 is obtained after reasonable improvement on the existing structure, the technical parameter control of temperature and the like in the forming process adopts the structure in the prior art, and after the forming is finished, the sealing door 46 is opened, and the formed phosphate fertilizer can be transported to a subsequent treatment device. The device has the advantages of reasonable structure, convenient use, stable operation, effective improvement of hybrid formation effect and difficult waste gas pollution.

Further, the quantitative feeder 1 includes a feeding cylinder 12, an acid inlet pipe 17 and a ground phosphate rock discharging pipe 19, the feeding cylinder 12 is horizontally arranged, a feeding shaft 14 is coaxially installed in the feeding cylinder 12, a spiral feeding blade 13 is installed on the feeding shaft 14, a second motor 11 in transmission connection with the feeding shaft 14 is installed at one end of the feeding cylinder 12, the second motor 11 is in the prior art and directly purchases a finished product, the acid inlet pipe 17 and the ground phosphate rock discharging pipe 19 are arranged at the top of the feeding cylinder 12 close to one side of the second motor 11, a flow valve 16 is installed on the acid inlet pipe 17, a feeding hopper 110 is installed at the upper end of the ground phosphate rock discharging pipe 19, a quantitative fan wheel 18 is rotatably installed between the feeding hopper 110 and the ground phosphate rock discharging pipe 19, a discharging port 15 is arranged at the bottom of the feeding cylinder 12 far away from one side of the second motor 11, and the discharging port 15 is connected with a communicating pipe 213, when the device is used, the powdered rock phosphate is added into the feeding hopper 110, the powdered rock phosphate can be quantitatively added into the feeding cylinder 12 under the action of the quantitative fan wheel 18, the flow valve is opened after the acid inlet pipe 17 is communicated with the sulfuric acid buffer storage tank, acid liquor is quantitatively conveyed into the feeding cylinder 12, at the moment, the second motor 11 drives the conveying shaft 14 and the spiral conveying blade 13 to rotate, and the acid liquor and the powdered rock phosphate can be added into the mixing chamber 2 by utilizing the rotating spiral conveying blade 14.

In order to facilitate the discharging of the mixing cylinder 27, the bottom inside the mixing cylinder 27 is configured into a downward-concave arc structure.

Further, the blanking assembly comprises a material blocking plate 423 and a movable plate 422, the communicating groove 47 is of a rectangular structure, the material blocking plate 423 is symmetrically installed at the top of the communicating groove 47 in the length direction, a rotating rod 421 is rotatably installed at one side between the two material blocking plates 423, a shaft sleeve is installed on the rotating rod 421, the movable plate 422 is fixedly installed on the shaft sleeve, a limiting plate 424 is fixedly installed at the other side between the two material blocking plates 423, a magnet 425 is installed at the bottom of the limiting plate 424, the magnet 425 is located above the movable plate 422, a fixed block 427 is installed at the bottom of the communicating groove 47 below the rotating rod 421, a spring 426 is installed between the fixed block 427 and the bottom of the movable plate 422, when the blanking assembly is used, the mixture falls onto the movable plate 422, the movable plate 422 moves downwards along the rotating rod 421 under the action of gravity, and the movable plate 422 slides into the inner bin body 43 along, when the mixture on the movable plate 422 completely slides, the mixture rebounds to the original position under the elastic force of the spring 426 and is attracted to the bottom of the magnet 425 for fixation.

Further, in order to ensure that the fixed frame 211 operates stably in the rotation process of the mixing cylinder 27, the fixed frame 211 includes a central circular plate and an outer annular plate which are concentrically arranged, the central circular plate and the outer annular plate are fixedly connected through a plurality of support rods, a sliding block is annularly arranged on the outer edge of the outer annular plate, a sliding groove is annularly processed on the inner wall of the mixing cylinder 27, the sliding block is slidably mounted in the sliding groove, the scraping plate 28 is of an L-shaped structure, the upper end of the scraping plate 28 is fixed on the outer annular plate, and the upper end of the stirring shaft 29 is fixed on the support rods.

In order to avoid the mixture being discharged along with the exhaust pipe 44 in the formation process, at least two layers of filter screens are arranged in the exhaust pipe 44.

Claims (6)

1. The utility model provides a phosphorus fertilizer production is with mixing into device, includes that mixing chamber (2) and formation chamber (4), its characterized in that: a belt conveyor (3) is arranged between the mixing chamber (2) and the formation chamber (4),

the mixing chamber (2) comprises a mixing cylinder body (27), a discharge pipe (21) and a top cover (212), the discharge pipe (21) is fixedly arranged at the center of the bottom of the mixing cylinder body (27), a rotary drum (22) is installed between the mixing cylinder body (27) and the discharge pipe (21) through bearing rotation, the upper end of the rotary drum (22) is positioned in the mixing cylinder body (27), the lower end of the rotary drum (22) is higher than the lower end of the discharge pipe (21), a discharge valve is installed at the lower end of the discharge pipe (21), an outer gear ring (23) is fixedly installed on the outer wall of the rotary drum (22), a first motor (26) is installed at the bottom of the mixing cylinder body (27), a speed reducer (25) is installed on an output shaft of the first motor (26), a driving gear (24) is installed on an output shaft of the speed reducer (25), and the driving gear (24) is meshed with the outer gear ring, a plurality of groups of scraping plates (28) are uniformly arranged at the top of the rotary drum (22), the outer sides of the scraping plates (28) are in sliding fit with the inner wall and the bottom of the rotary drum (22), the top of each scraping plate (28) is fixedly arranged on a fixing frame (211), the fixing frame (211) is rotatably arranged on the inner wall of the mixing drum body (27), a plurality of stirring shafts (29) are uniformly arranged at the bottom of the fixing frame (211), each stirring shaft (29) is provided with a spiral stirring paddle (210), the lower end of each stirring shaft (29) is connected with the scraping plates (28) through a connecting rod, a top cover (212) is arranged at the top of the mixing drum body (27), at least 2 communicating pipes (213) are arranged on the top cover (212), and a group of quantitative feeders (1) is arranged on each communicating pipe (213);

change room (4) and include the outer storehouse body (41) and install the inner bin body (43) in the outer storehouse body (41) inside, all be provided with sealing door (46) on the outer storehouse body (41) and the inner bin body (43), the top of the inner bin body (43) is provided with intercommunication groove (47), the feed end of belt conveyor (3) is located the below of arranging material pipe (21), the discharge end of belt conveyor (3) passes the top that lies in intercommunication groove (47) behind the outer storehouse body (41), install blanking mechanism (42) in intercommunication groove (47), blast pipe (44) that stretch out outer storehouse body (41) top are installed at the top of the inner bin body (43), the inside of the inner bin body (43) is provided with at least two sets of agitator (45).

2. The mixing and forming device for phosphate fertilizer production according to claim 1, characterized in that: the quantitative feeder (1) comprises a feeding cylinder (12), an acid inlet pipe (17) and a ground phosphate rock blanking pipe (19), wherein the feeding cylinder (12) is horizontally arranged, a feeding shaft (14) is coaxially arranged in the feeding cylinder (12), a spiral feeding blade (13) is arranged on the feeding shaft (14), a second motor (11) in transmission connection with the feeding shaft (14) is installed at one end of the feeding cylinder (12), the acid inlet pipe (17) and the ground phosphate rock blanking pipe (19) are arranged at the top of the feeding cylinder (12) close to one side of the second motor (11), a flow valve (16) is installed on the acid inlet pipe (17), a feeding hopper (110) is installed at the upper end of the ground phosphate rock blanking pipe (19), a quantitative fan wheel (18) is installed between the feeding hopper (110) and the ground phosphate rock blanking pipe (19) in a rotating manner, a blanking port (15) is arranged at the bottom of the feeding cylinder (12) far away from one side of the second motor (11), and the feed opening (15) is connected with a communicating pipe (213).

3. The mixing and forming device for phosphate fertilizer production according to claim 1, characterized in that: the bottom in the mixing barrel body (27) is arranged into a downward-concave arc-shaped structure.

4. The mixing and forming device for phosphate fertilizer production according to claim 1, characterized in that: the blanking subassembly includes striker plate (423) and fly leaf (422), intercommunication groove (47) are the rectangle structure, striker plate (423) symmetry is installed at intercommunication groove (47) length direction's top, and bull stick (421) are installed in one side rotation between two striker plates (423), install the axle sleeve on bull stick (421), fly leaf (422) fixed mounting is on the axle sleeve, and opposite side fixed mounting between two striker plates (423) has limiting plate (424), magnet (425) are installed to the bottom of limiting plate (424), magnet (425) are located the top of fly leaf (422), fixed block (427) are installed to intercommunication groove (47) bottom of bull stick (421) below, install spring (426) between the bottom of fixed block (427) and fly leaf (422).

5. The mixing and forming device for phosphate fertilizer production according to claim 1, characterized in that: the material mixing device is characterized in that the fixing frame (211) comprises a central circular plate and an outer circular plate which are concentrically arranged, the central circular plate and the outer circular plate are fixedly connected through a plurality of supporting rods, sliding blocks are arranged on the outer edge of the outer circular plate in the circumferential direction, sliding grooves are formed in the inner wall of the material mixing barrel (27) in the circumferential direction, the sliding blocks are slidably mounted in the sliding grooves, the material scraping plate (28) is of an L-shaped structure, the upper end of the material scraping plate (28) is fixed on the outer circular plate, and the upper end of the stirring shaft (29) is fixed.

6. The mixing and forming device for phosphate fertilizer production according to claim 1, characterized in that: at least two layers of filter screens are arranged in the exhaust pipe (44).

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