CN210744174U - Planar leaky-wave antenna for realizing zero-crossing scanning in beam direction based on negative refraction material - Google Patents
Planar leaky-wave antenna for realizing zero-crossing scanning in beam direction based on negative refraction material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The utility model relates to a plane leaky-wave antenna based on negative refraction material realizes beam direction zero-cross scanning belongs to microwave antenna engineering technical field, can wide application to lead to in modern satellite communication and radar system. The utility model provides a leaky-wave antenna utilizes the backward wave characteristic of ripples when propagating in the negative refraction material, can realize that antenna radiation main lobe direction changes along with the frequency change in certain frequency range, realizes by backward-zero passage-antecedent continuous smooth scanning. In addition, the antenna has the advantages of high radiation efficiency, simple structure, convenience in processing, low price and the like, and has good application prospects in the fields of satellite communication in motion, radars and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a plane leaky-wave antenna based on negative refraction material realizes beam direction zero-cross scanning belongs to microwave antenna engineering technical field, can wide application to lead to in modern satellite communication and radar system.
Background
The leaky-wave antenna was originally proposed by w.w.hansen in the last 40 th century, and has been a hot spot of research in the antenna field due to its excellent beam scanning characteristics. The first leaky-wave antenna is formed by forming a long slit on a rectangular waveguide, and the essence of the leaky-wave antenna is that the electromagnetic wave propagating on the waveguide structure radiates part of the electromagnetic wave to the space when the electromagnetic wave is a fast wave. In recent years, the research on leaky-wave antennas has been rapidly developed, and particularly, planar leaky-wave antennas have been widely researched because they can be directly processed on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), and have the advantages of low profile, easy processing, simple structure, easy feeding, high directivity, and beam scanning characteristics. Therefore, the leaky-wave antenna has attracted wide attention in the microwave and the frequency bands above the microwave, and particularly in the occasions needing beam scanning, the leaky-wave antenna has incomparable advantages and has a good development prospect.
The radiation schematic diagram of the leaky-wave antenna is shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, and electromagnetic waves gradually leak to a free space in the process of propagating along the antenna direction. Assuming that the electromagnetic wave propagates along the z direction, at the leaky wave port plane (y is 0), the electric field expression is
Wherein E0Is the electric field amplitude, kzIs a complex propagation constant in the z-direction of the waveguide, having
kz＝βz-jαz
In the formula, βzAs a phase constant in the z direction, αzIs the decay constant along the z-direction. The electric field in the leaky wave antenna is
Wherein
Is the wave number in the y-direction. In the figure, the wave number in free space
From FIG. 1 and the above equation, it can be seen that if the phase constant β is constant>k0Then slow wave, k, propagates in the antennayIf the phase constant is β, the electromagnetic wave is attenuated in the y direction and cannot form space wave radiation<k0Then fast wave, k, propagates in the antennayThe electromagnetic wave can continuously radiate outwards along the y direction to realize leaky wave radiation. This is the fast and slow wave radiation mechanism of leaky-wave antenna.
Complex propagation constant kzTwo basic parameters of the leaky-wave structure are included, and the phase constant β of the electromagnetic wave in the waveguide determines the radiation angle of the main beam
θMB＝arcsin(β/k0)
The wave beam scanning characteristic of the leaky-wave antenna refers to the characteristic that when the frequency of electromagnetic waves fed into the antenna changes, the phase constant β of the electromagnetic waves in the antenna changes along with the change of the frequency scanning characteristic of the main lobe of the antenna, and the wave beam direction of the antenna also changes, which is also called the frequency scanning characteristic of the leaky-wave antenna.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
The technical solution problem of the utility model is that: the defects of the prior art are overcome, and the planar leaky-wave antenna for realizing the zero-crossing scanning in the beam direction based on the negative refraction material is provided.
The technical solution of the utility model is that:
a plane leaky-wave antenna for realizing beam direction zero-crossing scanning based on negative refraction materials is a rectangular flat plate, the lower surface of the rectangular flat plate is plated with a copper layer, the copper layer plated on the lower surface is called a bottom layer, the upper surface of the rectangular flat plate is plated with a copper layer, and the copper layer plated on the upper surface is called a top layer;
the top layer is provided with N leaky-wave units through a printed circuit board, and each leaky-wave unit comprises a stub, a transverse seam, a longitudinal seam and a comb-shaped structure; two adjacent leaky-wave units are centrosymmetric;
the planar leaky-wave antenna is provided with a through hole, and the radius of the through hole is less than 1 mm;
defining the direction of feeding electromagnetic waves into the planar leaky-wave antenna as the Z direction, and determining the X direction according to the right-hand rule, wherein the Y direction is vertical to the plane of the planar leaky-wave antenna and upwards;
the stub is parallel to the X direction, one end of the stub is communicated with the through hole, and the other end of the stub is communicated with the tail end of the comb-shaped structure;
the transverse seam is parallel to the X direction, and the longitudinal seam is parallel to the Z direction;
the connecting line of the centers of the transverse seams and the longitudinal seams is parallel to the X axis;
the distance between one end of the longitudinal seam closest to the waveguide port of the planar leaky wave antenna and the waveguide port of the planar leaky wave antenna is not less than 5 mm;
the relative dielectric constant ε of a rectangular plate materialrSatisfies 3.5<εr<4, loss tangent tan. delta<0.01, the thickness d of the rectangular flat plate is 0.8-1.6 mm;
the thickness of the top layer is less than 0.05mm, and the thickness of the bottom layer is less than 0.05 mm;
the comb teeth length l of the comb-shaped structure17.5-8.5mm, width d1The distance between two adjacent comb teeth is 0.8-1.2 mm;
length l of transverse seam in X direction23-5mm, and transverse seam width d in Z direction20.8-1.5 mm; the distance between the center of the transverse seam and the center of the longitudinal seam is dslot5-7 mm; length l of longitudinal seam in Z direction326-30mm, and the longitudinal seam has a width d in the X direction3＝0.8-1.5mm；
The length l of the stub in the X direction416-20mm, the width d of the stub in the Z direction4＝0.8-1.2mm；
The center distance between two adjacent transverse seams is duint＝20-24mm；
In order to increase the antenna radiation efficiency and the antenna gain, the number N of leaky-wave units should be not less than 10.
Advantageous effects
(1) A leaky-wave antenna based on negative refraction material realizes beam direction zero-crossing scanning in, horizontal seam, longitudinal joint and stub have constituted the structure that has negative refraction nature together. According to the waveguide correlation theory, the waveguide broadside transverse seam can be equivalent to a series impedance, and the broadside longitudinal seam can be equivalent to a parallel admittance. Therefore, the transverse seam 1-2 can be equivalent to series impedance, and the working wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in the waveguide structure is set as lambdagWhen the length of the longitudinal seam is l2<λgWhen the current is/2, the equivalent parallel admittance is capacitive, namely a series capacitor; the longitudinal seam can be equivalent to a parallel admittance, when the length l of the longitudinal seam3>λgWhen the current is/2, the equivalent parallel admittance becomes inductive, namely parallel inductance; the stub can also be equivalent to a parallel inductor, and the existence of the stub increases the inductive component of the parallel part of the wave guide structure; at certain frequencies, when the series capacitance and the parallel inductance equivalent to the transverse seam, the longitudinal seam and the stub do not play a main role in the waveguide structure, the waveguide structure still shows the traditional positive refraction characteristic, electromagnetic waves are transmitted in the forward direction, and the radiation direction of the leaky-wave antenna is still in the forward direction; at certain frequencies, when transverse, longitudinal and short cutsWhen the series capacitance and the parallel inductance which are equivalent to each other are mainly used, the waveguide structure shows negative refraction characteristics, the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave group velocity is opposite to the direction of the wave vector, and the phase constant β<The leaky-wave antenna comprises a leaky-wave antenna body, a transverse seam, a longitudinal seam, a stub line, a capacitor, a parallel inductor, a periodic leaky-wave structure and a negative refraction material, wherein the transverse seam, the longitudinal seam, the stub line and the capacitor are equivalent to form a capacitor β which is equal to 0 at a certain frequency, and the leaky-wave antenna body is in zero-crossing radiation at the moment.
(2) A leaky-wave antenna based on negative refraction material realizes beam direction zero-crossing scanning work and 3.6GHz-4.8 GHz's frequency band on, along with feed-in electromagnetic wave frequency increases to 4.8GHz from 3.6GHz, antenna radiation main lobe direction from-27 level and smooth scanning to +22, antenna zero-crossing radiation when wherein 4.2 GHz. Compare traditional leaky-wave antenna, a leaky-wave antenna based on negative refraction material realizes beam direction zero-crossing scanning has the characteristic of zero-crossing and backward scanning, has improved antenna scanning angle greatly. And simultaneously, the utility model discloses still have low insertion loss, low section, with low costs and advantage such as easy integration, be applicable to fields such as satellite communication, well expert, small-size radar in moving.
(3) A plane leaky-wave antenna for realizing zero-crossing scanning in the beam direction based on negative refraction materials belongs to the technical field of microwave antenna engineering. The utility model relates to a breakthrough traditional leaky-wave frequency scanning antenna can only follow wave propagation direction forward radiation limitation, realizes the forward zero-cross scanning of antenna beam, increases the scanning angle of antenna. A plane leaky-wave antenna based on negative refraction material realizes beam direction zero passage scanning mainly comprises four bibliographic categories: the top layer is based on a periodic leaky wave structure of a negative refraction material, a middle-layer dielectric plate, a bottom-layer metal ground and a metalized through hole for connecting the top layer and the top layer.
(4) The utility model provides a leaky-wave antenna utilizes the backward wave characteristic of ripples when propagating in the negative refraction material, can realize that antenna radiation main lobe direction changes along with the frequency change in certain frequency range, realizes by backward-zero passage-antecedent continuous smooth scanning. In addition, the antenna has the advantages of high radiation efficiency, simple structure, convenience in processing, low price and the like, and has good application prospects in the fields of satellite communication in motion, radars and the like.
(5) The design idea of the negative refraction material is introduced into the design of the leaky-wave antenna, leaky-wave structures with negative refraction characteristics are made on the wave guide structure periodically, the phase constants β of the leaky-wave antenna can be changed by the periodic leaky-wave structures, the phase constants β are equal to or less than 0 at certain frequencies, zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction from front to back can be achieved by the leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material, and the application field of the leaky-wave antenna is greatly expanded.
(6) The leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material is designed and realized by using a printed circuit board technology (PCB), and then the planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material is formed. The plane leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material has a large beam scanning angle, and also has a plurality of good properties such as low insertion loss, low profile, low cost, easy integration and the like, and is very suitable for various high-integration radio frequency circuit occasions.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the radiation principle of a leaky-wave antenna;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of leaky-wave antenna zero-crossing scanning;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a planar leaky-wave antenna according to an embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a top layer structure of a planar leaky-wave antenna;
FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a periodic leaky-wave structure based on negative refraction materials on the top layer of the planar leaky-wave antenna;
fig. 6 is a graph of S-parameters of the antenna when the number N of leaky wave elements is 10, in which a solid line is an S11 curve and a dotted line is an S21 curve;
fig. 7 is a curve showing the change of the main lobe direction of the antenna with frequency when the number N of leaky-wave units is 10;
fig. 8 is an E-plane directional diagram of the antenna at different frequencies, where N is 10, and a solid line is not marked as an E-plane directional diagram of the antenna when the frequency of the input signal is 3.6 GHz; the solid line is accompanied by a '+' mark, the E-plane pattern of the antenna at the input signal frequency of 4.2 GHz; the solid line is accompanied by the E-plane pattern of the antenna with the 'o' label at the input signal frequency of 4.8 GHz.
Detailed Description
Example 1
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, a leaky-wave antenna for realizing zero-cross scanning in a beam direction based on a negative refraction material includes a periodic leaky-wave structure 1 based on the negative refraction material on a top layer, a middle dielectric plate 2, a bottom metal ground 3, and a metalized via 4 connecting the top layer and the top layer;
the periodic leaky wave structure 1 based on the negative refractive material of the top layer includes: a comb-shaped structure 1-1, wherein a leaky wave structure formed by mixing transverse seams 1-2 and longitudinal seams 1-3 is periodically printed on the basis of the planar waveguide structure; through the stubs 1 to 4 of the metalized via hole ground, the antenna feeds power at two ends by using the waveband port, when the A port feeds power, the B port is connected with the matched load, and conversely, when the B port feeds power, the A port is connected with the matched load. In order to ensure good propagation of fed electromagnetic wave, a certain distance of conduction band is set at both A port and B port, and length l of conduction bandcsShould not be less than 5 mm;
comb length l of comb structure 1-118mm, width d11mm, and the distance between two adjacent comb teeth is 1 mm; the transverse seam 1-2 is arranged at the central position of the comb-shaped structure 1-1 in the X direction, and the length l of the transverse seam in the X direction24mm, width d in z-direction21 mm; the longitudinal seams 1-3 are alternately positioned at the left and right sides of the transverse seam, and the distance from the center of the transverse seam is dslot5.5mm, length l in z direction328mm, width d in x-direction31 mm; stub 1-4 length l418mm, width d41 mm; one transverse seam, one longitudinal seam and one stub line form a leaky-wave unit, and the distance d between two adjacent leaky-wave unitsuint22mm, in order to make the antenna radiation efficiency and the antenna gain sufficiently large, the number N of leaky-wave units is 10;
the middle layer dielectric plate 2 is a microwave dielectric plate with a relative dielectric constant epsilonrShould satisfy 3.5<εr<4 loss tangenttanδ<0.01, the relative dielectric constant and the loss tangent are kept stable in the effective working frequency band of the antenna, and the thickness d of the dielectric plate is 1 mm.
The bottom layer metal ground 3 is formed by coating copper on the bottom surface of the dielectric plate, and the thickness of the copper layer is less than 0.05 mm.
The metallized through hole 4 for connecting the top layer and the top layer is positioned at the tail end of the stub wire structure 1-4 and is connected with the bottom layer metal ground 3, the material is copper, and the radius of the through hole is 0.8 mm.
The middle layer dielectric plate 2 is a cuboid, the width D of the middle layer dielectric plate is 40mm, the length L of the middle layer dielectric plate, the number N of leaky wave units and the unit interval LunitAnd the length of the conduction band l before and aftercsIt is related.
The working frequency band of the leaky-wave antenna is 3.6GHz to 4.8 GHz.
The periodic leaky-wave structure 1 based on the negative refraction material on the top layer is a structure with a negative refraction property, specifically, a transverse seam 1-2, a longitudinal seam 1-3 and a stub 1-4 can be equivalent to a series capacitor and a parallel inductor in a waveguide structure, when the series capacitor and the parallel inductor play a main role in a transmission line under a certain frequency, the comb structure 1-1 shows a negative refraction property, the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave group velocity is opposite to the direction of wave vectors, the phase constant β is less than 0, the leaky-wave antenna realizes backward radiation, and an equivalent circuit of the antenna top layer structure 1 is shown in fig. 5.
Taking the number N of leaky wave units in the periodic leaky wave structure 1 based on the negative refraction material at the top layer as 10 as an example, simulating the model by using high-frequency three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation software, and obtaining an S-parameter curve of the antenna as shown in fig. 6; the curve of the change of the main lobe direction of the antenna along with the frequency is shown in fig. 7; when the 3.6GHz antenna radiates backward, the E-plane pattern of the antenna, when the 4.2GHz antenna radiates through zero, the E-plane pattern of the antenna, and when the 4.8GHz antenna radiates forward, the E-plane pattern of the antenna is as shown in fig. 8.
It can be seen from fig. 6 that S11 is substantially less than-10 dB with very little return loss over the entire operating frequency range of the antenna, 3.6GHz to 4.8 GHz. It can be seen from fig. 7 that as the input signal frequency increases from 3.6GHz to 4.8GHz, the antenna main lobe direction smoothly changes from-27 ° to +23 °, achieving a sweep from backward-zero-cross-forward. As can be seen from fig. 8, the antenna has a large main lobe of the directional diagram, a small side lobe and good gain in the backward, zero-crossing and forward radiation modes.
Claims (10)
1. A planar leaky-wave antenna for realizing zero-crossing scanning in the beam direction based on negative refraction materials is characterized in that: the planar leaky-wave antenna is a rectangular flat plate, the lower surface of the rectangular flat plate is plated with a copper layer, the copper layer plated on the lower surface is called a bottom layer, the upper surface of the rectangular flat plate is plated with a copper layer, and the copper layer plated on the upper surface is called a top layer;
the top layer is provided with N leaky-wave units through a printed circuit board, and each leaky-wave unit comprises a stub, a transverse seam, a longitudinal seam and a comb-shaped structure; two adjacent leaky-wave units are centrosymmetric;
defining the direction of feeding electromagnetic waves into the planar leaky-wave antenna as the Z direction, and determining the X direction according to the right-hand rule, wherein the Y direction is vertical to the plane of the planar leaky-wave antenna and upwards;
the plane leaky-wave antenna is provided with a through hole;
the stub is parallel to the X direction, one end of the stub is communicated with the through hole, and the other end of the stub is communicated with the tail end of the comb-shaped structure;
the transverse seam is parallel to the X direction, and the longitudinal seam is parallel to the Z direction;
the connecting line of the centers of the transverse seams and the longitudinal seams is parallel to the X axis.
2. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the radius of a through hole on the plane leaky-wave antenna is less than 1 mm.
3. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the distance between one end of the longitudinal seam closest to the waveguide port of the planar leaky wave antenna and the waveguide port of the planar leaky wave antenna is not less than 5 mm.
4. According to claim1 the planar leaky-wave antenna for realizing the zero-crossing scanning in the beam direction based on the negative refraction material is characterized in that: the relative dielectric constant ε of a rectangular plate materialrSatisfies 3.5<εr<4, loss tangent tan. delta<0.01, the thickness d of the rectangular flat plate is 0.8-1.6 mm.
5. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the top layer is less than 0.05 mm.
6. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the bottom layer is less than 0.05 mm.
7. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the comb teeth length l of the comb-shaped structure17.5-8.5mm, width d1The distance between two adjacent comb teeth is 0.8-1.2 mm.
8. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: length l of transverse seam in X direction23-5mm, and transverse seam width d in Z direction20.8-1.5 mm; the distance between the center of the transverse seam and the center of the longitudinal seam is dslot5-7 mm; length l of longitudinal seam in Z direction326-30mm, and the longitudinal seam has a width d in the X direction3＝0.8-1.5mm。
9. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the length l of the stub in the X direction416-20mm, the width d of the stub in the Z direction40.8-1.2mm, and the central distance between two adjacent transverse seams is duint＝20-24mm。
10. The planar leaky-wave antenna based on the negative refraction material for realizing the zero-crossing scanning of the beam direction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the number N of the leaky-wave units is not less than 10.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110661104A (en) * | 2019-10-08 | 2020-01-07 | 北京航天飞腾装备技术有限责任公司 | Planar leaky-wave antenna for realizing zero-crossing scanning in beam direction based on negative refraction material |
| CN113690621A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2021-11-23 | 杭州泛利科技有限公司 | Miniaturized high efficiency bluetooth antenna based on multilayer PCB board |
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2019
- 2019-10-08 CN CN201921671204.2U patent/CN210744174U/en active Active
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110661104A (en) * | 2019-10-08 | 2020-01-07 | 北京航天飞腾装备技术有限责任公司 | Planar leaky-wave antenna for realizing zero-crossing scanning in beam direction based on negative refraction material |
| CN113690621A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2021-11-23 | 杭州泛利科技有限公司 | Miniaturized high efficiency bluetooth antenna based on multilayer PCB board |
| CN113690621B (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2024-05-07 | 杭州泛利科技有限公司 | Miniaturized high efficiency bluetooth antenna based on multilayer PCB board |
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