CN210734441U - Floating transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluid or electric power - Google Patents
Floating transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluid or electric power Download PDFInfo
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- CN210734441U CN210734441U CN201921092018.3U CN201921092018U CN210734441U CN 210734441 U CN210734441 U CN 210734441U CN 201921092018 U CN201921092018 U CN 201921092018U CN 210734441 U CN210734441 U CN 210734441U
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Abstract
The present invention provides a floating transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluids or electricity, the transmission structure being provided with at least one thruster system for propelling the transmission structure and keeping the transmission structure in a desired position, and wherein the transmission structure is provided with a rope connection system comprising a rope for mooring the transmission structure to a floating or non-floating installation during transmission of fluids or transmission of electricity. The transfer structure and/or transfer system may be used for transferring cryogenic liquids, such as LNG, between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility. The transfer structure and/or transfer system may also be used to transfer electrical power between a floating or non-floating facility and a floating structure. The utility model provides a transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluid or electric power has improved cost efficiency and operational flexibility.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the technical field of offshore oil and gas industry, and relates to fluid transfer between a floating structure (e.g. an LNG carrier) and a floating or non-floating installation, and to power transfer between a floating or non-floating installation and a floating structure, and in particular to a floating transfer structure and transfer system for transferring fluid or power.
Background
Loading systems including various types of floating concepts are widely used in the offshore oil and gas industry. Offshore environmental conditions are often harsh, which significantly increases the requirements and cost of systems operating in these conditions.
In patent CN106061831A a system for transferring fluids between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating installation is disclosed. The fluid transfer system comprises a floating transfer structure comprising an attachment system, at least one aerial transfer line connecting the floating structure and the transfer structure, and at least one transfer line connecting the storage bin and the transfer structure. The system may also include a vessel as a method of relocating and positioning the transport structure. The load on the transmission line can be picked up by the transmission structure in the transmission system. In addition, steam generation may be reduced by pre-cooling the transfer line conduits. The transmission structure can also operate all necessary safety equipment such as emergency shutdown systems, emergency release couplings and special monitoring systems. In patent CN106061831A, the transmission structure uses a tug as a power means for relocation. However, in some sea areas, the application of tugboats is limited, such as in sea areas with a small operating space. And, the high cost of the attachment means used, to a certain extent limits the widespread use of the transmission structure in inland river projects with low wind and waves.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
In order to improve cost efficiency and operational flexibility, the utility model provides a floating transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluid or electric power.
In some embodiments of the present invention, a floating transfer structure is provided for transferring fluid between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility and/or transferring power between a floating or non-floating facility and a floating structure. The transfer structure comprises at least one thruster system for relocation and positioning purposes and a line connection system for mooring the transfer structure to a floating or non-floating structure. The transfer structure comprises a joint system comprising a chute arrangement to accommodate the at least one floating pipe, the chute arrangement being firmly attached to the transfer structure such that the chute arrangement supports the at least one floating pipe and receives and transfers vertical and lateral forces from the at least one floating pipe acting on the transfer structure.
The floating structure may be an ocean vessel, or other type of vessel such as a cruise vessel, or a platform, that transports fluids such as LNG (liquid natural gas).
A floating or non-floating installation is an installation which, if it is a floating installation, may be a vessel, for example a tanker. If the installation is non-floating, it may for example be land-based, or quay-based, or similar structure-based, comprising elements that are fixed to the seabed. If the transfer structure is used to transfer a fluid, the floating or non-floating installation typically comprises at least a storage device (e.g. a storage tank) for the fluid, and a storage device for at least one floating pipeline connecting the storage device with the transfer structure during the transfer operation of the fluid. If the transfer structure is used to transfer electric power between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility, which includes an electric power source (typically an electric grid), possibly in combination with a transfer fluid, the floating pipeline may be connected to the electric power source for transferring electric power to the floating structure. Electrical power transfer from a floating structure to a floating or non-floating facility may also be performed. In this case, the floating structure will include a source of electrical power, such as one or more electrical generators.
Preferably, the transfer structure is a shallow water transfer structure. It may be a semi-submersible platform, a boat, a barge-like floating structure or other form of float. This means that the transport structure is particularly suitable for use in water, with a small depth. Preferably, the transport structure has a maximum draught in still water of less than 5 meters. In coastal and offshore waters, the environmental conditions are generally milder, thereby greatly reducing the requirements and cost of facilities operating under these conditions. Therefore, the present invention with the depth of the snack water is very suitable for milder environmental conditions and shallow water.
A rope connection system having self-tensioning links on the transfer structure is employed when the transfer structure is connected to the floating structure. By applying a certain tension in the rope, the transport structure can be kept in a desired position. This may reduce the thrust load of the thruster system on the floating structure. Furthermore, the rope connection system may provide the necessary position retention function when the thruster system fails or degrades under an unexpected external load. The rope connection system is also provided with one or more quick release devices for quickly connecting and disconnecting the ropes. In particular, the quick release device is a quick release anchor hook which is connected with the top deck of the transfer structure via a mooring foundation provided on the top deck of the transfer structure.
The transport structure is provided with one or more pusher systems that provide repositioning and positioning functions. For example, the propeller system may be driven ashore by an umbilical, by a hydraulic power system or an electric power system.
The transfer structure further comprises a processing system comprising at least one processing system pipe element arranged on the transfer structure and fluidly connected to the at least one floating pipe.
The transfer structure includes at least one processing system support device securely mounted to the transfer structure and/or the processing system piping elements, the at least one processing system support device allowing the processing system to move relative to the transfer structure in response to an external force acting on the processing system.
The transfer structure preferably comprises connection means to which at least one air transport conduit may be releasably connected. The connection means is adapted to connect at least one transfer pipe between a floating or non-floating facility and a transfer structure. Thus, during use of the transfer structure, fluid may flow from the floating structure to the floating or non-floating facility via aerial transfer pipes and transfer pipes, or electricity may be transferred from the onshore facility to the floating structure via said transfer pipes. The air transfer pipeline may be stored on the transfer structure or on a floating structure when no fluid transfer or power transfer is taking place.
For transferring fluid between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility, the connection means may be a manifold and the transfer pipe may be connected to the manifold for transferring fluid between the floating structure and the floating or non-floating facility. For transferring electrical power between the floating structure and the floating or non-floating facility, the connection means may be an electrical connection means to which a transfer pipe may be connected for transferring electrical power between the floating structure and the floating or non-floating facility.
In other embodiments of the present invention, a transfer system for transferring fluid between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility or for transferring power between a floating or non-floating facility and a floating structure is also provided. The transfer system comprises the above transfer structure and at least one floating pipeline for transferring fluid and/or electricity between the floating structure and the floating or non-floating facility via the transfer structure.
In a particular embodiment, the transfer system comprises a floating transfer structure as described above, at least one floating pipeline, and a storage device for storing the floating pipeline when the transfer system is not in use. At least one floating pipeline extends between the transfer structure and the storage unit, and at least one floating pipeline is connected to
-storage means for a fluid that has been transferred from or is being transferred to the floating structure, or
-a conduit for a fluid that has been transferred from or is being transferred to the floating structure, or
-an electric power source for transferring electric power from or to the floating structure.
In crowded harbor and harbour areas, non-permanent devices that can be removed, in whole or in part, from the harbor basin between transport operations are beneficial. The transfer system comprises a floating and mobile system that can be removed when not in use, thereby reducing interference with local offshore traffic and minimizing the risk of damage to the transfer pipeline due to seabed interaction.
The system preferably includes a multi-buoy mooring system to which the floating structure can be moored such that the floating structure is non-weathervaning. A multi-buoy mooring system will prevent weathervaning and thereby protect the integrity of the floating pipeline. The configuration and complexity of the multi-buoy mooring system may vary depending on local environmental conditions, incident water depth, and the size range of the floating structure in which the mooring system is used. Multi-buoy mooring systems typically comprise suitable anchors, depending on the seabed conditions, connected to the surface buoy by chains or fibre lines or a combination of both.
The transport system preferably comprises docking facilities for storing the transport structure when not in use. The transfer structure is preferably moored between transfer operations, for example at a docking station, dock or other suitable mooring device. During a transfer operation of the fluid or the transfer of electricity, the transfer structure is undocked and temporarily attached to the floating structure.
The floating pipeline is preferably flexible and the storage means for the floating pipeline comprises at least one reel or turntable or basket on which the floating pipeline is wound when the transfer system is not in use. Alternatively, the storage device for the floating pipeline may comprise a plurality of rollers on which the floating pipeline may rest, such that the floating pipeline may be pulled back to the storage location without spooling when the transfer system is not in use. The floating pipeline is preferably provided with at least one buoyancy element such that the floating pipeline floats on or is submerged in the water.
The storage means for the floating pipeline is preferably located onshore, on a non-floating structure (e.g. a dock), or on a floating structure (such as a vessel comprising storage tanks for fluids and/or transmission means enabling power transfer), or on the transfer vessel itself. The storage means may be in the form of at least one reel such that the floating pipeline may be wound on the reel. The storage device may also be in the form of a carousel or basket onto which the floating pipe may be wound, or a roller if the floating pipe is stored without being wound (i.e. in a substantially straight state).
The transfer system comprises at least one aerial transfer pipe connected to a processing system on the transfer structure, the at least one aerial transfer pipe being further adapted to be connected to a floating structure such that fluid can flow through the at least one aerial transfer pipe and the processing system.
In other embodiments of the present invention, there is also provided a method for transferring fluid between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility and/or transferring power between a floating or non-floating facility and a floating structure, wherein the method comprises the steps of:
mooring the floating structure to a multi-buoy mooring system such that the floating structure is non-weathervaning,
-relocating the floating transfer structure from the docking facility to the moored floating structure by means of the thruster system, and subsequently or simultaneously letting out the floating pipe through which the fluid is to be transferred or through which the electricity is to be transferred,
-attaching the transfer structure to the floating structure using a wireline connection system,
-providing at least one aerial transfer pipe between the floating structure and the transfer structure, such that fluid can be transferred between the floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility, or such that electricity can be transferred between the floating or non-floating facility and the floating structure,
-flowing fluid and/or transferring electric power through a transfer pipe connecting a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility.
The floating pipeline may be stored on at least one reel or carousel or basket when the transfer system is not in use. Alternatively, the floating pipe may be stored on a roller on which the floating pipe rests.
When the transfer system is not in use, the transfer structure is preferably moored at the docking facility.
In a particular embodiment, the floating pipeline connecting the transfer structure and the floating or non-floating facility is released after or simultaneously with the relocation of the transfer structure.
In a particular embodiment, the aerial transfer pipe is connected to the transfer structure after the transfer structure is relocated to the moored floating structure.
In further embodiments of the present invention, there is also provided the use of a transfer structure as described above and/or a transfer system as described above for transferring cryogenic fluid and/or electricity between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility.
The transfer structure and/or transfer system as described above may be used for transferring cryogenic liquids, such as LNG, between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility. The transfer structure and/or transfer system as described above may also be used to transfer electrical power between a floating or non-floating facility and a floating structure.
The utility model has the advantages that: the present invention is particularly suitable for use in shallow water and for cryogenic purposes due to challenges associated with the large weight of insulated transfer conduits for cryogenic applications and the convenience of cleaning and pre-cooling. The present invention will be a suitable alternative for a fairly protected area of water where the environmental conditions are not as severe as open waters. The present invention may also be used to transfer power to or from a vessel (such as a cruise ship) that may require an additional power supply when arriving at a destination that does not receive the harbour site required by a large vessel.
Drawings
The advantages of the present invention are apparent from the accompanying drawings, in which,
fig. 1 is a top view of a system layout of a transport system according to the invention.
Fig. 2 is a side view of a system layout of a transport system according to the invention.
Fig. 3 is a top view of a transport system with a transport structure anchored at a docking facility.
Fig. 4 is a top view of a transmission structure according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a side view of a transfer structure according to the present invention.
Reference numerals used in the drawings:
1, a floating structure; 2, a transmission structure; 3, an aerial transmission pipeline; 4, floating pipelines; 5 floating pipeline storage device; 6 floating or non-floating storage, receiving or output devices; 7 mooring the buoy; 8 idle mooring systems or docking facilities of the transfer structure; 9 floating pipe guide rollers; 10 a crane for connecting and supporting the aerial transmission pipeline; 11 a floating structure manifold; 12 transporting the structural top deck; 13 transporting the structural hull; 14 a propeller system; 15 a rope connection system; 16 treating the system piping components; 17 a handling system support; an 18-joint system; 19 chute means; 20 fixing the ballast; 21 a multi-buoy mooring system; 22 mooring the substrate; 23 quick release of the fluke; 24 fender.
Detailed Description
Reference is made to fig. 1, 2 and 3, which schematically show a transmission system according to the invention. The floating structure 1, typically an LNG carrier, is moored to a multi-buoy mooring system 21 comprising a plurality of mooring buoys 7, the mooring buoys 7 being anchored to the sea floor and deployed such that the floating structure 1 is non-weathervaning when the floating structure 1 is moored to the mooring system 21, i.e. the floating structure 1 remains substantially at a given position, irrespective of the direction of wind and waves and/or currents.
The system further comprises a floating transfer structure 2, which is shown alongside the moored floating structure 1 in fig. 1. The transfer structure 2 is preferably moored between transfer operations, for example to an idle mooring system of the transfer structure or a docking facility 8, such as a docking station, dock or other suitable mooring device. During a transfer operation of a fluid or an electric power transfer, the transfer structure 2 is moored to the floating structure 1 by a line connection system 15 and is held in place by a thruster system 14.
At least one air transfer pipe 3 is provided between transfer structure 2 and floating structure 1. Aerial transfer pipe 3 may be stored on transfer structure 2 between transfer operations and connected to floating structure 1 when transfer operations are to be performed. Alternatively, aerial transfer pipe 3 may be stored on a floating structure and connected to transfer structure 2 when a transfer operation is to be performed. After the transfer operation, the air transfer pipe 3 may be disconnected again and stored on the transfer structure 2 or on the floating structure 1. An aerial transfer pipe 3 enables transfer of fluid or electricity between the floating structure 1 and the transfer structure 2.
For transferring fluid between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility, transfer structure 2 comprises a connection means, namely a floating structure manifold 11, and aerial transfer pipe 3 may be releasably connected to floating structure manifold 11 for transferring fluid between the floating structure and the floating or non-floating facility.
Floating structure 1 is provided with a crane 10 for connecting and supporting the air transfer pipe to maintain the shape of air transfer pipe 3.
For transferring fluids, the transfer system further comprises at least one floating pipeline 4 in the form of floating flexible pipes for transferring fluids between the transfer structure 2 and a floating or non-floating storage, receiving or export device 6 as shown in fig. 2. For the transfer of electric power the floating pipeline 4 and the aerial transfer pipeline 3 consist of or comprise at least one cable.
As mentioned above, the facilitation of fluid transfer between the transfer structure 2 and a floating or non-floating storage, receiving or export facility 6 (e.g. a storage facility) is preferably achieved by at least one floating pipeline 4. The length of the at least one floating pipe 4 is sufficient to allow dynamic motion of the floating structure 1 during the transfer operation. Between loading operations, at least one floating pipeline 4 may be conveniently stored on an onshore floating pipeline storage device 5 (such as a reel or a turntable), or on the transport structure 2, thus reducing obstacles and the potential risk of collisions with local sea traffic, increasing fatigue life and simplifying inspection and pipeline control. The floating pipeline 4 may be specifically designed for transporting mild or cryogenic fluids, or both, and may or may not include buoyancy elements, insulation, bend stiffeners, and/or optical and/or electrical transmission opportunities. The floating pipe 4 may be guided over floating pipe guide rollers 9 in the sea-shore interface in order to minimize pulling forces as well as wear and tear on the floating pipe 4.
Since the transfer structure 2 is not moored and connected to the floating structure 1 during the transfer operation, the multi-buoy mooring system 21 for the floating structure 1 must be arranged in such a way that the lateral motions of the floating structure 1 are limited within the lateral extension of the floating pipeline 4. So a weathervaning single point mooring cannot be selected. The transfer system therefore preferably comprises a multi-buoy mooring system 21 which will prevent weathervaning and thus protect the integrity of the floating pipeline 4. The configuration and complexity of the multi-buoy mooring system 21 may vary depending on local environmental conditions, incident water depth, and the size range of the floating structure in which the mooring system is used. The multi-buoy mooring system 21 typically comprises suitable anchors, depending on the seabed conditions, connected to the surface buoy by chains or fibre lines or a combination of both.
Fig. 4 and 5 conceptually illustrate the transmission structure 2. It includes a transfer structure top deck 12 and an underwater portion to provide the necessary buoyancy. The transport structure top deck 12 is preferably rectangular or square. On the top deck 12 of the transport structure there is a handling system and a joint system 18. The rope connection system 15 is preferably located on the side of the transfer structure top deck 12, with the top of the transfer structure top deck 12 being fitted with self-tensioning and quick release equipment. In this embodiment the quick release device is a quick release anchor 23, which quick release anchor 23 is connected to the transfer structure top deck 12 via a mooring foundation 22 arranged on the transfer structure top deck 12. The rope connection system 15 is connected to a quick release fluke 23 which can be quickly disconnected. When an emergency situation occurs during the transfer of cargo resulting in a large increase in tension on the rope connection system 15, the shut-off valve on the air transfer pipe 3 can be closed and disconnected in an emergency, and the quick release anchor 23 can be retracted quickly to release the rope connection system 15. The transfer structure 2 and the floating structure 1 can be quickly disconnected. Fender 24 is provided on the side wall of the transfer structure 2 to cushion possible collisions between the transfer structure 2 and the floating structure 1 when the transfer structure 2 is connected to the floating structure 1 by the rope connection system 15.
Wherein the joint system 18 comprises a chute arrangement 19 to accommodate the at least one floating pipe 4, the chute arrangement 19 being firmly attached to the transfer structure 2 such that the chute arrangement 19 supports the at least one floating pipe 4 and receives and transfers vertical and lateral forces from the at least one floating pipe 4 acting on the transfer structure 2.
The treatment system comprises a treatment system pipe element 16, which treatment system pipe element 16 is arranged on the transfer structure 2 and fluidly connected to the at least one floating pipe 4. The transport structure 2 comprises at least one handling system support device 17, which is firmly mounted to the transport structure 2 and the handling system piping elements 16. At least one handling system support means 17 allows the handling system to move relative to the transport structure 2 in response to external forces acting on the handling system.
As shown in fig. 5, the underwater hull of the transfer structure hull 13 under the water surface is barge-shaped. However, it may be, for example, a 4-column semi-submersible type or a boat type. The propulsion system 14 is preferably mounted on the bottom or side of the underwater hull. Ballast such as fixed ballast 20 may be required inside the underwater hull, such as fixed sand or rock, depending on the weight and buoyancy of the transport structure when draft is designed. The underwater hull of the transfer structure 2 may be provided with a fluid storage chamber.
Claims (13)
1. A floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity for transferring fluids between the floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility and/or transferring electricity between a floating or non-floating facility and a floating structure, characterized in that the transfer structure (2) is provided with at least one thruster system (14) for propelling the transfer structure (2) and keeping the transfer structure (2) in a desired position, and wherein the transfer structure (2) is provided with a rope connection system (15), the rope connection system (15) comprising a rope for mooring the transfer structure (2) to the floating or non-floating facility during transferring fluids or transferring electricity;
the transfer structure (2) comprises a joint system (18), the joint system (18) comprising a chute arrangement (19) for accommodating the at least one floating pipe (4), the chute arrangement (19) being fixed to the transfer structure (2) such that the chute arrangement (19) supports the at least one floating pipe (4) and receives and transfers vertical and lateral forces from the at least one floating pipe (4) acting on the transfer structure (2).
2. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 1, characterised in that the rope connection system (15) is provided with one or more quick release devices for quick connection and disconnection of the rope; the quick release device is a quick release anchor hook (23), and the quick release anchor hook (23) is connected with the top deck (12) through a mooring base (22) arranged on the top deck (12) of the transmission structure (2).
3. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the rope connection system (15) is self-tensioning.
4. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the at least one thruster system (14) is driven by a hydraulic and/or electric system.
5. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 3, characterized in that the at least one thruster system (14) is driven by a hydraulic and/or electric system.
6. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 1, 2 or 5, characterized in that the transfer structure (2) is a semi-submersible, a ship, a barge.
7. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 3, characterized in that the transfer structure (2) is a semi-submersible, a ship-like vessel or a barge-like vessel.
8. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 4, characterized in that the transfer structure (2) is a semi-submersible, a ship-like vessel or a barge-like vessel.
9. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 1, 2, 5, 7 or 8, characterized in that the transfer structure (2) further comprises a processing system comprising at least one processing system pipe element (16), the processing system pipe element (16) being arranged on the transfer structure (2) and connected to the at least one floating pipe (4).
10. The floating transfer structure for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 9, wherein the transfer structure (2) comprises at least one processing system support means (17) mounted to the transfer structure (2) and/or the processing system piping elements (16), the at least one processing system support means (17) allowing the processing system to move relative to the transfer structure (2) in response to an external force acting on the processing system.
11. A transfer system for transferring fluids or electricity between a floating structure and a floating or non-floating facility, or transferring electricity between a floating or non-floating facility and a floating structure, characterized in that the transfer system comprises a transfer structure (2) according to any of claims 1-10 and at least one floating pipe (4), the floating pipe (4) being adapted to transfer fluids and/or electricity between the floating structure and the floating or non-floating facility via the transfer structure.
12. The transfer system for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 11, characterized in that the transfer system comprises a multi-buoy mooring system (21), on which a floating structure is moored (21) such that the floating structure is non-weathervaning.
13. Transfer system for transferring fluids or electricity according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the transfer system comprises at least one aerial transfer pipe (3), the aerial transfer pipe (3) being connected to a processing system on the transfer structure (2), the aerial transfer pipe (3) being further adapted to be connected to a floating structure so that fluid can flow through the at least one aerial transfer pipe (3) and the processing system.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201921092018.3U CN210734441U (en) | 2019-07-12 | 2019-07-12 | Floating transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluid or electric power |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201921092018.3U CN210734441U (en) | 2019-07-12 | 2019-07-12 | Floating transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluid or electric power |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN210734441U true CN210734441U (en) | 2020-06-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201921092018.3U Expired - Fee Related CN210734441U (en) | 2019-07-12 | 2019-07-12 | Floating transmission structure and transmission system for transmitting fluid or electric power |
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| CN (1) | CN210734441U (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110510072A (en) * | 2019-08-05 | 2019-11-29 | 连接里恩格公司 | It is used for transmission transmission structure, Transmission system and the transmission method of the floating of fluid or electric power |
-
2019
- 2019-07-12 CN CN201921092018.3U patent/CN210734441U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110510072A (en) * | 2019-08-05 | 2019-11-29 | 连接里恩格公司 | It is used for transmission transmission structure, Transmission system and the transmission method of the floating of fluid or electric power |
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