CN210515386U - Device for detecting vehicle-mounted label on expressway and lane control system - Google Patents
Device for detecting vehicle-mounted label on expressway and lane control system Download PDFInfo
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- CN210515386U CN210515386U CN201922277896.9U CN201922277896U CN210515386U CN 210515386 U CN210515386 U CN 210515386U CN 201922277896 U CN201922277896 U CN 201922277896U CN 210515386 U CN210515386 U CN 210515386U
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Abstract
The utility model provides a device and lane control system for detecting vehicle-mounted label on highway, the device includes: the system comprises an RSU antenna, a wireless signal receiving unit and a wireless signal transmitting unit, wherein the RSU antenna is used for transmitting a wireless signal to the reverse direction of a lane on one side of a highway and receiving a response signal returned by a vehicle-mounted tag on a running vehicle on the highway aiming at the wireless signal; the RSSI chip is connected with the RSU antenna and used for detecting the signal intensity of a plurality of response signals successively returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle; the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip and used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway under the condition that the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received earlier, and refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine under the condition that the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received earlier. By the scheme, the antenna can correctly identify the electronic tag of the vehicle on the toll lane to which the antenna belongs.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a highway traffic technical field especially relates to a device and lane control system for detecting vehicle-mounted label on highway.
Background
In the expressway ramp toll station, toll lanes are often arranged side by side in the same direction or in opposite directions. In a portal free-flow toll station, toll antennas are generally arranged side by side on lanes in the same direction. When there is a vehicle traveling in the opposite direction near the lane antenna, the antenna may misdetect the electronic tag of the vehicle on the other (opposite) lane, resulting in a transaction error, failure of the vehicle to pass through the ramp toll station, or failure of correct toll collection at the gantry free flow toll station.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
In view of this, the utility model provides a device and lane control system for detecting vehicle-mounted label on highway to through the signal strength who detects the different vehicle-mounted electronic tags of contrast, make the antenna correctly discern the electronic tags of its affiliated highway toll lane vehicle, thereby guarantee correct charge.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the utility model discloses a following technical scheme realizes:
the utility model provides a device communication system for detecting vehicle-mounted label on highway, its device includes:
the system comprises an RSU antenna, a wireless signal receiving unit and a wireless signal transmitting unit, wherein the RSU antenna is used for transmitting a wireless signal to the reverse direction of a lane on one side of a highway and receiving a response signal returned by a vehicle-mounted tag on a running vehicle on the highway aiming at the wireless signal;
the RSSI chip is connected with the RSU antenna and used for detecting the signal intensity of a plurality of OBU response signals successively returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle;
the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip and used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway under the condition that the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received earlier, and refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine under the condition that the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received earlier.
In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises: a control circuit; the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip through the control circuit;
the control circuit is used for receiving the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals, outputting a switching-on indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously enhanced according to the receiving sequence, and outputting a switching-off indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously weakened according to the receiving sequence;
the RSU controller is used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway according to the connection indicating signal or refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine according to the disconnection indicating signal.
In some embodiments, the control circuit includes a comparator configured to receive and compare two of the response signals received successively, and output the on indication signal when the response signal received later is greater than the response signal received earlier, and output the off indication signal when the response signal received later is less than the response signal received earlier.
In some embodiments, a vertical plane in which the RSU antenna lies is parallel to the retrograde direction.
In some embodiments, the method comprises:
the system comprises an RSU antenna, a wireless signal receiving unit and a wireless signal transmitting unit, wherein the RSU antenna is used for transmitting a wireless signal to the forward direction of a lane on one side of a highway and receiving a response signal returned by a vehicle-mounted tag on a running vehicle on the highway aiming at the wireless signal;
the RSSI chip is connected with the RSU antenna and used for detecting the signal intensity of a plurality of response signals successively returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle;
the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip and used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway under the condition that the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received first, and refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine under the condition that the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received first.
In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a control circuit; the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip through the control circuit;
the control circuit is used for receiving the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals, outputting a switching-on indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously weakened according to the receiving sequence, and outputting a switching-off indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously strengthened according to the receiving sequence;
the RSU controller is used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway according to the connection indicating signal or refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine according to the disconnection indicating signal.
In some embodiments, the control circuit includes a comparator configured to receive and compare two of the response signals received successively, and output the on indication signal when the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received earlier, and output the off indication signal when the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received earlier.
In some embodiments, a vertical plane in which the RSU antenna lies is parallel to the antegrade direction.
According to another aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a lane control system, including: the device for detecting the vehicle-mounted tag on the expressway and the lane controller according to the above embodiments.
The utility model has the advantages that:
the utility model discloses a device and car to control system for detecting on highway vehicle-mounted label not only can reduce potential safety hazard, reduce cost, can make the antenna correctly discern the electronic tags of its affiliated highway toll lane vehicle through the signal strength who detects the different vehicle-mounted electronic tags of contrast moreover to make the equidirectional lane go up the vehicle and distinguish, make the antenna rather than the electronic tags communication of highway toll lane vehicle guarantees correct charge.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts. Moreover, the components in the figures are not drawn to scale, but are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. For convenience in illustrating and describing some portions of the present invention, corresponding parts of the drawings may be exaggerated, i.e., may be larger, relative to other components in an exemplary device actually manufactured according to the present invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus for detecting a vehicle-mounted tag on a highway according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus for detecting a vehicle-mounted tag on a highway according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The exemplary embodiments and descriptions of the present invention are provided to explain the present invention, but not to limit the present invention.
It should also be noted that, in order to avoid obscuring the invention with unnecessary details, only the structures and/or process steps that are closely related to the solution according to the invention are shown in the drawings, while other details that are not relevant to the invention are omitted.
In order to solve prior art in not equidirectional lane, when going the vehicle simultaneously, the problem of the electronic tags of the vehicle on the unable accurate detection highway lane, the utility model provides a method, device and communication system for detecting on-vehicle label on highway.
The following is a detailed description of the solution of the present invention:
it should be noted that, in the embodiments of the present invention, the terms "first", "second", and the like are used for distinguishing similar objects, and are not necessarily used for describing a specific order or sequence. It is to be understood that the data so used is interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises" and "comprising," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a device or system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements explicitly listed, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such article or apparatus.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus for detecting a vehicle-mounted tag on a highway according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, the apparatus includes an RSU antenna 10, an RSSI chip 20, and an RSU controller 40. The system comprises an RSU antenna 10, a wireless communication unit and a control unit, wherein the RSU antenna is used for transmitting a wireless signal to the reverse direction of a lane on one side of a highway and receiving a response signal returned by a vehicle-mounted tag on a running vehicle on the highway aiming at the wireless signal; the RSSI chip 20 is connected with the RSU antenna 10 and used for detecting the signal intensity of a plurality of response signals successively returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle; and the RSU controller 40 is connected to the RSSI chip 20, and configured to establish a communication connection with a lane controller of an expressway when the response signal received later is greater than the response signal received earlier, and to refuse to establish a communication connection with the lane controller when the response signal received later is less than the response signal received earlier.
The RSU (Road Side Unit) antenna is a device that is installed On the Road Side in the ETC lane system and communicates with an OBU (On Board Unit) to realize vehicle identification and electronic deduction. An unattended fast dedicated lane can be established by installing an RSU at the roadside in the management of an expressway and a parking lot. The RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) chip is a positioning technology for measuring the distance between a Signal point and a receiving point according to the Strength of the Received Signal and further performing positioning calculation according to corresponding data.
The signal intensity of a plurality of response signals returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle in sequence is detected by using the conventional RSSI chip. Alternatively, the function of determining the signal strength of the reply signal may also be implemented by redesigning the chip. In a period of time during which the vehicle is caused to travel within the detection area of the antenna of the detection signal, a plurality of detection signals may be transmitted, the on-board tag may return a reply signal for each detection signal, and a corresponding signal strength may be determined for each reply signal.
When the transmitting direction of the detection signal is opposite to the driving direction of the vehicle in the lane, when the vehicle enters a signal radiation area and drives towards the antenna for transmitting the detection signal, the vehicle-mounted tag is closer to the antenna, and then the response signal received by the antenna is stronger. And when the transmitting direction of the detection signal is the same as the driving direction of the vehicle in another lane, the vehicle enters a signal radiation area and drives towards the antenna for transmitting the detection signal, the distance between the vehicle-mounted tag and the antenna is closer and closer, and the response signal received by the antenna is weaker and weaker.
As shown in fig. 2, the apparatus may further include: a control circuit 30; the RSU controller 40 is connected to the RSSI chip 20 via the control circuit 30; the control circuit 30 is configured to receive the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals, output a turn-on indication signal when the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously increased according to the receiving sequence, and output a turn-off indication signal when the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously decreased according to the receiving sequence; the RSU controller 40 is configured to establish a communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway according to the connection indication signal, or refuse to establish a communication connection with the lane control machine according to the disconnection indication signal.
The RSU controller and the lane control machine are communicated in a wired or wireless connection mode. For example, ethernet, WiFi connection, bluetooth connection, or Zigbee connection may be used.
A highway typically has two opposite directions of travel, e.g., a forward direction compared to the RSU antenna direction and a reverse direction compared to the RSU antenna direction.
Specifically, under the condition that a vertical plane where the RSU antenna is located is parallel to the reverse direction, a plurality of vehicles approach to the lane at the same time in two directions, the RSU antenna receives a plurality of response signals of the plurality of vehicles at the same time, the signal strength of the plurality of response signals returned successively by a vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle is detected through the RSSI chip, the control circuit is used for outputting a switch-on indication signal under the condition that the signal strength of the plurality of received response signals is continuously enhanced according to the receiving sequence, and the switch-off indication signal is output under the condition that the signal strength of the plurality of response signals is continuously weakened according to the receiving sequence.
The control circuit 30 may specifically include a comparator, configured to receive and compare two response signals received successively, and when a vertical plane where the RSU antenna 10 is located is parallel to the retrograde direction, output the on indication signal when the response signal received later is greater than the response signal received earlier, and output the off indication signal when the response signal received later is less than the response signal received earlier.
A comparator may be used to compare two or more data items to determine whether they are equal or to determine the magnitude relationship and order between them, referred to as a comparison. A circuit or device capable of performing such a comparison function is called a comparator. The comparator may be a voltage comparator or a window comparator.
In the embodiments, the antenna is disposed facing the incoming vehicle, if the chip detects that the signal from the vehicle-mounted tag is stronger and stronger, the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted tag is located is driven to the antenna, and if the chip detects that the signal from the vehicle-mounted tag is weaker and weaker, the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted tag is located is driven away from the antenna. Therefore, the chip does not confuse a vehicle traveling from the front toward the antenna and a vehicle traveling from the rear toward the antenna, that is, only recognizes a vehicle traveling from the front toward the antenna as a vehicle traveling on the directional lane.
The utility model discloses still provide another kind of a device that is used for detecting on-vehicle label on highway, the main difference with the device of above-mentioned each embodiment lies in that, the RSU antenna of the device of this embodiment is the antegrade direction transmission wireless signal towards one side lane of highway, and under this condition, the answer signal that on this side lane vehicle on-vehicle label returns is more and more weak.
Referring to fig. 1, the apparatus includes: the antenna comprises an RSU antenna 10, an RSSI chip 20 and an RSU controller 40. The system comprises an RSU antenna 10, a wireless communication unit and a control unit, wherein the RSU antenna is used for transmitting a wireless signal to the forward direction of a lane on one side of a highway and receiving a response signal returned by a vehicle-mounted tag on a running vehicle on the highway aiming at the wireless signal; the RSSI chip 20 is connected with the RSU antenna 10 and used for detecting the signal intensity of a plurality of response signals successively returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle; and the RSU controller 40 is connected to the RSSI chip 20, and configured to establish a communication connection with a lane controller of an expressway if the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received earlier, and to refuse to establish a communication connection with the lane controller if the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received earlier.
And the vertical plane where the RSU antenna is located is parallel to the forward direction. In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include a control circuit 30 (see fig. 2); the RSU controller 40 is connected to the RSSI chip 20 via the control circuit 30; the control circuit 30 is configured to receive the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals, output a turn-on indication signal when the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals decrease continuously according to the receiving sequence, and output a turn-off indication signal when the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals increase continuously according to the receiving sequence; the RSU controller 40 is configured to establish a communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway according to the connection indication signal, or refuse to establish a communication connection with the lane control machine according to the disconnection indication signal.
The control circuit may specifically include a comparator configured to receive and compare two response signals received successively, and output the on indication signal when the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received earlier, and output the off indication signal when the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received earlier.
In the embodiments, the antenna is disposed opposite to the vehicle, if the chip detects that the signal from the vehicle-mounted tag is weaker, the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted tag is located is driven away from the antenna, and if the chip detects that the signal from the vehicle-mounted tag is stronger, the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted tag is located is driven toward the antenna. Therefore, the chip does not confuse a vehicle traveling from the front toward the antenna and a vehicle traveling from the rear toward the antenna, i.e., only recognizes a vehicle traveling from the rear away from the antenna as a vehicle traveling on the directional lane.
In addition, be based on each above-mentioned embodiment a device for detecting on-vehicle label on highway, the embodiment of the utility model provides a lane control system is still provided, include: the device for detecting the vehicle-mounted tag on the expressway and the lane controller according to the above embodiments.
In order to make the present invention better understood by those skilled in the art, the following description will be given of embodiments of the present invention with reference to specific examples.
As shown in fig. 2, the apparatus includes: the antenna comprises an RSU antenna 10, an RSSI chip 20 and an RSU controller 40. An RSSI (Received signal strength Indication) chip is mounted on an antenna provided on a lane in one direction (first direction) for detecting a vehicle-mounted tag of a vehicle, and it is possible to detect whether the vehicle is heading to the antenna on the lane in the first direction or is heading away from the antenna in the first direction using the chip. If the vehicle is an antenna driving to the first direction lane, the vehicle is considered to be a vehicle driving on the first direction lane, and the tag of the vehicle is a tag to be detected. The specific detection mode of the chip is that if the chip detects that the number from the vehicle-mounted tag is stronger and stronger, the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted tag is located drives to the antenna, and if the signal from the vehicle-mounted tag detected by the chip is weaker and weaker, the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted tag is located drives away from the antenna. It should be noted that the detection area of the antenna is mainly located on one side of the antenna, so that the driving of the core to the sky piece does not confuse the vehicle driving from the front to the antenna and the vehicle driving from the back to the antenna, i.e., only the vehicle driving on the first direction lane is recognized as the vehicle driving on the first direction lane.
The first direction is the driving direction of the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted label is to be detected, and the second direction is the opposite direction of the driving direction of the vehicle where the vehicle-mounted label is to be detected. If the orientation of the RSU antenna is the same as that of the second direction, when the vehicle in the first direction is closer to the antenna, the received response signal is stronger and stronger; if the RSU antenna is oriented in the same direction as the first direction, the received reply signal should be weaker and weaker as the vehicle in the first direction gets closer to the antenna.
The prior art mainly adopts three methods:
the first is to arrange an iron plate in the middle of two different directional lanes to isolate the vehicle tag of the vehicle on the other directional lane when detecting the vehicle tag of the vehicle on the one directional lane. The disadvantage of this method is that the strong wind easily blows the iron plate, which leads to the potential safety hazard.
And secondly, accurately positioning the position of vehicle-mounted electronics on the vehicle by using a phased array radar so as to distinguish vehicle-mounted labels of vehicles on lanes in different directions. The disadvantage of this approach is that phased array radars are expensive and the highway demands them are large, which can add significantly to the cost of the highway.
Thirdly, some information, such as entrance information or position information, is written into the vehicle-mounted tag of the vehicle at the entrance of the highway, and when the vehicle arrives at the exit of the highway, the driving direction of the vehicle is judged according to the information written at the entrance, and then whether the vehicle is the vehicle-mounted tag to be detected by the antenna installed on the directional lane is judged according to the driving direction of the vehicle. This method has a disadvantage in that, if such information cannot be written at the entrance due to a signal difference or a failure of the entrance antenna, the driving direction of the vehicle cannot be determined when the vehicle reaches the exit, and the vehicles on lanes in different directions cannot be distinguished from each other.
To sum up, the utility model discloses a device and lane control system for detecting vehicle-mounted label on highway sets up the antenna that is used for detecting the vehicle-mounted label of vehicle on a direction lane and installs the RSSI chip, utilizes this chip can detect that the vehicle drives to the antenna on this first direction lane, still drives away from this ascending antenna of direction. The detection area of the antenna is mainly located on one side of the antenna, so that the chip can not confuse a vehicle driving to the antenna from the front side and a vehicle driving to the antenna from the back side, the electronic tag of the vehicle on a highway lane can be correctly detected, the placement of an iron plate arranged between two lanes is safer, no potential safety hazard exists, the cost is lower compared with a mode of arranging a phased array radar, and the omission can not occur compared with a mode of writing information in a vehicle-mounted tag.
In the description herein, reference to the description of the terms "one embodiment," "a particular embodiment," "some embodiments," "for example," "an example," "a particular example," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. The sequence of steps involved in the embodiments is for illustrative purposes, and the sequence of steps is not limited and may be adjusted as desired.
The above-mentioned embodiments, further detailed description of the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only specific embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. An apparatus for detecting a vehicle tag on a highway, comprising:
the system comprises an RSU antenna, a wireless signal receiving unit and a wireless signal transmitting unit, wherein the RSU antenna is used for transmitting a wireless signal to the reverse direction of a lane on one side of a highway and receiving a response signal returned by a vehicle-mounted tag on a running vehicle on the highway aiming at the wireless signal;
the RSSI chip is connected with the RSU antenna and used for detecting the signal intensity of a plurality of response signals successively returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle;
the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip and used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway under the condition that the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received earlier, and refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine under the condition that the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received earlier.
2. The apparatus for detecting a vehicle tag on a highway according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus further comprises: a control circuit; the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip through the control circuit;
the control circuit is used for receiving the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals, outputting a switching-on indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously enhanced according to the receiving sequence, and outputting a switching-off indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously weakened according to the receiving sequence;
the RSU controller is used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway according to the connection indicating signal or refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine according to the disconnection indicating signal.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the control circuit comprises a comparator for receiving and comparing two of the response signals received successively, and outputting the on indication signal when the response signal received later is greater than the response signal received earlier, and outputting the off indication signal when the response signal received later is less than the response signal received earlier.
4. The apparatus for detecting vehicle-mounted tags on expressways according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the vertical plane in which the RSU antenna lies is parallel to the retrograde direction.
5. An apparatus for detecting a vehicle tag on a highway, comprising:
the system comprises an RSU antenna, a wireless signal receiving unit and a wireless signal transmitting unit, wherein the RSU antenna is used for transmitting a wireless signal to the forward direction of a lane on one side of a highway and receiving a response signal returned by a vehicle-mounted tag on a running vehicle on the highway aiming at the wireless signal;
the RSSI chip is connected with the RSU antenna and used for detecting the signal intensity of a plurality of response signals successively returned by the vehicle-mounted tag on the running vehicle;
the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip and used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway under the condition that the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received first, and refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine under the condition that the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received first.
6. The apparatus for detecting a vehicle tag on a highway according to claim 5 further comprising a control circuit; the RSU controller is connected with the RSSI chip through the control circuit;
the control circuit is used for receiving the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals, outputting a switching-on indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously weakened according to the receiving sequence, and outputting a switching-off indication signal under the condition that the signal strengths of the plurality of response signals are continuously strengthened according to the receiving sequence;
the RSU controller is used for establishing communication connection with a lane control machine of an expressway according to the connection indicating signal or refusing to establish communication connection with the lane control machine according to the disconnection indicating signal.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the control circuit comprises a comparator for receiving and comparing two of the response signals received successively, and outputting the on indication signal when the response signal received later is smaller than the response signal received earlier, and outputting the off indication signal when the response signal received later is larger than the response signal received earlier.
8. The apparatus for detecting vehicle-mounted tags on expressways according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the vertical plane in which the RSU antenna lies is parallel to the direction of forward travel.
9. A lane control system, comprising: the apparatus for detecting a vehicle tag on a highway and a lane control machine according to claims 1 to 8.
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