CN210119571U - Active imaging system for inhibiting laser light intensity fluctuation image quality degradation effect - Google Patents
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Abstract
When utilizing the formation of image of Fourier imaging system for solving prior art existence, require too high to laser source stability, lead to hardly reaching or cost too high in the engineering, perhaps because sampling time lengthens and leads to the ageing variation of formation of image for imaging system application range receives the technical problem of restriction, the utility model provides an restrain the initiative imaging system of laser light intensity fluctuation image quality degradation effect, divide into main beam and the two bundles of auxiliary light through laser beam splitter with laser, main beam is used for scanning the target surface, is reflected and is converted into the laser echo signal of telecommunication and then obtains the phase place closed coefficient by the target surface; the auxiliary light is used for detecting a light intensity value, then a light intensity fluctuation proportion coefficient matrix is obtained through calculation so as to obtain a light intensity disturbance factor, the light intensity disturbance factor and a phase closed coefficient are utilized, a frequency spectrum component for eliminating light intensity fluctuation is obtained through a frequency spectrum reconstruction algorithm, and finally an image for inhibiting laser light intensity fluctuation so as to avoid an image quality degradation effect is obtained through image reconstruction.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to an initiative formation of image, concretely relates to initiative imaging system who restraines the undulant image quality degradation effect of laser light intensity.
Background
Laser interference field imaging is a novel high-resolution active imaging technology, as shown in fig. 1, a plurality of beams of coherent laser are actively emitted to irradiate the surface of a scanned target, laser echo signals reflected by the surface of the scanned target are demodulated through a receiving system, and after the influence of turbulence disturbance is restrained by phase closure, a high-resolution image of the target is reconstructed. Compared with the conventional optical imaging, the method has the characteristics of high resolution, long action distance, strong initiative and the like, can be popularized and applied to the fields of space remote dark and weak target detection and the like, and has important significance and wide application prospect for research development.
The existing active imaging system comprises a laser transmitting unit and a laser echo signal receiving unit; the laser emission unit comprises an emission information processing computer and a laser emission array; the laser echo signal receiving unit comprises a detector receiving module and an image reconstruction module; the emission information processing computer is used for setting the emission aperture spacing and the laser emission direction of each frequency spectrum sampling point; the laser emission array is used for emitting laser to scan the surface of a target after moving to a corresponding frequency spectrum sampling point position according to the control of the emission information processing computer, the surface of the target reflects a laser echo optical signal, and the detector receiving module is used for receiving the laser echo optical signal and converting the laser echo optical signal into a laser echo electric signal; the image reconstruction module is used for receiving the laser echo electric signal received by the detector receiving module, demodulating the laser echo electric signal and solving to obtain a phase closed coefficient after all frequency spectrum sampling points on the laser emission array are acquired; and obtaining high-order frequency spectrum components through frequency spectrum iteration by using the phase closure coefficients, and reconstructing a target image by using the high-order frequency spectrum components through inverse Fourier transform.
Namely, the existing active imaging system emits laser to irradiate a target through a laser emitting array, and then performs imaging through subsequent iterative reconstruction of frequency spectrum components. Since the solution accuracy of the iterative frequency spectrum component is directly influenced by the laser light intensity fluctuation, the final imaging quality is further influenced, and even a target image cannot be reconstructed in serious cases. Therefore, the fluctuation of the laser beam light intensity is an important factor influencing the imaging quality of the laser coherent field.
Because the fluctuation of the light intensity of the laser beam along with time and space has great influence on the imaging image quality, in order to obtain better imaging quality, the existing laser imaging system mainly eliminates the influence of the fluctuation of the light intensity of the laser beam on the imaging image quality through the following two technical approaches: the method comprises the steps that a high-stability power laser light source is adopted, and the light intensity stability of a light beam is guaranteed; and secondly, increasing the frequency spectrum sampling time during imaging sampling, and eliminating the laser light intensity fluctuation effect by an averaging method. The two methods can eliminate the influence of the light intensity fluctuation of the laser beam on the image quality to a certain extent.
However, in the first method, the laser light source is required to have narrow line width and high stability, which is difficult to achieve in practical engineering, and even if the laser light source can be achieved, the problems of great difficulty and high cost exist in engineering implementation; for the second method, the imaging timeliness is deteriorated due to the lengthening of the sampling time, so that the application range of the imaging system is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
When utilizing Fourier imaging system formation of image for solving prior art existence, require too high to laser source stability, lead to hardly reaching or with high costs in the engineering, perhaps lead to the ageing variation of formation of image because the sampling time extension for imaging system application range receives the technical problem of restriction, the utility model provides an restrain the undulant image quality degradation effect's of laser light intensity initiative imaging system.
Because the influence mechanism of the laser beam light intensity fluctuation on the imaging image quality is not clear at home and abroad at present, the existing laser light intensity fluctuation (disturbance) inhibition method cannot eliminate the degradation influence of the laser light intensity fluctuation on the image quality from the source. The utility model discloses established laser light intensity to the theoretical model of the influence of spectral component, revealed the mechanism that laser light intensity fluctuation influences quality to based on this model and basic influence law, provided an efficient can restrain the laser beam light intensity fluctuation and produce the high-resolution initiative imaging system that influences quality.
The invention conception of the utility model is as follows: at a laser emission end, dividing laser into a main beam and an auxiliary beam by a laser beam splitter, wherein the main beam is used for scanning a target surface, and a laser echo optical signal is reflected by the target surface to obtain a phase closure coefficient; the auxiliary light is used for detecting a light intensity value, then a light intensity fluctuation proportional coefficient matrix is obtained through calculation of an image reconstruction module, a frequency spectrum component for eliminating light intensity fluctuation is obtained through solving of a frequency spectrum reconstruction algorithm by using the light intensity fluctuation proportional coefficient matrix and a phase closed coefficient, and finally an image for inhibiting laser light intensity fluctuation and avoiding an image quality degradation effect is obtained through image reconstruction.
In order to achieve the above object, the utility model provides a technical solution as follows:
an active imaging system for suppressing the image quality degradation effect of laser light intensity fluctuation, as shown in fig. 2, comprises a laser transmitting unit and a laser echo signal receiving unit, wherein the laser transmitting unit comprises a transmitting information processing computer and a laser transmitting array; the laser echo signal receiving unit comprises a detector receiving module and an image reconstruction module; the method is characterized in that: the laser emission unit also comprises a laser beam splitter;
the time system unit is used for synchronously controlling the emission information processing computer, the laser emission array, the light intensity tester and the detector receiving module;
the laser beam splitter is used for splitting laser acquired from the laser emission unit into a main beam and an auxiliary beam; the main beam is used for scanning the surface of a target and obtaining a laser echo optical signal after being reflected by the surface of the target, the laser echo optical signal enters a detector receiving module, and the detector receiving module outputs a corresponding laser echo electric signal; the auxiliary light is received by the light intensity tester;
the image reconstruction module is used for reconstructing a target image according to the laser echo electric signal acquired from the detector receiving module and the auxiliary light intensity value acquired from the light intensity tester; the method comprises the following steps: calculating the ratio of the light intensity values of the sheared light beam and the fixed light beam which are sampled for multiple times according to the light intensity value of the auxiliary light, establishing a light intensity proportion coefficient matrix, and further calculating a light intensity disturbance factor of each sampling; the fixed beam is a laser beam emitted from the same laser emitting hole in each sampling, and the shearing beam is a beam adjacent to the fixed beam; demodulating the laser echo signal and solving to obtain a phase closure coefficient; and obtaining a high-order frequency spectrum component after inhibiting the laser light intensity fluctuation by utilizing the phase closing coefficient and the light intensity disturbance factor through frequency spectrum iteration, and reconstructing a target image by carrying out inverse Fourier transform on the high-order frequency spectrum component.
The utility model discloses compare prior art's beneficial effect does:
the utility model provides an restrain initiative imaging system of the undulant image quality degradation effect of laser light intensity is a laser high-resolution imaging system, has effectively restrained the undulant degradation effect to the rebuilt image of laser light intensity, has improved the image quality of system formation, has reduced the laser interference field imaging in-process simultaneously, to the requirement of transmission laser beam light intensity stability, and then has reduced the system and has realized the degree of difficulty. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
1. when the system is used for imaging, the synchronous control of system laser emission and laser echo reception is realized through the time synchronization unit. The laser beam is split by adding the laser beam splitter, the main beam scans the surface of a target, and meanwhile, the light intensity tester can detect the light intensity of the auxiliary light, the main beam and the auxiliary light come from the same beam, the light intensity values of the main beam and the auxiliary light are the same, the light intensity value of the laser beam is obtained by the light intensity tester, and preparation is made for solving the light intensity proportional coefficient subsequently and eliminating the laser light intensity fluctuation degradation effect;
2. from the aspect of laser selection, the utility model relaxes the requirement of the laser light source on the stability of light intensity, and reduces the development difficulty and cost of the laser emission system;
3. compare with current long-time sampling averaging's method, the utility model discloses a system has the undulant thorough of suppression laser light intensity, and the image quality effect promotes obviously, realizes simple and convenient characteristics. The utility model discloses a system can real-time accurate measurement obtain the light intensity proportional coefficient of laser beam light intensity fluctuation to in the image reconstruction algorithm, the light intensity proportional coefficient of the light intensity fluctuation that utilizes real-time measurement to obtain obtains the light intensity disturbance factor, eliminates the fluctuating effect of laser light intensity to the degradation influence effect of spectral component and image quality, and then promotes the image quality.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional laser active imaging principle;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the active imaging system for suppressing the image quality degradation effect of laser light intensity fluctuation according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the active imaging method for suppressing the image quality degradation effect caused by laser light intensity fluctuation according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is a comparison diagram of the reconstructed image effect before and after the laser intensity fluctuation is suppressed, in which, diagram a is an original input image, diagram b is an image direct reconstruction effect diagram without suppressing the laser intensity fluctuation, and diagram c is an image reconstruction effect diagram after the system of the utility model suppresses the laser intensity fluctuation;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the spectrum reconstruction of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the phase closure of three light beams according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings by taking a three-beam laser imaging system as an example.
1) Real-time light intensity value acquisition and real-time laser echo signal reception
Starting a time system unit, uniformly controlling an emission information processing computer by a time system unit synchronous signal, controlling a laser emission array to emit laser by the emission information processing computer through setting the aperture spacing and the laser emission direction of 3 laser emission holes of a 1 st frequency spectrum sampling point, and controlling the laser emission array to emit laser from the 1 st frequency spectrum sampling point at the momentThe laser beam (which contains beam 1, beam 2 and beam 3 emitted from 3 laser emitting holes) is emitted to a laser beam splitter, the laser beam splitter splits the laser beam into a main beam and an auxiliary beam, wherein the main beam is used for scanning a target surface (detection target), and the auxiliary beam is used as an input of a light intensity tester (namely received by the light intensity tester) to measure the light intensity value of each beam in the laser beam emitted from the 1 st spectrum sampling point, so that the sampling from the 1 st spectrum sampling point is completed. The specific measurement process is as follows: under the control of the synchronous signal of the time system unit, the light intensity tester is started to measure the 1 st frequency spectrum sampling point at t in real time1At the moment, the light intensity value Q of the light beam 11-t1And the light intensity value Q of the light beam 22-t1. Subsequently, only the light intensity value of the light beam 2 at each moment is measured, and the light intensity value and the light beam 1 at t are calculated1The ratio of the light intensity values at the time.
First, beam 1, beam 2, and beam 3 are defined. The light beam 1 is a fixed light beam, namely a laser beam emitted from the same laser emitting hole in each sampling, and the light beam 2 is an adjacent light beam of the fixed light beam, is a shearing light beam and has a main influence on light intensity fluctuation; the other light beam is the light beam 3, namely the moving light beam, and in the process of frequency spectrum sampling, the sequence number of the light beam is kept unchanged, and the position relation of the light beam 1, the light beam 2 and the light beam 3 is shown in the phase of fig. 5; meanwhile, a receiving array system (a detector receiving module) with a large area and low optical quality requirement is used for receiving the target laser echo optical signal and converting the target laser echo optical signal into a laser echo electric signal, the laser echo optical signal reflected by the target contains target Fourier frequency spectrum component information, and an image reconstruction module acquires the laser echo electric signal provided by the detector receiving module.
Thus, except at t1The light intensity values of the light beam 1 and the light beam 2 in the laser emitted by the 1 st spectrum sampling point need to be detected at any moment, and for other moments, the light intensity values of the light beam 2 only need to be detected. This is because the method only matches the light intensity Q of the 1 st spectral sampling point beam 1 (fixed beam)1-t1Therefore, the light intensity value of the light beam is fixed without measuring other frequency spectrum sampling points.
One spectral sampling point corresponds to one moment, i.e. the 1 st spectral sampling point corresponds to t1Time, 2 nd spectrum sampling point corresponds to t2And the like, namely, only one spectrum sampling point emits laser at each moment. And meanwhile, after the main beam of the 1 st frequency spectrum sampling point scans the surface of the target, the main beam is reflected by the surface of the target and is received and converted by the detector receiving module to obtain a laser echo electric signal S (t), and the detector receiving module receives the laser echo electric signal S (t) under the control of a synchronization signal of the time system unit.
(light intensity value Q)1-t1Description of the drawings: subscript 1-denotes Beam 1, subscript t1-represents the 1 st spectral sample point, Q1-t1Representing the light intensity value of the light beam 1 at the 1 st spectral sampling point; 2-denotes a light beam 2, t1-representing the 1 st spectral sample, Q2-t1The light intensity value of the light beam 2 representing the 1 st spectral sampling point; the light intensity values of the remaining spectral samples represent the same. )
According to the steps, the light intensity values of the light beam 2 from the 2 nd spectrum sampling point, the 3 rd spectrum sampling point to the nth spectrum sampling point on the laser emission array are continuously and sequentially measured, and the measurement of the light intensity values is to obtain the light intensity values Q of the light beam 2 at different moments (namely different spectrum sampling points)2-t2、Q2-t3、……、Q2-tn. And ending the sampling until the light intensity values of the corresponding laser echo electric signals S (t) and the light beam 2 of all the spectrum sampling points on the laser emission array for emitting the laser are completely collected.
2) Obtaining a light intensity proportionality coefficient matrix
The image reconstruction module obtains the light intensity values Q of the light beams 2 emitted by all the frequency spectrum sampling points (namely all the moments) obtained by real-time measurement in the step 1) from the light intensity tester2-t1、Q2-t2、Q2-t3、……、Q2-tnAnd the 1 st spectral sample point (i.e., t)1Moment) of the light intensity value of the light beam 1, then calculating and recording and storing the light intensity proportionality coefficient between every two light beams in each laser beam, wherein the calculation process of the light intensity proportionality coefficient is as follows:
calculating the 1 st spectral sample, beams 2 and t1Light intensity proportionality coefficient of light beam 1 at the moment:
k1_12=Q2-t1/Q1-t1=A2(t1)2/A1(t1)2
(description of light intensity proportionality factor: k1_12Subscript 1-denotes the 1 st spectral sample point, 12-denotes beam 2 relative to beam 1; k is a radical of1_12Representing the light intensity proportionality coefficient of the light beam 2 relative to the light beam 1 at the 1 st spectral sampling point; a. the2(t1) The instantaneous light intensity amplitude corresponding to the light beam 2 at the 1 st frequency spectrum sampling point is obtained; a. the1(t1) The instantaneous light intensity amplitude corresponding to the light beam 1 at the 1 st frequency spectrum sampling point is obtained; the same applies to the scale factors of the remaining spectral samples. )
Similarly, calculate the 2 nd spectral sample point, beams 2 and t1Light intensity proportionality coefficient of light beam 1 at the moment:
k2_12=Q2-t2/Q1-t1=A2(t2)2/A1(t1)2
and sequentially calculating light intensity proportionality coefficients of the 3 rd spectral sampling point, … … and the nth spectral sampling point:
k3_12=Q2-t3/Q1-t1=A2(t3)2/A1(t1)2
……
kn_12=Q2-tn/Q1-t1=A2(tn)2/A1(t1)2
the beam 2 from all the spectral sampling points (i.e. 1 st to n th spectral sampling points) is relative to t1The light intensity proportionality coefficient of the light beam 1 at the moment obtains the relative t of the light beam 2 at all the frequency spectrum sampling points1Light intensity proportionality coefficient matrix M of light beam 1 at the moment:
M=[k1_12k2_12…kn_12]
the intensity proportionality coefficients in the intensity proportionality coefficient matrix M are used to eliminate the intensity disturbance factor (the intensity disturbance factor is the square of the instantaneous intensity amplitude of the light beam 2 at different moments, namely the square of the sheared light beam, and is expressed as A2(tn)2) Combining the phase closing coefficient R obtained in the step 3)12nAccording to the spectral reconstruction principle, the low-order spectral components are repeated step by stepCreating a high-order spectral component O1nHigher order spectral component O1nExpression:
O1n=N·A2(tn)2·(O12·O2n)/R12n
the specific process of solving the frequency spectrum component for inhibiting the laser intensity fluctuation is as follows:
calculating to obtain a light intensity disturbance factor A by using the light intensity proportional coefficient matrix M obtained in the step 2)2(tn)2
Due to, k1_12=Q2-t1/Q1-t1=A2(t1)2/A1(t1)2;
A is to be1(t1)2As a constant factor C ═ A1(t1)2Processing, the constant factor does not affect the subsequent laser echo signal processing result, therefore, at all times, t1The instantaneous light intensity amplitude proportional relationship between the light beam 1 and the light beam 2 at the moment is as follows:
A2(t1)2=k1_12·A1(t1)2;
A2(t2)2=k2_12·A1(t1)2;
A2(t3)2=k3_12·A1(t1)2;
A2(t4)2=k4_12·A1(t1)2;
……
A2(tn)2=kn_12·A1(t1)2
3) solving phase closure coefficients
Demodulating the laser echo electric signal S (t) obtained in the step 1) to obtain an echo demodulation signal PijThen demodulating the signal P from the echoijSolving to obtain a phase closing coefficient R12nThe method comprises the following specific steps:
the reflected laser echo electrical signal s (t) after the laser (including beam 1, beam 2 and beam 3) emitted by one spectrum sampling point scans the target at R can be represented as the convolution of the laser echo light intensity signal I (x, y, t) and the target intensity reflection function O (x, y):
S(t)=∫∫I(x,y,t)O(x,y)dxdy
let the sampling period be T, the number of sampling points be N, and the signal frequency difference be Δ ωijWhen the condition N.DELTA.omega.is satisfiedijWhen T is 2n pi, discrete sampling simplification processing is carried out on the laser echo signal S (T) to obtain three groups of beat frequency echo demodulation signals P after three beams beat two by twoij:
Wherein, PijDemodulating the signal for the echo; k is the serial number of discrete sampling points of the laser echo signal; m (kt) is discrete sample data in one sample period; o isijIs a spectral component; the light intensity amplitude of the light beam i and the light beam j is AiAnd Aj。
The image quality degradation effect caused by the disturbance of the atmospheric turbulence is suppressed by the phase closure technique. The principle of three-beam phase closure technology is that the phase closure technology can be used for solving successively to obtain phase closure coefficients R of each order12nThe general expression is:
n refers to the nth frequency spectrum sampling point, and the values of n are 3, 4, 5, … …, n-1 and n;
wherein A is2(tn) At t for the light beam 2nInstantaneous light intensity amplitude at a moment, and the light intensity value changes randomly along with time due to atmospheric turbulence disturbance, so that the phase closing coefficient R12nIs a random variable that varies with light intensity and time.
4) Frequency spectrum solving for inhibiting laser light intensity fluctuation
Disturbing the light intensity by a factor A2(tn)2Substitution of spectral component O1nExpression, in combination with phase closure factor R12nAnd according to the spectrum reconstruction principle, reconstructing low-order spectrum components:
O13=N·A2(t3)2·(O12·O23)/R123
=N·k3_12·A1·(t1)2·(O12·O23)/R123
from low-order spectral components O12Rebuilding step by step to obtain high-order frequency spectrum component O1n:
O14=C·N·k3_12·(O12·O23)/R123
Due to O24=O13,O12=O23Obtaining:
O14=N·k4_12·A1(t1)2·(O12·O13)/R124
=N·k4_12·A1(t1)2·(O12·(N·A2(t3)2·(O12·O23)/R123))/R124
=N·k4_12·A1(t1)2·(O12·(N·(k3_12·A1(t1)2)(O12·O23)/R123))/R124
=N2·(k3_12·k4_12)·(A1(t1)2·A1(t1)2)·(O12 2·O23)/R123·R124
=C2·N2·(k3_12·k4_12)·(O12 3)/R123·R124
reconstructing to obtain accurately solved high-order spectral component O by iterative recursion1n:
5) Reconstructing a high resolution image of an object
Last higher order spectral component O1nInverse Fourier reconstruction of a high resolution image of the target due to spectral components O1nThe image is rebuild to the inverse Fourier is conventional technical means, the utility model discloses do not discuss in detail again, rebuild by the following formula inverse Fourier and obtain eliminating the image I of the undulant degradation effect of laser light intensity:
I=F-1(O1n)
the utility model discloses a qualitative and quantitative test method comes the sign and verifies the utility model discloses an image quality after the initiative imaging system restraines the laser light intensity fluctuation promotes the effect, has at first given original input image respectively, has not restrained the direct reconstruction image and the adoption of laser light intensity fluctuation (shake or disturbance) the utility model discloses a system and method restrain the reconstruction image after the laser light intensity fluctuation and carry out qualitative sign, then through calculating the image under the laser light intensity fluctuation directly rebuild the picture and adopting respectively the utility model discloses an image quality evaluation index steckel ratio of the image after the system restraines the laser light intensity fluctuation comes the quantitative aassessment the utility model discloses an validity and the actual effect to the image quality promotion after the imaging system restraines the laser light intensity fluctuation.
From the visual effect of the qualitative sign of figure 4, the adoption of figure c the utility model discloses an image reconstruction effect picture after the system restraines the laser intensity fluctuation compares the image direct reconstruction effect picture that does not restrain the laser intensity fluctuation of figure b, and the image reconstruction effect is better, and the concrete performance is: the background gray scale is more uniform, the image quality is clearer, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the image is higher.
TABLE 1 image quality index comparison table for inhibiting image reconstruction before and after laser light intensity fluctuation
Image quality index contrast for image reconstruction | The laser intensity fluctuation is not inhibited | Suppression of laser intensity fluctuations |
Image stelar ratio | 16.3% | 31.6% |
From the quantitative characterization in table 1, the steckel ratio of the reconstructed image after suppressing the laser intensity fluctuation was improved by about 15.3% compared to the steckel ratio of the image directly reconstructed without suppressing the laser intensity fluctuation.
The conclusion obtained by combining the qualitative and quantitative test results is as follows: the utility model discloses an imaging system can effectively restrain the degradation effect that the laser light intensity fluctuation leads to improve the image quality of rebuilding the image.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the same, and it is obvious for a person skilled in the art to modify the specific technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or to equally replace some technical features of the embodiments, and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions protected by the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. An active imaging system for inhibiting the degradation effect of laser light intensity fluctuation image quality comprises a laser transmitting unit and a laser echo signal receiving unit, wherein the laser transmitting unit comprises a transmitting information processing computer and a laser transmitting array; the laser echo signal receiving unit comprises a detector receiving module and an image reconstruction module; the method is characterized in that: the laser emission unit also comprises a laser beam splitter;
the time system unit is used for synchronously controlling the emission information processing computer, the laser emission array, the light intensity tester and the detector receiving module;
the laser beam splitter is used for splitting laser acquired from the laser emission unit into a main beam and an auxiliary beam; the main beam is used for scanning the surface of a target and obtaining a laser echo optical signal after being reflected by the surface of the target, the laser echo optical signal enters a detector receiving module, and the detector receiving module outputs a corresponding laser echo electric signal; the auxiliary light is received by the light intensity tester;
the image reconstruction module is used for reconstructing a target image according to the laser echo electric signal acquired from the detector receiving module and the auxiliary light intensity value acquired from the light intensity tester.
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CN109581409B (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2024-08-13 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Active imaging system and method for inhibiting laser light intensity fluctuation image quality degradation effect |
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