CN209842075U - Imaging photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system - Google Patents
Imaging photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN209842075U CN209842075U CN201920636453.1U CN201920636453U CN209842075U CN 209842075 U CN209842075 U CN 209842075U CN 201920636453 U CN201920636453 U CN 201920636453U CN 209842075 U CN209842075 U CN 209842075U
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- pulse
- radiation
- photoelectric detector
- scanning
- deflection plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Landscapes
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
The utility model discloses an image formation photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system, it incides to scan the image converter negative pole and produces photoelectron to be surveyed pulse radiation, the electron beam that forms after being accelerated by the grid is focused on by electron optical system and is imaged, through scanning deflection board, two step pulse voltage that load on it produce the electric field and make the photoelectron beam take place to deflect between the deflection board, the photoelectron of different time domains is imaged in different space region respectively, photoelectron arouses the high-speed scintillator emission fluorescence signal who arranges the image region in, then get into two photoelectric detector respectively, produce pulse current, by oscilloscope record, can measure the pulse radiation of two time domains respectively; compared with the prior art, the utility model discloses a formation of image photoelectricity beam scanning mode realizes surveying the time domain gating, has improved time domain gating speed. The utility model discloses can carry out quantitative measurement simultaneously to the pulsed radiation that two time domain signal intensity difference differ greatly, have extensive application prospect in the pulsed radiation detection field.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model belongs to the technical field of the pulsed radiation detection and specifically relates to an imaging photoelectron beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system.
Background
In the prior art, gate pulses are used to gate the cathode of a photomultiplier or a scanning image converter to control the electron emission of the cathode. For the detection of weak signals in double-pulse radiation with widely different intensities in different time domains, a positive potential is applied between the cathode and the grid (or anode) when a strong pulse arrives, so that the cathode cannot emit photoelectrons, and a negative potential is applied between the cathode and the grid (or anode) when a weak pulse arrives, so that the cathode emits electrons, thereby realizing the detection of weak pulse radiation signals (a multichannel gated detector with reduced pulse for low-y channel measurements in intense X-ray background, y. Abe, n. nakajima, y. Sakaguchi, Scientific of Scientific Instruments 89, 10I114(2018), a gated-laser-focused electron detector, surface detector, detection of sample-detector, and detector, sample-detector, sample-, 10D302 (2010) and GatedPhototactide Design for the P510 Electron Tube used in the National ignition frequency accessibility (NIF) Optical stream Cameras, P. Datte, G. James, P. Celliers, D. Kalantar, G. Vergel de Dios, Proc. of SPIE Vol.9591, 95910D (2015)).
In the above technology, for two-pulse radiation with greatly different intensities in different time domains, because the sensitivity of the detection system is the same, a weak signal can be covered by a noise floor greatly improved by a strong signal, and the two pulses cannot be detected simultaneously. In addition, the rising time and the falling time of the gate pulse used in the technology are generally more than 5ns, and the speed of cathode gating is severely limited. Therefore, this technique is not applicable when the pulse irradiation time interval is less than 5ns and the intensity difference is very large.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
In order to overcome among the prior art cathode speed of opening the door and closing the door slow, can not measure simultaneously and separate from the time short, the signal intensity is very different two pulse radiation not enough, the utility model provides an image formation photoelectron beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system.
The scheme is realized by the following technical measures:
an imaging photoelectron beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system comprises a scanning image converter tube, an ultrafast scintillator, a photoelectric detector I, a photoelectric detector II, a scanning pulse generator and an oscilloscope; the scanning image changing tube comprises a photocathode, a mesh grid, a first focusing electrode, a first anode, a second focusing electrode, a second anode, an upper deflection plate, a lower deflection plate, an upper deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line and a lower deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line; the scanning pulse generator is respectively connected with the upper deflection plate and the lower deflection plate through an upper deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line and a lower deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line; the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are arranged at the rear end of the ultrafast scintillator; the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are both connected with an oscilloscope; the pulse radiation to be measured comprises weak sub-pulse radiation and strong sub-pulse radiation with different intensities in different time domains, the weak sub-pulse radiation and the strong sub-pulse radiation sequentially excite the photocathode to emit photoelectrons, the photoelectrons sequentially pass through the mesh grid, the first focusing electrode, the first anode, the second focusing electrode and the second anode, and then pass through the region between the upper deflection plate and the lower deflection plate, under the action of a deflection electric field, photoelectric beams generated on the cathode by the strong sub-pulse radiation and the weak sub-pulse radiation in different time domains are deflected to different space regions, and the ultrafast scintillator is excited to emit fluorescence, and the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II respectively measure the two groups of photoelectric beams excited in different time domains and record the photoelectric beams through an oscilloscope.
The scheme is preferably as follows: the pulse radiation to be detected is charged particles, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet light, visible light orThe intensity difference between the infrared light and the strong sub-pulse radiation and the weak sub-pulse radiation is 10 ~ 107And (4) doubling.
The scheme is preferably as follows: the photocathode is a double-alkali cathode, a multiple-alkali cathode, an Au or CsI cathode.
The scheme is preferably as follows: when the detected pulse is charged particle, gamma ray or hard X ray, the double-alkali or multi-alkali photocathode is set in front of the ultra-fast scintillator to convert the radiation into optical signal for detection.
Preferably, the input slit with the limited aperture of the measured pulse radiation beam spot is arranged in front of the photocathode, the length is 5 ~ 40mm, the width is 10 mu m ~ 5mm, and the length and the width can be adjusted.
Preferably, the scanning image converter tube images a wide photoelectron beam emitted by the photocathode, the spatial resolution is more than 15lp/mm in the range of the whole cathode, and the image magnification is between 1 ~ 3.
The scheme is preferably that the ultrafast scintillator is a transparent ZnO material doped with impurities such as In, Ga, Fe, Al and the like or other short-afterglow organic or inorganic scintillators with ultrafast response speed, the thickness is 1 ~ 100 mu m, the caliber is 5 ~ 30mm, the response time is less than 0.1ns, the emission spectrum is 300 ~ 700nm, the ultrafast scintillators are two pieces, the two pieces are respectively attached to the front surfaces of an optical fiber panel or quartz flat glass In front of the cathodes of the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II and are optically isolated from each other, and an Al film with the thickness of 100nm is evaporated on the front surface of the ultrafast scintillator.
The scheme is preferably that the scanning pulse generator outputs two paths of double-step pulse voltage signals with opposite polarities, the amplitude is between 0.5kV ~ 2kV, the pulse width of the two steps is adjustable in 500ps ~ 500ns, the time of the front edge and the time of the rear edge of the two steps of pulses are less than 200ps, and the time domains of the two steps of pulses respectively correspond to the time domains of the radiation of the two strong pulses and the weak pulses.
The proposal preferably has the aperture of the optical fiber panel or the quartz flat glass being 10 ~ 50mm, the thickness being 2 ~ 5mm, and the vacuum sealing surface being positioned at the rear end of the scanning image converter tube to isolate the vacuum environment in the scanning image converter tube from the external atmosphere environment.
The scheme is preferably as follows: the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are phototubes, photomultiplier tubes or InGaAs fast-response photoelectric detectors, the two detectors are different in sensitivity, the low-sensitivity photoelectric detector is used for strong signal detection, the high-sensitivity photoelectric detector is used for weak signal detection, and the response time of the detectors is less than 200 ps.
The technical scheme has the advantages that the technical scheme is described, because the pulse radiation to be measured is incident to the cathode of the scanning image converter to generate photoelectrons, the electron beam formed after being accelerated by the grid is focused and imaged by an electron optical system, the two step pulse voltages loaded on the scanning deflection plate generate an electric field between the deflection plates to deflect the photoelectron beams, the photoelectrons in different time domains are respectively imaged in different space areas, the photoelectrons excite the high-speed scintillators arranged in the imaging areas to emit fluorescent signals, then the fluorescent signals respectively enter the two photoelectric detectors to generate pulse current, the pulse current is recorded by an oscilloscope, and the pulse radiation in the two time domains can be respectively measured; compared with the prior art, the utility model discloses a formation of image photoelectricity beam scanning mode realizes surveying the time domain gating, has improved time domain gating speed. The utility model discloses can carry out quantitative measurement simultaneously to the pulsed radiation that two time domain signal intensity difference differ greatly, have extensive application prospect in the pulsed radiation detection field.
Therefore, compared with the prior art, the utility model has the substantive characteristics and the progress, and the beneficial effects of the implementation are also obvious.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
In the figure, 1 is weak photon pulse radiation, 2 is strong photon pulse radiation, 3 is detection time domain I, 4 is detection time domain II, 5 is photocathode, 6 is mesh grid, 7 is image tube shell, 8 is first focusing electrode, 9 is first anode, 10 is second focusing electrode, 11 is second anode, 12 is upper deflection plate, 13 is lower deflection plate, 14 is upper deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line, 15 is lower deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line, 16 is photoelectric beam deflected in detection time domain I, 17 is photoelectric beam deflected in detection time domain II, 18 is scanning image tube, 19 is ultrafast scintillator, 20 is photoelectric detector I, 21 is photoelectric detector II, 22 is step pulse waveform applied on upper deflection plate, 23 is step pulse waveform applied on lower deflection plate, 24 is pulse signal output by photoelectric detector I in detection time domain I, 25 is a pulse signal output by the photodetector ii in the time domain ii, 26 is a scanning pulse generator, and 27 is an oscilloscope.
Detailed Description
All of the features disclosed in this specification, or all of the steps in any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations of features and/or steps that are mutually exclusive.
Any feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), may be replaced by alternative features serving equivalent or similar purposes, unless expressly stated otherwise. That is, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
Example 1
As can be seen from the figure 1, the utility model comprises a scanning image converter, an ultrafast scintillator, a photoelectric detector I, a photoelectric detector II, a scanning pulse generator and an oscilloscope; the scanning image changing tube comprises a photocathode, a mesh grid, a first focusing electrode, a first anode, a second focusing electrode, a second anode, an upper deflection plate, a lower deflection plate, an upper deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line and a lower deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line; the scanning pulse generator is respectively connected with the upper deflection plate and the lower deflection plate through an upper deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line and a lower deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line; the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are arranged at the rear end of the ultrafast scintillator; the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are both connected with an oscilloscope; the pulse radiation to be measured comprises weak sub-pulse radiation and strong sub-pulse radiation with different intensities in different time domains, the weak sub-pulse radiation and the strong sub-pulse radiation sequentially excite the photocathode to emit photoelectrons, the photoelectrons sequentially pass through the mesh grid, the first focusing electrode, the first anode, the second focusing electrode and the second anode, and then pass through the region between the upper deflection plate and the lower deflection plate, under the action of a deflection electric field, photoelectric beams generated on the cathode by the strong sub-pulse radiation and the weak sub-pulse radiation in different time domains are deflected to different space regions, and the ultrafast scintillator is excited to emit fluorescence, and the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II respectively measure the two groups of photoelectric beams excited in different time domains and record the photoelectric beams through an oscilloscope.
The detected pulse radiation is visible light; the intensity of the strong sub-pulse radiation and the weak sub-pulse radiation are different by 103And (4) doubling.
The photocathode is a multi-alkali cathode.
When the detected pulse is charged particle, gamma ray or hard X ray, the double-alkali or multi-alkali photocathode is set in front of the ultra-fast scintillator to convert the radiation into optical signal for detection.
The input slit with the aperture limited by the pulse radiation beam spot to be measured in front of the photocathode has the length of 10mm and the width of 1mm, and the length and the width can be adjusted.
The scanning image converter tube images a wide photon beam emitted by the photocathode, the spatial resolution in the full cathode range is more than 15lp/mm, and the image magnification is 1.3.
The ultrafast scintillator is a transparent ZnO material doped with impurities such as In, Ga, Fe, Al and the like, or other short-afterglow organic or inorganic scintillators with ultrafast response speed, the thickness is 100 micrometers, the caliber of a sensitive surface is 10mm, the response time is less than 0.1ns, the emission spectrum is 360 ~ 450nm, the ultrafast scintillator is two pieces, the ultrafast scintillator is respectively attached to the front surfaces of an optical fiber panel or quartz plate glass In front of the cathodes of the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II, optical isolation is carried out between the two pieces, and an Al film with the thickness of 100nm is evaporated on the front surface of the ultrafast scintillator.
The scanning pulse generator outputs two paths of double-step pulse voltage signals with opposite polarities, the amplitude is 500V, the pulse width of the two steps is adjustable at 500ps ~ 500ns, the front edge time and the back edge time of the two-step pulse are less than 200ps, and the time domains of the two-step pulse are respectively corresponding to the time domains of the radiation of the two strong pulses and the weak pulses.
The optical fiber panel is two, the caliber is 15mm, the thickness is 5mm, and the optical fiber panel is positioned on the vacuum sealing surface at the rear end of the scanning image converter tube to isolate the vacuum environment in the scanning image converter tube from the external atmospheric environment.
The photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are phototubes, photomultiplier tubes or InGaAs fast-response photoelectric detectors, the two detectors are different in sensitivity, the low-sensitivity photoelectric detector is used for strong signal detection, the high-sensitivity photoelectric detector is used for weak signal detection, and the response time of the detectors is less than 150 ps.
Example 2:
the structure of this example is the same as that of example 1, except that the measured pulse radiation comprises soft X-ray sub-pulses with different intensities, the intensity difference between the sub-pulses is 20 times, the time interval is 1 ~ 20ns, the photo cathode is a composite Au cathode with flat spectral response, and the measured pulse radiation is soft X-rays with 0.1 ~ 4 keV.
The present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed in this specification, and to any novel method or process steps or any novel combination of features disclosed.
Claims (10)
1. An imaging photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system is characterized in that: the device comprises a scanning image converter tube, an ultrafast scintillator, a photoelectric detector I, a photoelectric detector II, a scanning pulse generator and an oscilloscope; the scanning image changing tube comprises a photocathode, a mesh grid, a first focusing electrode, a first anode, a second focusing electrode, a second anode, an upper deflection plate, a lower deflection plate, an upper deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line and a lower deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line; the scanning pulse generator is respectively connected with the upper deflection plate and the lower deflection plate through an upper deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line and a lower deflection plate scanning pulse coaxial transmission line; the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are arranged at the rear end of the ultrafast scintillator; the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are both connected with an oscilloscope; the pulse radiation to be measured comprises weak sub-pulse radiation and strong sub-pulse radiation with different intensities in different time domains, the weak sub-pulse radiation and the strong sub-pulse radiation sequentially excite the photocathode to emit photoelectrons, the photoelectrons sequentially pass through the mesh grid, the first focusing electrode, the first anode, the second focusing electrode and the second anode, and then pass through the region between the upper deflection plate and the lower deflection plate, under the action of a deflection electric field, photoelectric beams generated on the cathode by the strong sub-pulse radiation and the weak sub-pulse radiation in different time domains are deflected to different space regions, and the ultrafast scintillator is excited to emit fluorescence, and the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II respectively measure the two groups of photoelectric beams excited in different time domains and record the photoelectric beams through an oscilloscope.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the pulsed radiation to be detected is selected from the group consisting of charged particles, gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, and infrared light, and the difference between the intensities of the pulsed radiation with strong and weak photons is 10 ~ 107And (4) doubling.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises: the photocathode is a double-alkali cathode, a multiple-alkali cathode, an Au or CsI cathode.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein: when the detected pulse is charged particles, gamma rays or hard X rays, the double-alkali or multi-alkali photocathode is provided with the ultrafast scintillator in front, and the radiation is converted into optical signals for detection.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the input slit in front of the photocathode for limiting the aperture of the measured pulsed radiation beam spot has a length of 5 ~ 40mm, a width of 10 μm ~ 5mm, and adjustable length and width.
6. The time-domain gated photodetection system of claim 1, wherein the scanning converter tube images the wide photon beam emitted by the photocathode, the spatial resolution is greater than 15lp/mm in the full cathode range, and the image magnification is between 1 ~ 3.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the ultrafast scintillator is a transparent ZnO material doped with In, Ga, Fe and Al impurities, or a short-afterglow organic or inorganic scintillator with ultrafast response speed, the thickness of the ultrafast scintillator is 1 ~ 100 μm, the caliber of the ultrafast scintillator is 5 ~ 30mm, the response time is less than 0.1ns, the emission spectrum is 300 ~ 700nm, the ultrafast scintillator is two pieces, the two pieces are respectively attached to the front surfaces of the fiber panel or the quartz plate glass In front of the cathodes of the photodetector I and the photodetector II, and are optically isolated from each other, and a 100nm thick Al film is evaporated on the front surface of the ultrafast scintillator.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the scanning pulse generator outputs two paths of two-step pulse voltage signals with opposite polarities, the amplitude of the two-step pulse voltage signals is 0.5kV ~ 2kV, the pulse width of the two steps is adjustable in 500ps ~ 500ns, the time of the front edge and the back edge of the two-step pulse is less than 200ps, and the time domains of the two-step pulse are respectively corresponding to the time domains of the two strong pulse radiation and the weak pulse radiation.
9. The system of claim 7, wherein the fiber-optic panel or quartz plate glass has a diameter of 10 ~ 50mm and a thickness of 2 ~ 5mm, and is located on the vacuum sealing surface at the rear end of the scanning image converter tube to isolate the vacuum environment inside the scanning image converter tube from the external atmospheric environment.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises: the photoelectric detector I and the photoelectric detector II are phototubes, photomultiplier tubes or InGaAs fast-response photoelectric detectors, the two detectors are different in sensitivity, the low-sensitivity photoelectric detector is used for detecting strong signals, the high-sensitivity photoelectric detector is used for detecting weak signals, and the response time of the detectors is less than 200 ps.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201920636453.1U CN209842075U (en) | 2019-05-06 | 2019-05-06 | Imaging photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201920636453.1U CN209842075U (en) | 2019-05-06 | 2019-05-06 | Imaging photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN209842075U true CN209842075U (en) | 2019-12-24 |
Family
ID=68915458
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201920636453.1U Active CN209842075U (en) | 2019-05-06 | 2019-05-06 | Imaging photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN209842075U (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109975858A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-07-05 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | A kind of imaging photoelectron beam sweep type time domain gating photoelectric detecting system |
| CN113130278A (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-07-16 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Low-noise long-cathode scanning image converter tube |
| CN114509802A (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2022-05-17 | 西北核技术研究所 | Proton sensitivity calibration device and method for optical imaging energy spectrum measurement system |
-
2019
- 2019-05-06 CN CN201920636453.1U patent/CN209842075U/en active Active
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109975858A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-07-05 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | A kind of imaging photoelectron beam sweep type time domain gating photoelectric detecting system |
| CN109975858B (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2023-10-31 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Imaging photoelectron beam scanning type time-domain gating photoelectric detection system |
| CN113130278A (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-07-16 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Low-noise long-cathode scanning image converter tube |
| CN113130278B (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2022-07-12 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Low-noise long-cathode scanning image converter tube |
| CN114509802A (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2022-05-17 | 西北核技术研究所 | Proton sensitivity calibration device and method for optical imaging energy spectrum measurement system |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN109975858B (en) | Imaging photoelectron beam scanning type time-domain gating photoelectric detection system | |
| CN209842075U (en) | Imaging photon beam scanning type time domain gating photoelectric detection system | |
| JP5684273B2 (en) | Detection apparatus for detecting charged particles, method for detecting charged particles, and mass spectrometer | |
| JP5684274B2 (en) | Detection apparatus for detecting charged particles, method for detecting charged particles, and mass spectrometer | |
| US8735833B2 (en) | Photomultiplier and detection systems | |
| EP0871971B1 (en) | Apparatus for detecting a photon pulse | |
| US6201257B1 (en) | Semiconductor X-ray photocathodes devices | |
| Hirvonen et al. | Photon counting imaging with an electron-bombarded CCD: towards a parallel-processing photoelectronic time-to-amplitude converter | |
| US4937455A (en) | Position-sensitive director | |
| Fukasawa et al. | High speed HPD for photon counting | |
| CN108428761B (en) | photoelectric detector based on SiC wide-bandgap semiconductor detector | |
| CN113433578A (en) | High-sensitivity X-ray spectrum flat response radiation flow detector | |
| Iijima | Status and perspectives of vacuum-based photon detectors | |
| CN109273344B (en) | Non-contact object surface charge photomultiplier amplifier | |
| Mirzoyan et al. | An evaluation of the new compact hybrid photodiodes R7110U-07/40 from Hamamatsu in high-speed light detection mode | |
| US10910193B2 (en) | Particle detection assembly, system and method | |
| Suyama et al. | A hybrid photodetector (HPD) with a III-V photocathode | |
| Peng et al. | Performance of photosensors in a high-rate environment for gas Cherenkov detectors | |
| Nakayama et al. | Development of a 13-in. Hybrid Avalanche Photo-Detector (HAPD) for a next generation water Cherenkov detector | |
| D'Ambrosio et al. | Gamma spectroscopy and optoelectronic imaging with hybrid photon detector | |
| Margaryan et al. | RF Cherenkov picosecond timing technique for high energy physics applications | |
| Križan | Overview of photon detectors for fast single photon detection | |
| Anton et al. | A hybrid photodetector using the Timepix semiconductor assembly for photoelectron detection | |
| Persyk et al. | The quadrant photomultiplier | |
| Siegmund et al. | Development of sealed tube microchannel plate detectors with cross strip readouts |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |