CN209654145U - A kind of vehicle, gas handling system and its air inlet mixing arrangement - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses a kind of air inlet mixing arrangements, comprising: to provide the air pipeline of air；To provide the exhaust piping of exhaust gas；It is connected with the air pipeline and the exhaust piping, with the mixing duct for being mixed into mixed gas for air and waste gas；Wherein, the outlet side of the exhaust piping is located in the mixing duct；It is connected with the outlet side of the mixing duct, to by the inlet manifold of mixed gas delivery to engine.Pressure of the above-mentioned air inlet mixing arrangement to reduce air enables exhaust gas to enter mixing duct under the action of new pressure difference and mixes with air, solves gas in-cylinder combustion temperature height and nitrogen oxide emission problems of too.In addition, the invention also discloses a kind of gas handling system including above-mentioned air inlet mixing arrangement and a kind of vehicles including above-mentioned gas handling system.

Description

A kind of vehicle, gas handling system and its air inlet mixing arrangement

Technical field

The utility model relates to engine charge technical fields, more particularly to a kind of air inlet mixing arrangement.In addition, this reality A kind of gas handling system including above-mentioned air inlet mixing arrangement and a kind of vehicle including above-mentioned gas handling system are further related to novel.

Background technique

Heavy truck, be primarily referred to as sprinkling truck common in heavy goods vehicle and tractor truck, such as our daily lifes, Fire fighting truck, tank truck and freight.

Currently, with the manufacturing development of heavy truck, in order to meet the requirement of high detonation pressure and various discharges, heavy truck Engine reduce the nitrogen oxidation in tail gas using exhaust gas recirculatioon technology (EGR, Exhaust Gas Recirculation) Combustion reaction temperature in object and cylinder, wherein exhaust gas recirculatioon technology specifically refers to reacting cylinder into the useless of generation The technology that gas is mixed with air and burnt again.However, air pressure and flow velocity with higher when being flowed in mixing duct, The pressure of exhaust gas is smaller in exhaust piping, under the action of this pressure difference, causes the exhaust gas in exhaust piping to be difficult to enter mixed It closes pipeline to mix with air and enter progress combustion reaction in cylinder, and then the amount that can not reduce nitrogen oxide in tail gas is gentle Ignition temperature in cylinder.

Therefore, so that exhaust gas is mixed with air and enter that be that those skilled in the art are urgently to be resolved in cylinder ask Topic.

Utility model content

The purpose of the utility model is to provide a kind of air inlet mixing arrangement, pressure of the air inlet mixing arrangement to reduce air By force, so that exhaust gas is entered mixing duct under the action of new pressure difference and mix with air, solve gas in-cylinder combustion temperature Degree height and nitrogen oxide emission problems of too.It includes that above-mentioned air inlet mixes that the another object of the utility model, which is to provide a kind of, The gas handling system of device and a kind of vehicle including above-mentioned gas handling system.

To achieve the above object, the utility model provides a kind of air inlet mixing arrangement, comprising: to provide the air of air Pipeline；To provide the exhaust piping of exhaust gas；It is connected with the air pipeline and the exhaust piping, with for air and waste gas It is mixed into the mixing duct of mixed gas；Wherein, the outlet side of the exhaust piping is located in the mixing duct；It is mixed with described The outlet side for closing pipeline is connected, to by the inlet manifold of mixed gas delivery to engine.

Preferably, flow direction of the port of the outlet side of the exhaust piping perpendicular to air in the mixing duct.

Preferably, the inlet end of the air pipeline is equipped with the flow tube to measure air mass flow；Wherein, the flow measurement It is equipped in pipe to measure the pressure of air, the PFM sensor of flow and quality；The outlet side of the flow tube is equipped with to control The air door of the air inflow of air processed.

Preferably, the flow tube includes the inlet channel, Measurement channel and outlet set gradually along air-flow direction Channel；Wherein, the sectional area of the inlet channel and the outlet passageway is all larger than the sectional area of the Measurement channel；It is described PFM sensor is set to the Measurement channel.

Preferably, further includes: the cooler to cooling exhaust gas；Wherein, the outlet side of the cooler and the exhaust gas The inlet end of pipeline is connected；The exhaust gas valve of air inflow set on the inlet end of the cooler, to control exhaust gas.

Preferably, it is equipped between the mixing duct and the inlet manifold curved to change the air inlet that mixed gas flows to Pipe；Wherein, the outlet side of the intake elbow is equipped with the shunting muscle to shunt mixed gas.

Preferably, the intake elbow is equipped with the pressure-temperature sensor to detect the pressure and temperature of mixed gas.

Preferably, the inlet manifold includes: the air inlet being connected with the outlet side of the intake elbow；It is multiple to The connected gas outlet of whole cylinders of engine；Between the air inlet and multiple gas outlets, with for gaseous mixture The gas distribution channel of body flowing；Wherein, the air inlet is located at the middle position of the gas distribution channel.

Relative to above-mentioned background technique, air inlet mixing arrangement provided by the utility model is by by the outlet side of exhaust piping The pressure for being located at air near exhaust piping outlet side in mixing duct is reduced in mixing duct.Specifically, exhaust gas Pipeline reduces the area of the flow area of air in mixing duct and at the outlet side of exhaust piping, and then makes air Flow velocity increases, and correspondingly reduces the pressure of air, and makes the pressure values of air lower than the pressure values of exhaust gas in exhaust piping, makes Exhaust gas is obtained to enter mixing duct under the action of pressure difference and mix with air.

The utility model also provides a kind of gas handling system, comprising: to cross the air cleaner of air filtering；With multiple gas Cylinder, with the engine for mixed gas and fuel combustion and output power；It is equal with the air cleaner and the engine It is connected, air inlet mixing arrangement as described in any one of the above embodiments；It is connected with the air inlet mixing arrangement, to provide the exhaust of exhaust gas Manifold.

The utility model also provides a kind of vehicle, including gas handling system as described above.

Detailed description of the invention

In order to illustrate the embodiment of the utility model or the technical proposal in the existing technology more clearly, below will be to embodiment Or attached drawing needed to be used in the description of the prior art is briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only It is the embodiments of the present invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, also Other attached drawings can be obtained according to the attached drawing of offer.

Fig. 1 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of air inlet mixing arrangement provided by the utility model；

Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional view of mixing duct in Fig. 1；

Fig. 3 is the cross-sectional view of inlet manifold in Fig. 1；

Wherein,

1- mixing duct, 2- air pipeline, 3- exhaust piping, 31- support frame, 4- inlet manifold, 41- air inlet, 42- gas Body assignment channel, the gas outlet 43-, 5- flow tube, 51- inlet channel, 52- Measurement channel, 53- outlet passageway, 6-PFM sensing Device, 7- air door, 8- cooler, 9- exhaust gas valve, 10- intake elbow, 101- shunt muscle, 102- pressure-temperature sensor.

In addition, the arrow not being labeled in above-mentioned attached drawing represents the flow direction of gas.

Specific embodiment

The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, carries out the technical scheme in the embodiment of the utility model Clearly and completely describe, it is clear that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the utility model, rather than whole Embodiment.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are without making creative work Every other embodiment obtained, fall within the protection scope of the utility model.

In order to make those skilled in the art more fully understand the utility model, with reference to the accompanying drawing and specifically The utility model is described in further detail for embodiment.

Fig. 1 to Fig. 3 is please referred to, Fig. 1 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of air inlet mixing arrangement provided by the utility model；Figure 2 be the cross-sectional view of mixing duct in Fig. 1；Fig. 3 is the cross-sectional view of inlet manifold in Fig. 1.

A kind of air inlet mixing arrangement provided by the utility model, as shown in Figure 1 to Figure 3, which includes: To provide the air pipeline 2 of air；To provide the exhaust piping 3 of exhaust gas；It is connected with air pipeline 2 and exhaust piping 3, uses So that air and waste gas is mixed into the mixing duct 1 of mixed gas；Wherein, the outlet side of exhaust piping 3 is located at mixing duct 1 It is interior；The outlet side of air pipeline 2 is connected with the inlet end of mixing duct 1；It is connected with the outlet side of mixing duct 1, will mix Close the inlet manifold 4 that gas is delivered to engine.Specifically, exhaust piping 3 is inserted into mixing tube from the side wall of mixing duct 1 In road 1, and preferably pass through welded seal in the junction of mixing duct 1 and exhaust piping 3, to reduce mixing duct 1 in exhaust gas Circulation area at 3 outlet side of pipeline, and into the amount of air in mixing duct 1, there is no variations, so that air is useless The position of 3 outlet side of feed channel increases flowing velocity, according to Bernoulli equation it is found that the kinetic energy of fluid, gravitional force and Pressure potential and be constant, near exhaust piping 3, air flowing gravitional force variation ignores, due to air Flow velocity increases, and the kinetic energy of air increases, then the pressure potential of air can reduce, and then the pressure values of air can accordingly decrease, So that the pressure values in the position air of 3 outlet side of exhaust piping are less than the pressure values of exhaust gas in exhaust piping 3, enable exhaust gas It is enough to enter in mixing duct 1 under the action of pressure difference, and be sufficiently mixed with air, and then reach the cylinder for reducing engine The purpose of interior ignition temperature and amount of nitrogen oxides.

It should be noted that above-mentioned exhaust piping 3 injects the degree of mixing duct 1, (namely mixing duct 1 is in exhaust piping The area being blocked at 3 outlet sides) it should be according to practical feelings such as the sizes of 1 sectional area of size and mixing duct of exhaust piping 3 Depending on condition, as long as can guarantee that pressure values of the air at 3 outlet side of exhaust piping in mixing duct 1 are lower than exhaust piping 3 The pressure values of interior exhaust gas；Above-mentioned mixing duct 1 and air pipeline 2 are two parts of the same pipeline, due to entirely managing The a part in road is used to flow for air, and another part is used to mix for air and waste gas, therefore, for convenience of description by the pipe Road is divided into mixing duct 1 and air pipeline 2, and actually mixing duct 1 and air pipeline 2 is integrated setting.

In order to reduce disturbance of the exhaust gas when entering mixing duct 1 to former air flow field, as shown in Fig. 2, above-mentioned flue gas leading Plane where the port of the outlet side in road 3 is preferably perpendicular to the flow direction of air in mixing duct 1.Specifically, when useless When exhaust gas in feed channel 3 enters mixing duct 1 by " suction " under the action of pressure difference, if the flow direction of exhaust gas and air are useless Flow direction near 3 outlet side of feed channel is inconsistent, then can consume the energy of mixed gas, and then makes the flow velocity of mixed gas It reduces；It is flowed about since the port cross-sectional of 3 outlet side of exhaust piping is set perpendicularly to air in 3 outlet side of exhaust piping Direction, then when exhaust gas, quilt " suction " goes out out of exhaust piping 3, the flow direction of exhaust gas and the flow direction of air are consistent, in turn The influence to 1 flow field of mixing duct is reduced, to be avoided as much as energy loss of the mixed gas in flow process.It needs It is noted that the flow velocity direction of exhaust gas is perpendicular to 3 outlet of exhaust piping during exhaust gas is flowed out out of exhaust piping 3 The port cross-sectional at end.

In order to accurately measure the air inflow of air, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, the inlet end of air pipeline 2 is equipped with to survey Measure the flow tube 5 of air mass flow；Wherein, the PFM sensing to the pressure, flow and the quality that measure air is equipped in flow tube 5 Device 6；The outlet side of flow tube 5 is equipped with the air door 7 to control the air inflow of air.Air enter mixing duct 1 it Before, it needs to detect by flow of the PFM sensor 6 to air, in order to control the combustion case in cylinder.It needs It is noted that the inlet end of above-mentioned flow tube 5 is to connect air cleaner, it first will be in air by the air cleaner Contaminant filter falls, then clean air is passed through in mixing duct 1；Above-mentioned PFM sensor 6 refer to pressure flow quality (PFM, Pressure Flow Mass) sensor, for detecting the pressure, flow and quality of fluid, namely if it is desired, can also be right The pressure and quality of air in flow tube 5 at measuring point measure, wherein so-called to refer to setting PFM sensor 6 " at measuring point " Position.

It should be noted that the power of opening degree output according to required for engine of above-mentioned air door 7 carries out Adjustment, to guarantee that the air inflow of air meets the corresponding requirements burnt in cylinder.

Preferably, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, above-mentioned flow tube 5 includes that the air inlet set gradually along air-flow direction is led to Road 51, Measurement channel 52 and outlet passageway 53；Wherein, the sectional area of inlet channel 51 and outlet passageway 53 is all larger than Measurement channel 52 sectional area；PFM sensor 6 is set to Measurement channel 52.Along the direction of air flowing, the actual internal area of flow tube 5 first subtracts It is small to be further added by, flow tube 5 is also designed to the Venturi tube of measurement fluid flow, is surveyed by the way that PFM sensor 6 to be set to Channel 52 (namely throat of Venturi tube) is measured to accurately detect pressure, flow and the quality of air, in order to accurately adjust The ratio of air in whole mixed gas, and then be conducive to control the combustion case in cylinder.

As shown in Figure 1, this air inlet mixing arrangement further include: the cooler 8 to cooling exhaust gas；Wherein, cooler 8 go out Gas end is connected with the inlet end of exhaust piping 3；The exhaust gas valve of air inflow set on the inlet end of cooler 8, to control exhaust gas Door 9.Exhaust gas can be generated after cylinder combustion mixing air and fuel and is exhausted gases into exhaust manifold, and exhaust gas valve 9 is logical It crosses a pipeline to be connected with exhaust manifold, enters a part of exhaust gas in exhaust manifold in exhaust piping 3 through subcooler 8, Wherein, " exhaust gas " refers to the gas generated after the cylinder combustion of engine.Since the temperature of exhaust gas is higher, if will directly give up Gas mixes with air, then can improve the initial temperature of mixed gas, and then the reaction temperature in cylinder can be made excessively high, this Sample can make engine that can not adapt to the requirement of high detonation pressure, therefore exhaust gas cooling is reduced the initial of mixed gas by cooler 8 Temperature, the reaction temperature in cylinder to reduce engine, and then the pressure in cylinder is avoided to be higher than its maximum being able to bear Value, and correspondingly improved the service life of engine.

It should be noted that the power of opening degree output according to required for engine of above-mentioned exhaust gas valve 9 carries out Adjustment, namely the opening degree by controlling exhaust gas valve 9 adjust the flow of exhaust gas, to guarantee that the air inflow of exhaust gas meets cylinder The corresponding requirements inside burnt.

It is understood that the adjustment trend of air door 7 should be opposite with the adjustment trend of exhaust gas valve 9, that is to say, that In the output power for needing to increase engine, opens big air door 7 and turn down exhaust gas valve 9, it is hollow to improve mixed gas The ratio of gas, and then improve the ignition temperature in cylinder；In the output power for needing to reduce engine, air door 7 is turned down And big exhaust gas valve 9 is opened, to improve the ratio of exhaust gas in mixed gas, and then reduce the ignition temperature in cylinder.

In order to realize the connection of cooler 8 Yu mixing duct 1, need exhaust piping 3 being designed longer, in this way in exhaust gas Pipeline 3 is easy to generate vibration during conveying exhaust gas, in order to avoid the vibration of exhaust piping 3, as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, useless The middle section of feed channel 3 is provided with support frame 31, and support frame 31 is preferably fixed on to the cylinder cap of engine, passes through support frame 31 support exhaust pipings 3 generate vibration to avoid exhaust piping 3, improve the service life of this air inlet mixing arrangement, wherein branch The number of support 31 does not make specific restriction herein, as long as can be avoided exhaust piping 3 generates vibration.

As shown in Figure 1 to Figure 3, in order to keep the flow velocity of mixed gas entirety uniform, the outlet side of mixing duct 1 and air inlet discrimination The intake elbow 10 to change gas flow is equipped between the inlet end of pipe 4；Wherein, the outlet side of intake elbow 10, which is equipped with, uses With the shunting muscle 101 for shunting mixed gas.Due to the direction of 4 inlet end of direction and inlet manifold of 1 outlet side of mixing duct Difference, thus by setting intake elbow 10 change mixed gas flow direction, enable mixed gas from mixing duct 1 into Enter in inlet manifold 4.

The flowing velocity of mixed gas is uneven before entering inlet manifold 4 namely position is closer to intake elbow 10 Tube wall mixed gas flow velocity it is lower, position is got over closer to the flow velocity of the mixed gas in the pipeline center of intake elbow 10 It is high.If the non-uniform mixed gas of this velocity flow profile is allowed to enter inlet manifold 4, the air inflow meeting of each cylinder of engine Significantly different, this will will lead to engine roughness.Therefore, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, by being set in intake elbow 10 It sets shunting muscle 101 to shunt mixed gas, wherein be located proximate to shunt the mixing of the tube wall of muscle 101 or intake elbow 10 The flow velocity of gas is lower, and the flow velocity of the remoter mixed gas of the tube wall of distance shunting muscle 101 and intake elbow 10 is higher, but logical The max-flow speed difference of mixed gas can be reduced by crossing setting and shunting muscle 101, enable mixed gas be more evenly assigned to In each cylinder of engine.

It should be noted that above-mentioned max-flow speed difference refers to that the flow velocity of mixed gas flow velocity largest portion and mixed gas are flat The difference of equal flow velocity, if max-flow speed difference is smaller, the amount for the mixed gas that each cylinder of engine distributes is more approximate Identical, the work of engine is more steady；Above-mentioned shunting muscle 101 is preferably provided with two, and mixed gas is divided into three strands of air-flows simultaneously It flows into inlet manifold 4, wherein the number for shunting muscle 101 is more, then the max-flow speed difference of mixed gas is smaller, but meeting Correspondingly increase the power loss of mixed gas, therefore, the number for shunting muscle 101 should be according to the power loss of mixed gas and mixed Depending on the actual conditions such as the evenness of conjunction gas distribution.Wherein, max-flow speed difference is only used for indicating gaseous mixture in intake elbow 10 The uniform situation of body flow velocity, is based on above-mentioned thought, and max-flow speed difference can be able to reflect gaseous mixture in intake elbow 10 with other Body velocity flow profile whether uniform physical parameter replaces.

As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, in order to obtain the quality of the mixed gas for actually entering inlet manifold 4, intake elbow 10 is set There are the pressure to detect mixed gas and the pressure-temperature sensor of temperature 102.Specifically, according to ideal gas behavior side Journey is in inverse ratio with the temperature of mixed gas it is found that the quality of a certain amount of mixed gas and the pressure of mixed gas are proportional, And the ratio of air and waste gas can measure in mixed gas, therefore, according to the ratio of above-mentioned air and waste gas it can be concluded that The proportionality coefficient of above-mentioned relation formula, and in practical situations, air and waste gas is not at perfect condition, therefore can basis The physical parameters such as the temperature of air and waste gas obtain the correction factor of above-mentioned relation formula, and then pass through the pressure of detection mixed gas It can be derived that the quality for actually entering the mixed gas in inlet manifold 4 with temperature, in the cylinder in order to control engine Combustion case.

As shown in figure 3, above-mentioned inlet manifold 4 includes: the air inlet 41 being connected with the outlet side of intake elbow 10；Multiple use With the gas outlet 43 being connected with whole cylinders of engine；Between air inlet 41 and gas outlet 43, with for mixed gas The gas distribution channel 42 of flowing；Wherein, air inlet 41 is located at the middle position of gas distribution channel 42.Specifically, it mixes Gas enters in gas distribution channel 42 and out of, multiple gas outlets 43 enter engine whole cylinders from air inlet 41, In, the number of gas outlet 43 and the number of cylinder are identical.Compared to the end that air inlet 41 is set to admission line, due to air inlet Mouth 41 is located at the middle position of admission line, so that multiple gas outlets 43 is bisected into two parts according to quantity, and then make gaseous mixture Body moves in gas distribution channel 42 along two opposite directions, to make each cylinder of engine obtain gaseous mixture as far as possible The amount of body is close or even equal, and then improves the stability of engine operation.

A kind of gas handling system provided by the utility model, comprising: to cross the air cleaner of air filtering；With multiple Cylinder, with the engine for mixed gas and fuel combustion and output power；It is connected with air cleaner and engine, such as The upper air inlet mixing arrangement；It is connected with air inlet mixing arrangement, to provide the exhaust manifold of exhaust gas.Wherein, air-filtering How device, engine and exhaust manifold are connected to air inlet mixing arrangement has been introduced above, and details are not described herein again.

Above-mentioned air cleaner, engine, cylinder, exhaust manifold and gas handling system other parts be referred to it is existing Technology, it is not reinflated herein.

A kind of vehicle provided by the utility model, including gas handling system as described above.The other parts of vehicle can be with It is not reinflated herein referring to the prior art.

It should be noted that in the present specification, such as first and second etc relational terms are used merely to one Entity is distinguished with other several entities, and without necessarily requiring or implying between these entities, there are any this actual Relationship or sequence.

Vehicle provided by the utility model, gas handling system and its air inlet mixing arrangement are described in detail above. Specific case used herein is expounded the principles of the present invention and embodiment, and the explanation of above embodiments is only It is the method and its core concept for being used to help understand the utility model.It should be pointed out that for the ordinary skill of the art For personnel, without departing from the principle of this utility model, several improvements and modifications can be made to this utility model, Modifications and modifications also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the utility model.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of air inlet mixing arrangement characterized by comprising

To provide the air pipeline (2) of air；

To provide the exhaust piping (3) of exhaust gas；

It is connected with the air pipeline (2) and the exhaust piping (3), with so that air and waste gas is mixed into the mixed of mixed gas It closes pipeline (1)；Wherein, the outlet side of the exhaust piping (3) is located in the mixing duct (1)；

It is connected with the outlet side of the mixing duct (1), to by the inlet manifold (4) of mixed gas delivery to engine.

2. air inlet mixing arrangement according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the end of the outlet side of the exhaust piping (3) Flow direction of the mouth perpendicular to the mixing duct (1) interior air.

3. air inlet mixing arrangement according to claim 1, which is characterized in that

The inlet end of the air pipeline (2) is equipped with the flow tube (5) to measure air mass flow；Wherein, the flow tube (5) It is interior to be equipped with to measure the pressure of air, the PFM sensor (6) of flow and quality；

The outlet side of the flow tube (5) is equipped with the air door (7) to control the air inflow of air.

4. air inlet mixing arrangement according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the flow tube (5) includes flowing along air Inlet channel (51), Measurement channel (52) and the outlet passageway (53) that direction is set gradually；Wherein, the inlet channel (51) and The sectional area of the outlet passageway (53) is all larger than the sectional area of the Measurement channel (52)；The PFM sensor (6) is set to institute State Measurement channel (52).

5. air inlet mixing arrangement according to claim 4, which is characterized in that further include:

Cooler (8) to cooling exhaust gas；Wherein, the air inlet of the outlet side Yu the exhaust piping (3) of the cooler (8) End is connected；

The exhaust gas valve (9) of air inflow set on the inlet end of the cooler (8), to control exhaust gas.

6. air inlet mixing arrangement according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is characterized in that the mixing duct (1) and institute State the intake elbow (10) being equipped between inlet manifold (4) to change mixed gas flow direction；Wherein, the intake elbow (10) Outlet side be equipped with to the shunting muscle (101) that shunts mixed gas.

7. air inlet mixing arrangement according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the intake elbow (10) is equipped with to detect The pressure-temperature sensor (102) of the pressure and temperature of mixed gas.

8. air inlet mixing arrangement according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the inlet manifold (4) includes:

The air inlet (41) being connected with the outlet side of the intake elbow (10)；

The gas outlet (43) that multiple whole cylinders to engine are connected；

It is distributed between the air inlet (41) and multiple gas outlets (43), with the gas for simulation model for mixing gases flows logical Road (42)；

Wherein, the air inlet (41) is located at the middle position of the gas distribution channel (42).

9. a kind of gas handling system characterized by comprising

To cross the air cleaner of air filtering；

With multiple cylinders, with the engine for mixed gas and fuel combustion and output power；

It is connected with the air cleaner and the engine, air inlet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 mixing dress It sets；

It is connected with the air inlet mixing arrangement, to provide the exhaust manifold of exhaust gas.

10. a kind of vehicle, which is characterized in that including gas handling system as claimed in claim 9.