CN209619967U - For high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure - Google Patents
For high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN209619967U CN209619967U CN201821939628.8U CN201821939628U CN209619967U CN 209619967 U CN209619967 U CN 209619967U CN 201821939628 U CN201821939628 U CN 201821939628U CN 209619967 U CN209619967 U CN 209619967U
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a kind of tailrace tunnel discharge structure, especially disclose it is a kind of for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure, belong to hydroelectric project Building Design building technology field.There is provided that a kind of structure is simple, and construction cost is cheap, and can effectively guarantee building during work and inspection it is safe for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure.The tailrace tunnel discharge structure includes the tailrace tunnel ontology being arranged between down stream surge-chamber and tailrace outlet building, it is provided with protection on the side wall of the tailrace tunnel ontology and builds system, the tailrace tunnel discharge structure further includes the permeable protection system of high pressure, high pressure infiltration of the tailrace tunnel ontology in the batholith of down stream surge-chamber one end is exported by the permeable protection system of high pressure into drainage hole of the tailrace tunnel ontology far from down stream surge-chamber one end.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of tailrace tunnel discharge structure, more particularly, to one kind for high water head, big flow, short draw
The tailrace tunnel discharge structure of water power plant building belongs to hydroelectric project Building Design building technology field.
Background technique
In hydroelectric project, especially high water head, big flow, short diversion Large Underground generating system by piloting water in,
It is connected with large-scale down stream surge-chamber at workshop rear portion, down stream surge-chamber rear portion connects tailrace tunnel, as shown in Figure 1.Tailrace tunnel belongs to
Having the flowing water in pressure type tailrace tunnel i.e. tailrace tunnel is pressure water.When in order to avoid overcurrent operation, it is attached to intersect section with down stream surge-chamber
The extravasation of pressure water has an impact down stream surge-chamber structure in close tailrace tunnel, so down stream surge-chamber near exit 25m~30m
Drainage hole is not provided with around tailrace tunnel section concrete lining cutting in range.
After tailrace tunnel runs a period of time, need to close the bulkhead gate in down stream surge-chamber, to be vented in tailrace tunnel
Water.Tailrace tunnel is overhauled later, is weighed in tailrace tunnel without stress level at this time, the outer hydraulic pressure that the outer underground water of tailrace tunnel generates
Power is by independent role in tailrace tunnel lining cutting, and due to not having drainage hole that outer water is expelled in hole, water serves as a contrast tailrace tunnel other than institute
Building concrete structure forms immense pressure, since external water pressure is very big, so this section of tailrace tunnel discharge structure stress is also very
Greatly, tailrace tunnel discharge structure is produced bigger effect safely.
In order to guarantee that maintenance period down stream surge-chamber near exit is not provided with the tailrace tunnel segment structure safety of drainage hole, pass
System processing method has following several: 1, increasing the lining concrete thickness of tailrace tunnel section herein, such as by lining concrete thickness
Increase to 1.5m or bigger;2, the reinforcing bar configuration of this position liner structure is increased, lining cutting internal layer, outer reinforcement are all made of double
Layer reinforcing bar configuration;3, the cement consolidation grouting for reinforcing this hole section surrounding rock body, improves the integrality and object of surrounding rock body as far as possible
Manage parameter.
Utility model content
The technical problem to be solved by the utility model is to provide a kind of structure is simple, construction cost is cheap, and can be effective
Guarantee building during work and inspection it is safe for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel
Discharge structure.
Used technical solution is to solve above-mentioned technical problem: one kind being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power
The tailrace tunnel discharge structure of workshop, including the tailrace tunnel ontology being arranged between down stream surge-chamber and tailrace outlet building, In
It is provided with protection on the side wall of the tailrace tunnel ontology and builds system, the tailrace tunnel discharge structure further includes the permeable protection of high pressure
System, high pressure infiltration of the tailrace tunnel ontology in the batholith of down stream surge-chamber one end are by the permeable protection of high pressure
It exports into drainage hole of the tailrace tunnel ontology far from down stream surge-chamber one end.
Further, it is that concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete build layer that the protection, which builds system, described mixed
Solidifying soil builds layer or armored concrete builds and is additionally provided with spray early period concrete layer between layer and the batholith, and the high pressure is permeable
Protection system is arranged in the concrete masonry units layer of the Ω or armored concrete is built between layer and the spray early period concrete layer.
The preferred mode of the above solution is that the permeable protection system of the high pressure includes being arranged in the coagulation along water (flow) direction
Native more built between layer or armored concrete masonry layer and early period spray concrete layer are directly to flexible porous tube, the tailrace tunnel
Projection of the ontology in its cross section be in door type structure, described in each it is straight to flexible porous tube along the door type structure
Two vertical edges are uniformly distributed, and each directly connect with the drainage hole of corresponding position to the end of flexible porous tube respectively.
Further, the permeable protection system of the high pressure further includes multiple groups circumferential direction flexible porous tube, the door type knot
The top semicircular in shape of structure, after circumferential flexible porous tube described in each group bypasses the semi-circular top of the door type structure respectively
Threeway and/or four-way union is passed downwardly through to connect with straight described in arrange along water (flow) direction each to flexible porous tube respectively
It connects.
The preferred mode of the above solution is that circumferential flexible porous tube described in each group is evenly distributed with along what water (flow) direction was spaced apart from each other
It is built between layer and the spray early period concrete layer in the concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete.
Further, the permeable protection system of the high pressure further includes anti-filter component, the anti-filter component is arranged in institute
That states straight builds between layer to flexible porous tube the concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete.
The preferred mode of the above solution is that the anti-filter component is by 200g/m2Geomembrane constitute, be made of geomembrane
Projection of the anti-filter component in its cross section be in Ω font, it is described straight to be located at the Ω font to flexible porous tube
Interior, the open side of the Ω font sprays concrete layer side towards early period.
It is also coated further, being protruded at each on outer surface of the part in drainage hole directly to flexible porous tube
There is thickness to be no more than the galvanized iron sheet of 1mm.
Further, being arranged with the height in the tailrace tunnel ontology within the scope of down stream surge-chamber 25-30m
Press permeable protection system.
The beneficial effects of the utility model are: the application is by the way that the permeable protection of a set of high pressure is arranged, and by the tail water
High pressure infiltration of the hole ontology in the batholith of down stream surge-chamber one end is exported by the permeable protection system of high pressure to tailrace tunnel
In drainage hole of the ontology far from down stream surge-chamber one end.The tailrace tunnel ontology close to down stream surge-chamber one end can be both guaranteed in this way
High hydraulic pressure when work will not be returned to be seeped into batholith and be caused damages to buildings such as down stream surge-chambers, and in maintenance, and due to
High pressure infiltration in batholith has exported to tailrace tunnel ontology far from down stream surge-chamber one end by the permeable protection system of high pressure
Drainage hole in, to equally ensure that the safety of tailrace tunnel ontology.Furthermore due to only in existing tailrace tunnel ontology close to tail water
The permeable protection system of the high pressure is added on one section near surge-chamber, avoid through the thickness of increase concrete lining course or
Increase bar diameter, quantity again or increase the higher modes of construction costs such as grouting, but is by the permeable protection of high pressure
After the completion of spraying concrete layer early period, concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete build before layer starts and are configured, not only operation side
Just, and structure is also relatively easy, can also save the cost of investment and process costs of construction.Further, in order to construction
Process organically combines, convenient for construction and operation, structure of the application to high pressure permeable the protection system and tailrace tunnel
Organic structure has been carried out with construction technology.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 be the utility model for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure entirety
Layout drawing;
Fig. 2 is that the utility model is provided with the tailrace tunnel ontology of the permeable protection system of high pressure and the positional relationship of down stream surge-chamber
Detail drawing;
Fig. 3 be the utility model relates to the permeable protection of high pressure tie up to arrangement schematic diagram outside concrete lining course;
Fig. 4 is the P1-P1 cross-sectional view of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is the P2-P2 cross-sectional view of Fig. 3;
Fig. 6 is the P3-P3 cross-sectional view of Fig. 3;
Fig. 7 is the utility model relates to the anti-filter component arrived and directly to the integrated structure schematic diagram of flexible porous tube.
In the figure, it is marked as down stream surge-chamber 1, tailrace outlet building 2, tailrace tunnel ontology 3, protection build be 4, high pressure
Permeable protection be 5, batholith 6, drainage hole 7, spray early period concrete layer 8, directly to flexible porous tube 9, vertical edge 10, circumferential flexible porous tube
11, anti-filter component 12.
Specific embodiment
In order to make it easy to understand, first to this application involves the terms arrived to carry out explanation appropriate:
Tailrace tunnel refers to that the water after being released through rotating wheel of hydro-generator acting is discharged to the tunnel in downstream river course.Tail water
Surge-chamber: for surge pressure in protection unit and limitation tailrace tunnel, the surge-chamber having in pressure long-tail water channel is set;
Flexible porous tube, flexible porous tube are a kind of with the novel tube for filtering drainage, it overcomes other
Many disadvantages of drainage pipe, it utilizes " capillary " phenomenon and " siphon " principle, integrates water suction, is permeable, draining, has work
Pressure-resistant, the permeable and reverse filter effect of journey design requirement is not broken because of geology, geographical temperature change, and can reach discharge
The effect of clean water will not cause secondary pollution to environment, belong to novel environment friendly product.
It is that a kind of structure provided by the utility model is simple as shown in Figures 1 to 7, construction cost is cheap, and can be effective
Guarantee that the building tailrace tunnel for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop safe during work and inspection is arranged
Water-bound.The tailrace tunnel discharge structure includes the tailrace tunnel being arranged between down stream surge-chamber 1 and tailrace outlet building 2
Ontology 3, it is 4 that protection is provided on the side wall of the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 and is built, and the tailrace tunnel discharge structure further includes height
Pressing permeable protection is 5, high pressure infiltration of the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 in 1 one end batholith 6 of down stream surge-chamber, by described
The permeable protection of high pressure is 5 to export into drainage hole 7 of the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 far from 1 one end of down stream surge-chamber.The application passes through setting
A set of permeable protection of high pressure is 5, and high pressure of the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 in 1 one end batholith of down stream surge-chamber is seeped water, and is led to
Crossing the permeable protection of the high pressure is 5 to export into drainage hole 7 of the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 far from 1 one end of down stream surge-chamber.So both
It can guarantee that the high hydraulic pressure when tailrace tunnel ontology 3 close to 1 one end of down stream surge-chamber works will not return to be seeped into batholith 6 to tail water
The buildings such as surge-chamber 1 cause damages, and in maintenance, and since the high pressure infiltration in batholith 6 is permeable by the high pressure
Protection is 5 to have exported in drainage hole 7 of the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 far from 1 one end of down stream surge-chamber, to equally ensure that tailrace tunnel
The safety of ontology 3.Furthermore it is described due to being added on one section only in existing tailrace tunnel ontology 3 near down stream surge-chamber 1
Permeable protect of high pressure is 5, avoids the thickness by increasing concrete lining course or increases bar diameter, quantity and or increase filling
The higher modes of construction costs such as slurry, but be 5 after the completion of spraying concrete layer 8 early period by the permeable protection of high pressure, concrete
It builds layer or armored concrete builds before layer starts and is configured, it is not only easy to operate, and also structure is also relatively easy, may be used also
To save the cost of investment built and process costs.
It is 4 by being concrete masonry units layer or reinforcing bar in conjunction with the existing protection masonry in above embodiment
Concrete masonry units layer, before the concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete build and be additionally provided between layer and the batholith 6
Phase sprays the characteristics of concrete layer 8, and the permeable protection of the described high pressure is 5 to be arranged in the concrete masonry units layer or reinforcing bar by the application
Between concrete masonry units layer and early period spray concrete layer 8.In conjunction with the performance of existing flexible porous tube, in order to maximum
High pressure water when export maintenance in batholith, to guarantee tailrace tunnel ontology, the permeable protection of high pressure is 5 to be arranged to by the application
Including being arranged between the concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete masonry layer and early period spray concrete layer 8 along water (flow) direction
More directly to the structure of flexible porous tube 9.It is described herein to go back meanwhile for the high pressure water in comprehensive export batholith 6
It is in door type structure in conjunction with projection of the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 in its cross section including multiple groups circumferential direction flexible porous tube 11,
And the design feature of top semicircular in shape, the application by described in each it is straight to flexible porous tube 9 along the door type structure
Two vertical edges 10 are uniformly distributed, and each directly connects with the drainage hole 7 of corresponding position to the end of flexible porous tube 9 respectively
It connects;Circumferential flexible porous tube 11 described in each group bypasses the semi-circular top of the door type structure respectively, passes downwardly through threeway
And/or four-way union is connect with straight described in arrange along water (flow) direction each to flexible porous tube 9 respectively.Likewise, each
It organizes the circumferential flexible porous tube 11 and is evenly arranged on the concrete masonry units layer or steel along what water (flow) direction was spaced apart from each other
Reinforced concrete is built between layer and the spray early period concrete layer 8.
It is directly soft to flexible porous tube 9 and circumferential direction due to constituting the structure that the permeable protection of herein described high pressure is 5
Water pipe 11 needs after spray early period concrete layer 8 is complete, concrete masonry units layer or reinforced concrete in conjunction with the construction process of the application
Soil, which builds layer construction and advances, to be laid, further according to directly to the characteristic of flexible porous tube 9 and circumferential flexible porous tube 11, in order to avoid rear
The mortar that the concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete of construction build layer enters pipeline internal congestion pipeline, and the high pressure is permeable anti-
It further includes anti-filter component 12 that shield, which is 11, and the anti-filter component 12 is arranged in described straight to flexible porous tube 9 and described mixed
Solidifying soil builds layer or armored concrete is built between layer.This is into the anti-filter component 12 is preferably by 200g/m2Geomembrane
It constitutes, projection of the anti-filter component 12 being made of geomembrane in its cross section is in Ω font, and described is straight to soft
Water pipe 9 is located in the Ω font, and the open side of the Ω font sprays 8 side of concrete layer towards early period.
In conjunction with the characteristics of the application tailrace tunnel, the tailrace tunnel due to being not provided with drainage hole 7 usually all only has close tail
1 one end of water surge-chamber it is a bit of, therefore the permeable protection of the high pressure of the application is 5, i.e., directly to flexible porous tube 9 and circumferential soft
The drainage pipeline networks that water pipe 11 is constituted, which also only just has in the tailrace tunnel ontology 3 within the scope of close down stream surge-chamber 25-30m, to be evenly distributed with,
In this way, the above-mentioned functional purpose of the application not only may be implemented, but also the efficiency of construction can be improved, moreover it is possible to investment reduction cost and construction
Cost.
In conclusion had further the advantage that using tailrace tunnel discharge structure provided by the present application,
The design of the application is very ingenious, by arranging the novel row of lining cutting in the tailrace tunnel section lining cutting for being not provided with drainage hole
Water pipe web frame, pressure water extravasation when both having avoided the operation of tailrace tunnel overcurrent in tailrace tunnel generate shadow to down stream surge-chamber structure
Loud problem;Water outside tailrace tunnel section is expelled in tailrace tunnel as far as possible, reaches as far as possible when tailrace tunnel is vented and overhauls by success again
External water pressure is reduced, tailrace tunnel discharge structure stress is reduced, reduces tailrace tunnel amount of reinforcement, guarantees the purpose of structure safety.
Wherein flexible porous tube be close to spray concrete face laying design be cast in entire drainage pipeline networks structure in concrete, not with
Interior water connection, so pressure water when avoiding the operation of tailrace tunnel overcurrent in tailrace tunnel is exosmosed by drainage hole to down stream surge-chamber
The problem of structure has an impact, while succeeding again when tailrace tunnel is vented and overhauls, water outside tailrace tunnel section is expelled to tail water as far as possible
In hole, reaches reduction external water pressure as far as possible, reduce tailrace tunnel discharge structure stress, reduce tailrace tunnel amount of reinforcement, guarantee knot
The purpose of structure safety.
Pressure water extravasation when both having avoided the operation of tailrace tunnel overcurrent in tailrace tunnel has an impact down stream surge-chamber structure
The problem of;Water outside tailrace tunnel section is expelled in tailrace tunnel as far as possible when tailrace tunnel is vented and overhauls, reaches and drop as far as possible by success again
Low external water pressure reduces tailrace tunnel discharge structure stress, reduces tailrace tunnel amount of reinforcement, guarantees the purpose of structure safety.
Embodiment one
It is flexible porous to arrange that vertical, ring intersects around the tailrace tunnel section that down stream surge-chamber near exit is not provided with drainage hole
Pipe, array pitch 3m × 4m, i.e., circumferential water-permeable pipe array pitch 4m, is arranged on crown and abutment wall, and longitudinal permeable tube spacing 3m is arranged in
On the abutment wall of two sides, drainage pipeline networks is formed, flexible porous tube uses the aperture diameter 50mm, and flexible porous tube should be close to spray concrete face and apply
And if vertical, ring crossover sites connector is carried out by threeway and/or four-way pipe and is coupled, as shown in Figure 3.Flexible porous tube is needed along pipe
Length direction wraps up 200g/m2Geotextiles, geotextiles both ends spacing 0.5m holdfast fixes, guarantees for water-permeable pipe to be effectively fixed in
On metope, as shown in Figure 7.Drainage pipeline networks downstream then passes through the drainage hole that longitudinal pipe elevation corresponding to downstream side tailrace tunnel section is drilled with
Connection, connecting portion water-permeable pipe complete cycle wrap up geotextiles, need outsourcing 1mm zinc-plated after being connected in the tailrace tunnel section drainage hole of downstream side
Iron sheet, so that water to be discharged.It after the completion of lining cutting Novel drain pipe network arrangements, then carries out tailrace tunnel lining concrete and pours, will arrange
Pipe network is cast in lining cutting.
Since flexible porous tube wraps up geotextiles along pipe range direction, so when tailrace tunnel lining concrete pours, coagulation
Soil will not block flexible porous tube;Since flexible porous tube is close to spray tailwater tunnel early period concrete face laying, water-permeable pipe itself has
Water penetration, if there is outer water exist, under stress, outer water will penetrate into permeable pipe network, later by with downstream side tailrace tunnel section
The drainage hole connection that corresponding elevation is drilled with is expelled in tailrace tunnel.Entire drainage pipeline networks structure is cast in concrete, so keeping away
Pressure water is asked by drainage hole extravasation what down stream surge-chamber structure had an impact in tailrace tunnel when having exempted from the operation of tailrace tunnel overcurrent
Topic.
Claims (10)
1. it is a kind of for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure, including be arranged in tail water pressure regulation
Tailrace tunnel ontology (3) between room (1) and tailrace outlet building (2) is provided on the side wall of the tailrace tunnel ontology (3)
Protection builds system (4), it is characterised in that: the tailrace tunnel discharge structure further includes the permeable protection system (5) of high pressure, the tail water
High pressure infiltration of the hole ontology (3) in down stream surge-chamber (1) one end batholith (6) passes through the permeable protection system (5) of high pressure
It exports to tailrace tunnel ontology (3) far from the drainage hole (7) of down stream surge-chamber (1) one end.
2. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 1 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: it is that concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete build layer that the protection, which builds system (4), in the concrete masonry units
Layer or armored concrete build and are additionally provided with spray early period concrete layer (8) between layer and the batholith (6), and the high pressure is permeable anti-
Shield system (5) is arranged in the concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete and builds between layer and spray early period concrete layer (8).
3. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 2 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: the high pressure permeable protection system (5) includes the concrete masonry units layer being arranged in along water (flow) direction or reinforcing bar is mixed
More between concrete layer (8) are sprayed solidifying soil masonry layer and the early period directly to flexible porous tube (9), tailrace tunnel ontology (3) In
Projection in its cross section is in door type structure, described in each it is straight to flexible porous tube (9) along the two of the door type structure
Vertical edge (10) is uniformly distributed, each directly to the end of flexible porous tube (9) respectively with the drainage hole (7) of corresponding position
Connection.
4. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 3 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: the permeable protection system (5) of the high pressure further includes multiple groups circumferential direction flexible porous tube (11), the door type structure
Top semicircular in shape, circumferential flexible porous tube (11) described in each group respectively around the semi-circular top of the door type structure after
Pass downwardly through threeway and/or four-way union respectively with it is straight to flexible porous tube (9) described in arranged along water (flow) direction each
Connection.
5. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 4 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: circumferential flexible porous tube (11) described in each group is built along the concrete that is evenly arranged on that water (flow) direction is spaced apart from each other
It builds layer or armored concrete is built between layer and spray early period concrete layer (8).
6. the tailrace tunnel according to claim 3,4 or 5 for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop drains knot
Structure, it is characterised in that: the permeable protection system (5) of the high pressure further includes anti-filter component (12), and the anti-filter component (12) is set
It sets and straight is built between layer to flexible porous tube (9) and the concrete masonry units layer or armored concrete described.
7. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 6 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: the anti-filter component (12) is by 200g/m2Geomembrane constitute, the anti-filter component being made of geomembrane
(12) projection in its cross section is in Ω font, it is described it is straight be located in the Ω font to flexible porous tube (9), it is described
The open side of Ω font sprays concrete layer (8) side towards early period.
8. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 7 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: the part protruded into drainage hole (7) at each is directly also wrapped on thickness on the outer surface of flexible porous tube (9)
Degree is no more than the galvanized iron sheet of 1mm.
9. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 6 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: being arranged in the tailrace tunnel ontology (3) within the scope of down stream surge-chamber 25-30m, the high pressure is permeable
Protection system (5).
10. the tailrace tunnel discharge structure according to claim 1 for being used for high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop,
Be characterized in that: being arranged in the tailrace tunnel ontology (3) within the scope of down stream surge-chamber 25-30m, the high pressure is permeable
Protection system (5).
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CN109385988A (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-02-26 | 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司 | For high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure |
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CN109385988A (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-02-26 | 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司 | For high water head, big flow, short diversion and power workshop tailrace tunnel discharge structure |
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