CN208306584U - Equip the car of full-automatic emergency exits - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model discloses a kind of cars for equipping full-automatic emergency exits, including chassis and vehicle body, there is vehicle window, covering and doorframe on vehicle body, the base compartment floor of doorframe is concordant, it is respectively articulated with installation at the top and bottom of doorframe and rises window and pedal, in doorframe and rises between window and pedal equipped with elastic opening structure and automatic retracting mechanism；Car is connected in use, rising window and being usually brought together into doorframe with pedal with vehicle body；In emergency escape, rises window and pedal automatically springs open to form escape route；After escape, rises window and pedal automatically retracts.The utility model is with high security, escape speed is fast, the advantages that automatically retracting and is practical reliable.

Description

Equip the car of full-automatic emergency exits

Technical field

The utility model relates to a kind of cars, in case of vehicle emergencies can be with fast-escape, and in particular to a kind of Equip the car of full-automatic emergency exits.

Background technique

In recent years, mass transit vehicle is hurt because a lot of heavy losses of property or personnel crowd extremely group have occurred for a variety of causes Accident causes the serious consequence that can not be retrieved.How the safety of public transportation vehicle is improved, so as to the energy when danger occurs Enough occupant is allowed to escape danger rapidly, avoids or reduces injures and deaths to the maximum extent, be it is that current public transportation vehicle is faced, need to compel Cut the significant problem of solution.Large and medium bus automobile body is generally complete to be fixedly mounted structure, only two, three it is upper for passenger, The car door got off, when emergency or accident occurs, when existing large and medium bus outlet is by electric loop and unlatching Between the factors such as longer restrict, be difficult opening rapidly, alarmed and crowded passenger is difficult the vehicle that speeds away, and often results in a large amount of people The dead group's wound of the group of member, causes immeasurable losses.And the tempered glass of glass for vehicle window, it is struck even if also being obtained with safety hammer in grasp Applying very big strength under the premise of hitting skill can just smash.When burst traffic accident or fire, in flurried passenger, crowded ring Finding safety hammer in border and breaking glass for vehicle window into pieces just with it becomes more difficult, leads to the reduction of escape efficiency, misses escape Prime time.

For this purpose, applicant is preceding designing a kind of car for equipping emergency escape door, had submitted to State Intellectual Property Office Application for a patent for invention, number of patent application 2017103390192, including chassis and vehicle body have vehicle window, covering and door on vehicle body Frame, the hinged pedal in the bottom of doorframe, the top of doorframe hingedly rise window, are equipped in doorframe for locking rising window and/or stepping on The lockable mechanism of plate is respectively connected with air spring support rod between doorframe and rising window and pedal；On when car normal use Rising window and being brought together into doorframe becomes vehicle window, and pedal, which is brought together into doorframe, becomes skin；In emergency escape, pedal is along hinge It downwardly turns over, rises windowsill hinge and be flipped up, form escape route.Have that structure is simple, easy to open, the used time is extremely short, real With it is reliable the features such as, so that occupant is speeded away compartment to the greatest extent, out of danger, the people of effective guarantee passenger Body and property safety.

Applicant focus in product research and development process collect each side's opinion and feedback, persistently to the design of product into Row improvement, to up to more technical problems is solved, reach more preferably technical effect, the application is exactly to above-mentioned in preceding application The further improvement of technical solution.

Summary of the invention

Goal of the invention: in order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of full-automatic emergency exits of equipment Car.

Technical solution: in order to solve the above technical problems, the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment provided by the invention, including bottom Disk and vehicle body have vehicle window and covering on vehicle body, are equipped with doorframe on the vehicle body, the hinged pedal in the bottom of doorframe, doorframe Top hingedly rises window, is equipped in the doorframe for locking the lockable mechanism for rising window and/or pedal, the doorframe with it is upper It rises and connects air spring support rod between window；Rise window when car normal use and be brought together into the interior a part as vehicle window of doorframe, Pedal is brought together into a part in doorframe as skin；In emergency escape, pedal is downwardly turned over along hinge, rises windowsill Hinge is flipped up, and forms escape route；

It further include automatic retracting mechanism and elastic opener, the automatic retracting mechanism includes being mounted on to rise window and door Pneumatic extension bar between frame, and the torsion mechanism being mounted between pedal and doorframe, the torsion mechanism and pedal pivot Driving coupling；The elasticity opener includes being mounted on the pneumatic bomb reed pipe risen between window and doorframe, and be mounted on and step on Torque spring on plate pivot.

Preferably, emergency escape door and vehicle body inside and outside wall are respectively formed completely in order under the normal operating condition of vehicle Plane, neither influence body exterior appearance globality and traveling windage, also do not waste interior space.The air spring branch Strut includes being connected to air spring support rod in a pair for rising window and doorframe two sides；When rising window is brought together into doorframe, The upper air spring support rod is contained in doorframe and rises in the groove between window；When being brought together into doorframe with pedal, institute It states in the groove that lower air spring support rod is contained between doorframe and pedal；

Gear is fixedly mounted in the end of the pivot, and the gear is engaged with the train of reduction gears of body bottom, described to subtract Fast gear set couples with motor drive, further includes clutch, and the clutch is for changing motor and train of reduction gears Meshing state, including clutch air cylinder and articulated stand, when clutch air cylinder movement, articulated stand drives the output gear fortune of motor The position being meshed with train of reduction gears is moved, the clutch air cylinder and pedal position sensor control connect.

Preferably, the lockable mechanism is connected with thread drawing mechanism, the thread drawing mechanism is mounted on passenger car doorframe In the control cabinet at top.

Preferably, the lockable mechanism is the first door lock and the second door lock for being symmetrically arranged at doorframe two sides.

Preferably, the thread drawing mechanism includes turntable, bracing wire, cylinder and door pump solenoid valve, the cylinder and door pump are electric Magnet valve is connected, and the control switch of the door pump solenoid valve is arranged in driver's operating area, and the turntable is mounted on control by shaft On the bottom plate of case processed, the edge that is installed circumferentially at turntable of the one end of bracing wire along turntable, the other end and emergency exits locking of bracing wire Mechanism connection, one end of cylinder is hinged with bottom plate, and the other end is articulated on turntable.

Preferably, be in rotational direction arranged symmetrically two tie points on the turntable, be separately connected the first bracing wire with Second bracing wire, the first bracing wire connect the first door lock, and the second bracing wire connects the second door lock；Third connection is additionally provided on the turntable Point, the third tie point connect third bracing wire, the interior hand control valve of the third bracing wire connection.

Preferably, the hand control valve is mounted on the doorframe in compartment.

Preferably, being equipped with travel switch in the doorframe, protection cap, the protection cap are installed outside the hand control valve Upper to have trigger switch, the travel switch and trigger switch access in warning circuit.

Preferably, arranging alarming device and warning device in warning circuit, including the double sudden strain of a muscle alarm lamps, vehicle overhead of vehicle Alarm lamp, phonetic alarm built in the outer alarming horn of vehicle and compartment, the manual danger button of position of driver are single by control Member is connect with door pump solenoid valve control

In use, one of automatically controlled, gas control or manual three kinds of modes, which can be used, pulls bracing wire, bracing wire releases gas after lockable mechanism Spring opens emergency exits automatically, while audio alert built in the double sudden strain of a muscle alarm lamps of vehicle, vehicle overhead alarm lamp, compartment connects circuit Alarm is issued, all processes used time was less than one second.Driver controls danger button and cannot be only used for opening emergency exits, but also mentions For automatic door-closing function, automatic retracting mechanism successively withdraws pedal and rises window after pressing shutdown key.

The utility model has the advantages that the present invention has following significant progress compared to existing escape device:

1. using automatic retracting mechanism, after emergency training and disposition emergency case, quickly and reliably it can withdraw and supply Next time uses, and facilitates vehicle to sail out of road surface in time, avoids the jams.

2. being easy to appear when emergency occurs for vehicle panic and crowded, the get-off door of interior pendulum-type is by flurried passenger Extruding can not more open, emergency escape door of the invention outwardly opens, and emergency opening process is without hindrance smooth.Emergency escape door It fully opens up and down, passenger directly goes on ground along pedal, and perambulator, wheelchair etc. can also evacuate to ground rapidly along pedal Face, handicapped person can also be assisted in by other passengers and be withdrawn, and compared existing escape window, improved significantly and withdraw evacuation Efficiency.

3. opening speed is fast, rises window and pedal is installed by hinge, the deposit elastic force of air spring support rod is slightly larger than The gravity for rising window need to be supported, the deposit elastic force of torque spring is used for ejecting pedal, after lockable mechanism release, is quickly flicking The guarantee pedal for rising window can also be opened in time.

4. control it is convenient reliable, the present invention can in the first time that emergency occurs by vehicle driver at the first time Emergency exits are quickly opened, the prime time of escape has been won for passenger, even if vehicle circuit and being destroyed, can also be used Knob shifting block controls cylinder and bracing wire is pulled to open the door.It, can also be with pulling manually under vehicle gas circuit also hand to the extreme case destroyed Hand rotates cable quadrant and opens the door.Bracing wire door lock is completely independent with pneumatic spring and vehicle other systems, has a high reliability, and three Set emergency door opener is there are enough safe clearances, while guaranteeing that emergency operation is reliable in time, usually also can be maximum Prevent to limit maloperation of the interior member to emergency set

5. escape door combines together after closing in inside and outside uniform vehicle body, air spring support rod, lockable mechanism and hinge cloth It sets in doorframe, rise between window and pedal, control cabinet is directly arranged at the top of doorframe, without occupying exceptional space inside and outside vehicle body.

6. not influencing the appearance and structure of existing vehicle, military service vehicle can also be installed additional, car is held by chassis It carries, vehicle body and roof are connected by structural column, directly escaped in the installing port of vehicle body side enabling frame, that is, mountable emergency of the invention Raw door provides effective scheme for the upgrading of active service large and medium bus security performance.

Except it is above-described present invention solves the technical problem that, constitute technical solution technical characteristic and by these technologies Outside advantage brought by the technical characteristic of scheme.It to make the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, below will knot The attached drawing in the embodiment of the present invention is closed, to other skills for including in the other technologies problem of the invention that can solve, technical solution The advantages of art feature and these technical characteristics are brought does apparent, complete description, it is clear that described embodiment is this Invention a part of the embodiment, instead of all the embodiments.Embodiments of the present invention, which are generally described and illustrated herein in the accompanying drawings Component can arrange and design with a variety of different configurations.Therefore, the implementation of the invention to providing in the accompanying drawings below The detailed description of example is not intended to limit the range of claimed invention, but is merely representative of selected implementation of the invention Example.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are on its basis without creative work institute obtained There are other embodiments, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Detailed description of the invention

Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the embodiment of the present invention；

Fig. 2 is the open state schematic diagram of Fig. 1；

Fig. 3 is the cross-sectional view of full-automatic emergency escape door in Fig. 1；

Fig. 4 is the partial schematic diagram of Fig. 2；

Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of control device；

Fig. 6 is warning circuit figure；

Fig. 7 is the meshing state schematic diagram of pedal retraction mechanism torsion mechanism；

Fig. 8 is the clutch state schematic diagram of pedal retraction mechanism torsion mechanism；

In figure: doorframe 1 rises window 2, pedal 3, air spring support rod 4, lockable mechanism 5, the first door lock 5-1, and second Lock 5-2, travel switch 6, the first bracing wire 7-1, the second bracing wire 7-1, turntable 8, bearing 9, hand control valve 10, cylinder 11, door pumps electromagnetism Valve 12, valve cover switch 13, trigger switch 14, the double sudden strain of a muscle alarm lamps 15 of vehicle, vehicle overhead alarm lamp 16, the outer alarming horn 17 of vehicle, Built-in phonetic alarm 18, danger button 19, control unit 20, power supply 21, Pneumatic extension bar 22, torque spring 23, gear 24, Idle pulley 25, motor output wheel 26, motor rack 27, cylinder 28, motor rack shaft 29.

Specific embodiment

Embodiment

The car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment of the present embodiment is as shown in Figure 1, full-automatic emergency escape door is mounted on level-one It marks time the left side of car, the separator bar as adjacent vehicle window simultaneously of doorframe 1, the cut-off rule of rising window 2 and pedal 3, with passenger car The cut-off rule of window covering is located along the same line, and after car installs emergency exits additional, the influence to its appearance globality is with regard to very little, almost It combines together.Facilitate coating ads. on vehicle, the hinge of pedal 3 is concordant with floor in the car.Rise window 2 and pedal 3 car just Emergency escape door is closed when being often used, and is risen window 2 and pedal 3 and is brought together into doorframe 1, and rising window 2 becomes vehicle window, pedal 3 at For skin.

Its opening state of meeting an urgent need is as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 4, and in emergency escape, the lock of lockable mechanism discharges, air spring The elastic force of support rod 4, which starts, rises window 2, puts down pedal 3, forms the channel of escape.Lockable mechanism is purchased existing car and is driven Member's side door lock has the hook that can be rotated along axis, is pulled hook locking using thread drawing mechanism using ratchet mechanism in locking When unlocking, ratchet discharges hook.Travel switch is also installed in doorframe, accesses warning circuit, for opening emergency escape door Alarm prompt, and the security risk for the loosening of emergency escape door once occur in normal use or not fastening, also can be timely It reminds.

Rise window 2 and pedal 3 with have outer, in closure outer for structures such as envelope air spring support rods 4, and Pedal 3 is pushed down in the outer for rising window 2, forms interlocking, as long as such lockable mechanism lock, which locks, rises window 2 simultaneously to pedal 3 realize locking.

As shown in figures 1 and 3, in car normal use, emergency escape door is closed, and rises window 2 and pedal 3 is brought together into door A part in frame 1, as bus body.Rise window 2 and pedal 3 with have outer, in closure, outer is used for envelope air The structures such as spring supporting bar 4, and pedal 3 is pushed down in the outer for rising window 2, forms interlocking, as long as such lockable mechanism lock locks Locking can be realized to pedal 3 simultaneously by rising window 2.For relatively reliable locking effect, can be respectively set in doorframe two sides A pair of of line traffic control door lock, locking rises the two sides of window and pedal respectively.

As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 4, in emergency escape, the lock of lockable mechanism 5 discharges, the elastic force of air spring support rod 4 It starts and rises window 2, put down pedal 3, form the channel of escape.Lockable mechanism 5 purchases existing bus man side door lock, has The hook that can be rotated along axis, in locking using ratchet mechanism by hook locking, when pulling unlocking using thread drawing mechanism, ratchet is released Put hook.Travel switch 6 is also installed in doorframe, accesses warning circuit, for opening the prompt of emergency escape door alarm, and And once occur the security risk that emergency escape door is loosened or do not fastened in normal use, it can also remind in time.

As shown in figure 5, lockable mechanism is connected with the thread drawing mechanism risen at the top of window in control cabinet is mounted on, thread drawing mechanism With circular turntable 8, the center of turntable is mounted on the rack by bearing 9.Two are in rotational direction symmetrically equipped on turntable 8 A tie point is separately connected the first bracing wire 7-1 and the second bracing wire 7-2, first bracing wire 7-1 connection the first door lock 5-1, the second bracing wire 7-2 connection the second door lock 5-2, and the first door lock 5-1 and the second door lock 5-2 are symmetrically arranged at the two sides of doorframe, are concatenated A pair of of door lock, locking rises window and pedal respectively.Cylinder 11 is also hinged on turntable 8, the other end of cylinder 11 is hinged on machine On frame, the cylinder specification of the present embodiment chooses AKS MAL25*25.Installation door pumps solenoid valve 12, this reality in the gas circuit of cylinder 11 It applies example and selects five mouthfuls of two solenoid valves of 4v220-08.Turntable also passes through third bracing wire connection hand control valve 10, and hand control valve 10 is installation Emergency draw-ring type door-opening mechanism on doorframe column, and its exterior is equipped with safety heads.

In use, control interface includes that emergency exits open button and close button, emergency exits are opened button electrical control and are opened Latch mechanism, the unlocking mechanism include turntable, bracing wire and cylinder, emergency exits close button electrical control automatic retracting mechanism.

Two buttons are arranged in driver's operating area.Emergency escape door danger button is controlled by driver, makes a pump electricity Magnet valve is powered, and connects gas circuit triggering air pump and pushes, and can be executed by driver's control automatic retracting mechanism and close the dynamic of emergency exits Make.

Electrical control and manual component assign two kinds of operation modes of lockable mechanism:

1. cylinder push-rod, which stretches out, pushes turntable, the bracing wire that turntable stretches connection lockable mechanism is unlocked；

And the stretching of cylinder push-rod pumps solenoid valves by door and controls the triggering of emergency escape door danger button, door by driver It pumps solenoid valves and connects gas circuit triggering cylinder push-rod stretching；

2. opening safety head, pull-up hand hole valve pull ring, third bracing wire drives turntable to stretch first, the of connection lockable mechanism Two bracing wires are unlocked.

As shown in fig. 6, the travel switch 6 being mounted in doorframe, the triggering being mounted on rotation twist switch safety head are opened Pass 14 is accessed with the valve cover switch 13 on safety head and warning circuit, the alarming device and warning device outside control car, packet The double sudden strain of a muscle alarm lamps 15, vehicle overhead alarm lamp 16 of vehicle are included, phonetic alarm 18 built in the outer alarming horn 17 of vehicle and compartment is driven The hand control valve danger button 19 of the person of sailing position pumps the control of solenoid valve 12 by control unit 20 and door and connects.

After escape, such as interior emergency is released, and driver presses shutdown key, and automatic retracting mechanism successively withdraws and steps on Plate and rising window, facilitate vehicle to withdraw road surface in time, avoid the jams.The weight of pedal reaches 30kg or so, and pivot will The acute angle on about 30 ° or so of pedal and ground is recovered to 90 ° concordant with vehicle body, needs enough torques, therefore uses 300W direct current Decelerating motor drives, and motor has rotation-clogging protection, and travel switch, which can also be fed back, after pedal is withdrawn steps on plate in-position signal, full For foot using under the premise of function, the above equipment is minimum in bus bottom occupied space, will not make to the passage capacity of bus At influence.

As shown in fig. 7, electrical power rotation, cylinder 28 stretches out when needing at closing time, motor rack 27 is driven to turn along motor rack Axis 29 rotates, and motor output wheel 26 is enabled to engage with idle pulley 25, and then drives the pivot of pedal to turn with 25 meshed gears 24 of idle pulley It is dynamic, pedal is closed, the DC speed-reducing of used 300w can provide enough torques, when pedal is to being recovered to doorframe Afterwards, travel switch will control motor stalling, while door lock locks pedal, while motor is protected with rotation-clogging protection multiple security The reliable closure of pedal is demonstrate,proved.

As shown in figure 8, cylinder 28 retracts after pedal closure, motor rack 27 is driven to swing along motor rack shaft 29, motor is defeated Wheel 26 is in clear position out, and motor output wheel 26 is disengaged with idle pulley 25 at this time, 24 band of gear when needing to open pedal Dynamic idle pulley 25 dallies, it is ensured that fast and reliable opening is able to when escape.

In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that term " length ", " width ", " thickness ", "upper", "lower", The orientation or positional relationship of the instructions such as "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outside" is It is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, is merely for convenience of description of the present invention and simplification of the description, rather than instruction or dark Show that signified device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, therefore should not be understood as pair Limitation of the invention.In addition, term " first ", " second " are used for description purposes only, it is not understood to indicate or imply opposite Importance or the quantity for implicitly indicating indicated technical characteristic.Define " first " as a result, the feature of " second " can be bright Show or implicitly include one or more of the features.In the description of the present invention, the meaning of " plurality " is two or two More than a, unless otherwise specifically defined.

In the present invention unless specifically defined or limited otherwise, term " installation ", " connected ", " connection ", " fixation " etc. Term shall be understood in a broad sense, for example, it may be being fixedly connected, may be a detachable connection, or be integrally connected；It can be machine Tool connection, is also possible to be electrically connected；It can be directly connected, two members can also be can be indirectly connected through an intermediary Connection inside part.For the ordinary skill in the art, above-mentioned term can be understood in this hair as the case may be Concrete meaning in bright.

The present invention provides a kind of completely new structure type, thinking and method for car emergency exits, implements the technology There are many method and approach of scheme, and the above is merely exemplary preferred embodiment, should not be understood as to limit of the invention System, those skilled in the art without departing from the principle and spirit of the present invention within the scope of the invention can be with It makes changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above described embodiments.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of car for equipping full-automatic emergency exits, including chassis and vehicle body, there is vehicle window and covering, the vehicle body on vehicle body On doorframe, the hinged pedal in the bottom of doorframe are installed, the top of doorframe hingedly rises window, is equipped in the doorframe for locking Rise the lockable mechanism of window and/or pedal, connects air spring support rod between the doorframe and rising window；Car normal use Shi Shangsheng window is brought together into a part in doorframe as vehicle window, and pedal is brought together into a part in doorframe as skin；? When emergency escape, pedal is downwardly turned over along hinge, is risen windowsill hinge and is flipped up, forms escape route；It is characterized by:

Further include automatic retracting mechanism and elastic opener, the automatic retracting mechanism include be mounted on rise window and doorframe it Between Pneumatic extension bar, and the torsion mechanism being mounted between pedal and doorframe, the torsion mechanism and pedal pivot are driven Connection；The elasticity opener includes being mounted on the pneumatic bomb reed pipe risen between window and doorframe, and be mounted on pedal pivot Torque spring on axis.

2. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: be brought together into doorframe when rising window When middle, the pneumatic spring tube capacity is contained in doorframe and rises in the groove between window；Gear is fixedly mounted in the end of the pivot, The gear is engaged with the train of reduction gears of body bottom, and the train of reduction gears couples with motor drive, further includes clutch Structure, meshing state of the clutch for changing motor and train of reduction gears, including clutch air cylinder and articulated stand, when from When closing cylinder movement, articulated stand drives the output gear of motor to move to the position being meshed with train of reduction gears, it is described from It closes cylinder and pedal position sensor control connects.

3. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the lockable mechanism and bracing wire Mechanism is connected, and the thread drawing mechanism is mounted in the control cabinet at the top of passenger car doorframe.

4. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the lockable mechanism is symmetrical Ground is arranged in the first door lock and the second door lock of doorframe two sides.

5. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the thread drawing mechanism includes turning Disk, bracing wire, cylinder and door pump solenoid valve, and the cylinder is connected with door pump solenoid valve, the control switch cloth of the door pump solenoid valve It sets in driver's operating area, the turntable is mounted on the bottom plate of control cabinet by shaft, the circumferential direction of one end of bracing wire along turntable It is mounted on the edge of turntable, the other end of bracing wire is connect with escape door lock locking mechanism, and one end of cylinder and bottom plate are hinged, the other end It is articulated on turntable.

6. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 5, it is characterised in that: along rotation side on the turntable To two tie points are arranged symmetrically, it is separately connected the first bracing wire and the second bracing wire, the first bracing wire connects the first door lock, and second draws Line connects the second door lock；Third tie point is additionally provided on the turntable, the third tie point connects third bracing wire, the third The interior hand control valve of bracing wire connection.

7. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: the hand control valve is mounted on vehicle On doorframe in compartment.

8. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: be equipped with row in the doorframe Cheng Kaiguan, the hand control valve are equipped with protection cap outside, have trigger switch in the protection cap, the travel switch is opened with triggering Guan Jun is accessed in warning circuit.

9. the car of the full-automatic emergency exits of equipment according to claim 8, it is characterised in that: arrange warning in warning circuit Device and warning device, including the double sudden strain of a muscle alarm lamps, vehicle overhead alarm lamp of vehicle, voice built in the outer alarming horn of vehicle and compartment Alarm, the manual danger button of position of driver pump solenoid valve control with door by control unit and connect.