CN208222868U - Dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system - Google Patents
Dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system Download PDFInfo
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- CN208222868U CN208222868U CN201820376299.4U CN201820376299U CN208222868U CN 208222868 U CN208222868 U CN 208222868U CN 201820376299 U CN201820376299 U CN 201820376299U CN 208222868 U CN208222868 U CN 208222868U
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
Abstract
The utility model discloses a kind of dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating systems, including dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, heat pump refrigerant circuit, gravity assisted heat pipe, water tank and solar energy reflection plate；Dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector includes at least two solar vacuum heat-collecting pipes, filled composite energy storage materials of phase change in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe；Heat pump refrigerant circuit includes the evaporator with heat pump being sequentially connected in series, compressor, condenser and electric expansion valve, and the evaporation tube road of evaporator with heat pump is arranged in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe, and the condenser pipe of condenser is arranged in water tank；The condensation segment of gravity assisted heat pipe is inserted into water tank lower end, and the evaporator section of gravity assisted heat pipe is inserted into solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe.Compared with prior art, beneficial effect is: season can be divided to maximally utilize solar energy by different operational modes, Energy Efficiency Ratio is high, and simple and compact for structure, preventing freeze in winter splits anti-heat loss, improves the efficiency in two season of summer in system winter comprehensively.
Description
Technical field
The utility model belongs to solar energy heat utilization field, is related to a kind of dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar heat water system
System.
Background technique
As national economy rapidly develops the raising with living standards of the people, people supply universal hot water and improve hot water
The requirement of provisioning technique is more more and more urgent, and heating and the energy demand of domestic hot-water become common civil buildings object energy consumption
Pith.According to " Energy Development in China report 2016 " of General Acadamy of Power Planning and Design publication, coal in non-renewable energy in 2016
Consumption still accounts for larger specific gravity, and energy for building increases by 7.0% on a year-on-year basis, on the basis of improving existing energy utilization rate, develops and utilizes
Renewable energy is to ensure that the necessary condition of the Chinese energy equilibrium of supply and demand.
Solar energy is a kind of renewable and clean energy resource, and " energy development strategy action plan (2014-2020) " points out me
State's renewable energy potentiality to be exploited is very big, encourages conditional regional development solar heating.Currently, solar water heater has obtained
To fast development, but because of the unstability and intermittence of solar energy itself, make its should not as unique heat source of hot-water supply system,
It needs to be used together with ancillary heating equipment, increases energy consumption.
Heat pump energy-conserving is with the obvious advantage, and solar energy and heat pump united operation can improve solar energy heating efficiency and heat pump simultaneously
The coefficient of performance.But solar radiation is influenced intensity by various complicated meteorology factors to be changed at any time, so as to cause solar heat pump
System performance fluctuations are big, in the winter that rainy days and sunshine-duration are short, are difficult to realize round-the-clock supplying hot water.And phase-changing energy-storing technology
The recycling when solar energy of abundance on daytime can be stored radiation intensity deficiency, to the stability and efficient operation of system
Play important function.And latent heat accumulator is utilized, energy storage density is big, the approximate isothermal of phase transition process, range of temperature are small.
Only one transformation temperature of energy-accumulation material used in current accumulating type solar heat pump system, is unable to satisfy two season of summer in winter
Intensity of solar radiation difference is big, the asynchronous energy storage demand of temperature in heat collector.Heat collector, storage heater, evaporator are arranged apart,
System is relative complex, and manufacturing cost is high, using heat-carrying agent from storage heater heat removal as low order heat source for heat pump, secondary biography
Hot heat loss is big, and there is the danger of pipeline bursting by freezing at night to water system in winter.
In Chinese patent CN200810020470.9 " multiple source heat collection/energy accumulation/evaporation integrated heat pump hot-water ", heat
Pump evaporator is arranged in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe in the form of U-tube, among every evaporation tube and solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe
Heat collection/energy accumulation/evaporator is constituted with phase-change material filling, it is then in parallel with the evaporator of air source heat pump, according to solar radiation
Can be with running mode switching, but annual unlatching compressor is needed, system energy consumption is higher.
A kind of " the high efficiency energy storage type Solar Heat Pump Heating System side of round-the-clock running Chinese patent CN201410161999.8
In method ", medium is done by the heat transfer of phase-change material storage in heat collector to composite heat-exchanger using oscillating heat pipe, summer is direct
Recirculated water in composite heat-exchanger is heated, winter heat transfer improves the heating of heat pump system to evaporator in composite heat-exchanger
Efficiency, but structure is complicated for composite heat-exchanger, difficulty of processing is big, and solder joint is more and easily reveals.
In above-mentioned two patent, condenser and water tank be it is arranged apart, system footprint area is larger, and pipeline conducts heat damage more
Lose different brings influence that is big, and not considering temperature in Various Seasonal heat collector.
Utility model content
For the defect of existing accumulating type solar heat pump heat distribution system, the utility model provide a kind of accumulation of energy of dual temperature area,
The solar energy heat distribution system and method for dual temperature area operational mode, it is therefore intended that rationally and effectively real using composite phase-change energy-storing material
Now divide season accumulation of energy to solar energy, and by gravity assisted heat pipe efficient heat transfer, heat pump cycle energy-saving heating, reduces traditional solar heat
The multistage intermediate heat loss and manufacturing cost to exchange heat of pumping system, optimizes the overall performance of accumulating type solar heat pump hot-water system,
Realization divides season to maximally utilize solar energy.
To solve the above-mentioned problems, the technical solution adopted in the utility model is as follows:
Dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system, including water tank and solar energy reflection plate, water tank one end into
Water, other end water outlet, further includes dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, heat pump refrigerant circuit and gravity assisted heat pipe；Water tank
Above dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector includes that at least two solar energy are true
Empty set heat pipe, solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe is interior to be filled with composite phase-change energy-storing material；Solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe is set to solar energy
The sunny slope of reflecting plate；Heat pump refrigerant circuit includes the evaporator with heat pump, compressor, condensation being sequentially connected in series with refrigerant line
The evaporation tube road of device and electric expansion valve, evaporator with heat pump is arranged in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe in the form of U-tube, and is adopted
It is connected with mode in parallel, the condenser pipe of condenser is arranged in water tank in an orbiting manner；The condensation segment of gravity assisted heat pipe
It is inserted into water tank lower end, and does encapsulation process in junction, the evaporator section of gravity assisted heat pipe is inserted into solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe.
The flow direction of refrigerant in water tank in the flow direction and condenser of water forms countercurrent heat-transfer, and the hot water of water tank goes out
The mouth of a river is set to condenser into the top at water tank by outlet valve, and the cold water inlet of water tank is set to condensation by inlet valve
Device goes out the lower section at water tank.
The evaporator section of gravity assisted heat pipe is arranged in the sunny slope of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe, the evaporation tube road cloth of evaporator with heat pump
It sets in the in the shade face of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe.
Solar energy reflection plate is the metal plate made of the polishing of aluminium, aluminium alloy or stainless steel material.
Composite phase-change energy-storing material is combined by high-melting-point phase-change material and low melting point phase-change material, composite phase-change accumulation of energy
Material is using 62# paraffin and capric acid or uses 62# paraffin and lauric acid.
The circular radius of condenser pipe is between 2/3 to the 3/4 of water tank radius.
The volume of water tank is 150L-250L, and outer surface wraps insulating layer, and the top of water tank is equipped with safety valve, under
Side is equipped with blowdown valve.
Compared with prior art, the utility model has the beneficial effects that: being realized using composite phase-change energy-storing material to too
Sun can divide the area's accumulation of energy of season dual temperature, heat supply, when high-temperature region, close heat pump cycle, pass through the efficient direct heat transfer of gravity assisted heat pipe, low temperature
Start heat pump cycle energy-saving heating when area, providing domestic hot-water or be supplied to radiator for heat supply in winter, have with
Lower advantage:
(1) season is divided to maximally utilize solar energy: using the different accumulation of heat modes of composite phase-change energy-storing material, in conjunction with difference
Operating mode, summer, when solar radiation is strong, system is switched to high-temperature region energy accumulation mode and high-temperature region operating mode, compound phase
Become energy-accumulation material in high transition temperature area accumulation of heat and heat release, system heats aqueous mode using gravity assisted heat pipe；Transition season or winter, too
When sun radiation is weak, system is switched to low-temperature space accumulation of heat mode and low-temperature space operating mode, and composite phase-change energy-storing material is in low phase transformation
Warm area accumulation of heat and heat release, gravity assisted heat pipe works or stops working according to the height of water temperature in water tank, while utilizing heat pump system
Auxiliary heating aqueous mode, overcomes single phase-change material to be unable to satisfy under different solar radiations different accumulation of heat requirements, to solar energy benefit
With the low disadvantage of rate.If temperature is not high enough in summer accumulation of heat for low melting point phase-change material, hot water cannot be directly heated；High-melting-point phase
Becoming material, phase transition temperature is excessively high in winter, and as evaporator with heat pump side low-temperature heat source, there are grade wastes.
(2) systematic energy efficiency ratio is higher: summer directly utilizes the small temperature difference passive highly effective heat supply of gravity assisted heat pipe, is not required to starting pressure
Contracting machine, than existing solar energy heat pump system energy conservation；Start heat pump cycle heat supply when winter, since phase-change material is realized to the sun
The thermal-arrest and peak load shifting of energy can persistently provide metastable heat to evaporator with heat pump, reduce to intensity of solar radiation
Dependence, more more stable than existing solar energy heat pump system performance, night is more efficient.
(3) device simple structure is more compact: the evaporator section of evaporator with heat pump and gravity assisted heat pipe is arranged in solar energy evacuated
In thermal-collecting tube, composite phase-change energy-storing material is filled in the evaporator section and solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe of evaporator with heat pump, gravity assisted heat pipe
Between, the evaporator section of evaporator with heat pump or gravity assisted heat pipe can directly obtain from composite phase-change energy-storing material hot, and condenser is placed on
In water tank directly heat release intermediate heat link can be reduced to recirculated water in water tank.Water tank is placed on dual temperature area accumulating type too
Positive energy heat collector top, the condensation segment of gravity assisted heat pipe are inserted directly into water tank lower end, and occupied area is small.
(4) the anti-heat loss of winter solar energy evacuated collector tube frost-cracking-preventing: being dry type transmitting, winter in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe
Ji Buhui is by bursting by freezing, and gravity assisted heat pipe has unidirectional characteristics of heat transfer, when the composite phase-change accumulation of energy material in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe
When material temperature degree is lower than the recirculated water of water tank, there is no the back transfers of heat.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system of the utility model,
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe,
Fig. 3 is the cross-sectional view of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe.
Wherein, 1- dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, 2- gravity assisted heat pipe, 3- evaporator with heat pump, 4- compressor, 5-
Recirculated water outlet valve, 6- condenser, 7- water tank, 8- recirculated water inlet valve, 9- electric expansion valve, 10- refrigerant line, 11-
Solar energy reflection plate, 12- solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe, 13- composite phase-change energy-storing material.
Specific embodiment
The utility model is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Include with lower component in figure: 1- dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, 2- gravity assisted heat pipe, 3- evaporator with heat pump,
4- compressor, 5- recirculated water outlet valve, 6- condenser, 7- water tank, 8- recirculated water inlet valve, 9- electric expansion valve, 10- refrigeration
Agent pipeline, 11- solar energy reflection plate, 12- solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe and 13- composite phase-change energy-storing material.
As shown in Figure 1-3, dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system, including water tank and solar energy reflection plate,
The water inlet of water tank one end, other end water outlet, further includes dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, heat pump refrigerant circuit and gravity
Heat pipe；Water tank is set to above dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, and dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector includes at least
Two solar vacuum heat-collecting pipes, solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe is interior to be filled with composite phase-change energy-storing material；Solar energy vacuum heat collecting
Pipe is set to the sunny slope of solar energy reflection plate；Heat pump refrigerant circuit includes the thermo-compression evaporation being sequentially connected in series with refrigerant line
Device, compressor, condenser and electric expansion valve, it is true that the evaporation tube road of evaporator with heat pump is arranged in solar energy in the form of U-tube
It in empty set heat pipe, and is connected by the way of in parallel, the condenser pipe of condenser is arranged in water tank in an orbiting manner；Weight
The condensation segment of power heat pipe is inserted into water tank lower end, and does encapsulation process in junction, and the evaporator section of gravity assisted heat pipe is inserted into solar energy
In evacuated collector tube.
The flow direction of refrigerant in water tank in the flow direction and condenser of water forms countercurrent heat-transfer, and the hot water of water tank goes out
The mouth of a river is set to condenser into the top at water tank by outlet valve, and the cold water inlet of water tank is set to condensation by inlet valve
Device goes out the lower section at water tank.
The evaporator section of gravity assisted heat pipe is arranged in the sunny slope of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe, the evaporation tube road cloth of evaporator with heat pump
It sets in the in the shade face of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe.
Solar energy reflection plate is the metal plate made of the polishing of aluminium, aluminium alloy or stainless steel material, is used to sunlight
It is reflected into the in the shade face of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe, increases solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe to the absorption area of solar radiation.
Composite phase-change energy-storing material is combined by high-melting-point phase-change material and low melting point phase-change material, composite phase-change accumulation of energy
Material is using 62# paraffin and capric acid or uses 62# paraffin and lauric acid, etc..
Composite phase-change energy-storing material divides high-temperature region accumulation of heat mode and low-temperature space accumulation of heat mode according to Various Seasonal, and high-temperature region stores
Composite phase-change energy-storing material composite phase-change accumulation of energy material in high transition temperature area energy storage and release, low-temperature space accumulation of heat mode when heat pattern
Material is in low transition temperature area energy storage and release, and detailed process is as follows:
(1) high-temperature region accumulation of heat mode: when summer, solar radiation is sufficient, temperature in dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector
Height, high-melting-point phase-change material first with solid-state sensible heat accumulation of heat, continue the accumulation of heat in the form of latent heat after reaching phase transition temperature；And low melting point phase
Become material first with solid-state sensible heat accumulation of heat, utilizes latent-heat storage after reaching phase transition temperature, continue after the completion of phase transformation with liquid sensible heat storage
Heat；Night composite phase-change energy-storing material is stablized when releasing energy in high transition temperature area；
(2) low-temperature space accumulation of heat mode: when transition season or winter, solar radiation is insufficient, dual temperature area accumulating type solar collection
Temperature is low in hot device, the phase transition temperature of high-melting-point phase-change material is not achieved, high-melting-point phase-change material is always in the form of solid-state sensible heat
Accumulation of heat is not undergone phase transition；Low melting point phase-change material stores solar energy, night composite phase-change respectively with solid-state sensible heat, latent heat of phase change
Energy-accumulation material is stablized when releasing energy in low transition temperature area.
The circular radius of condenser pipe is between 2/3 to the 3/4 of water tank radius.
The volume of water tank is 150L-250L, and outer surface wraps insulating layer, and the top of water tank is equipped with safety valve, under
Side is equipped with blowdown valve.
The working method of dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system, dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar heat water system
The working method of system includes high-temperature region operating mode and low-temperature space operating mode, by the heat-pipe working medium circulation and heat pump of gravity assisted heat pipe
Refrigerant circulation, detailed process is as follows:
(1) high-temperature region operating mode
When summer, close compressor, heat pump refrigerant circuit stops working, and only gravity assisted heat pipe is working；
Heat-pipe working medium circulation: composite phase-change energy-storing material in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe in the accumulation of energy of high-temperature phase-change warm area and
Energy is released, the heat that the instantaneous solar energy of transmitting or storage night on daytime release is enough, and the evaporator section of gravity assisted heat pipe absorbs this
After portion of energy, heat-pipe working medium heat absorption vaporization enters the condensation segment of gravity assisted heat pipe, then in condensation segment heat release, heat-pipe working medium release
Heat directly heat the water in water tank, condensed heat-pipe working medium return under the effect of gravity evaporator section continue to absorb it is compound
The heat of energy storage materials of phase change loops back and forth like this and completes heat-pipe working medium circulation；
(2) low-temperature space operating mode
When transition season and winter, gravity assisted heat pipe and heat pump refrigerant circuit are worked at the same time；
Heat-pipe working medium circulation: composite phase-change energy-storing material in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe in the accumulation of energy of low temperature phase change warm area and
Release can, when composite phase-change energy-storing material temperature is higher than the circulating water temperature in water tank, gravity assisted heat pipe is by composite phase-change energy-storing material
A part of heat transmitting or that storage night on daytime releases is transmitted to the recirculated water in water tank；Composite phase-change energy-storing material temperature
When degree is lower than the circulating water temperature in water tank, gravity assisted heat pipe working medium circulation stops, and without reversely conducting heat；
The refrigerant circulation of heat pump: the system being arranged in the evaporation tube road of the evaporator with heat pump in solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe
Cryogen is vaporized into refrigerant vapour after obtaining the heat of composite phase-change energy-storing material transmitting or release, and refrigerant vapour is through compressor
Enter condenser after pressurization, refrigerant vapour release heat directly heats the recirculated water in water tank in condenser, and refrigerant steams
Cooling is condensed into refrigerant liquid after gas releases heat, and refrigerant liquid enters back into heat pump by electric expansion valve reducing pressure by regulating flow
In the evaporation tube road of evaporator, continue to absorb the heat from composite phase-change energy-storing material, so completes heat pump system in cycles
Refrigerant cycle.
The foregoing is merely the preference embodiments of the utility model, do not constitute to scope of protection of the utility model
It limits.Any any modifications, equivalent replacements, and improvements made within spirit of the present utility model and principle etc. should all include
Within the claims of the utility model.
Claims (7)
1. dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system, including water tank and solar energy reflection plate, the water inlet of water tank one end,
Other end water outlet, it is characterised in that: further include dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, heat pump refrigerant circuit and gravity heat
Pipe；Water tank is set to above dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector, and dual temperature area accumulating type solar heat collector includes at least two
Root solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe, solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe is interior to be filled with composite phase-change energy-storing material；Solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe
Set on the sunny slope of solar energy reflection plate；Heat pump refrigerant circuit include the evaporator with heat pump being sequentially connected in series with refrigerant line,
Compressor, condenser and electric expansion valve, the evaporation tube road of evaporator with heat pump are arranged in solar energy evacuated collection in the form of U-tube
It in heat pipe, and is connected by the way of in parallel, the condenser pipe of condenser is arranged in water tank in an orbiting manner；Gravity heat
The condensation segment of pipe is inserted into water tank lower end, and does encapsulation process in junction, and the evaporator section insertion of gravity assisted heat pipe is solar energy evacuated
In thermal-collecting tube.
2. storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system in dual temperature area according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: water in water tank
Flow direction and condenser in the flow direction of refrigerant form countercurrent heat-transfer, and the hot water outlet of water tank is set to by outlet valve
Into the top at water tank, the cold water inlet of water tank is set under condenser goes out at water tank condenser by inlet valve
Side.
3. storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system in dual temperature area according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: gravity assisted heat pipe
Evaporator section is arranged in the sunny slope of solar vacuum heat-collecting pipe, and the evaporation tube road of evaporator with heat pump is arranged in solar energy vacuum heat collecting
The in the shade face of pipe.
4. storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system in dual temperature area according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: solar energy reflection
Plate is the metal plate made of the polishing of aluminium, aluminium alloy or stainless steel material.
5. storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system in dual temperature area according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: composite phase-change stores
Can material be combined by high-melting-point phase-change material and low melting point phase-change material, composite phase-change energy-storing material using 62# paraffin and
Capric acid uses 62# paraffin and lauric acid.
6. storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system in dual temperature area according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: condenser pipe
Between 2/3 to 3/4 that radius is water tank radius.
7. storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system in dual temperature area according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the appearance of water tank
Product is 150L-250L, and outer surface wraps insulating layer, and the top of water tank is equipped with safety valve, and lower section is equipped with blowdown valve.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201820376299.4U CN208222868U (en) | 2018-03-20 | 2018-03-20 | Dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system |
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| CN201820376299.4U CN208222868U (en) | 2018-03-20 | 2018-03-20 | Dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108458493A (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2018-08-28 | 南京师范大学 | Dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system and its working method |
| CN113237245A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-08-10 | 江西汇恒盛世能源科技有限责任公司 | Photovoltaic phase change energy storage cascade heat pump |
| CN113790536A (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2021-12-14 | 上海电力大学 | Gravity heat pipe type solar heat collection-radiation refrigeration composite heat collection device |
-
2018
- 2018-03-20 CN CN201820376299.4U patent/CN208222868U/en active Active
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108458493A (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2018-08-28 | 南京师范大学 | Dual temperature area storing energy and supplying hot type solar water heating system and its working method |
| CN108458493B (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2024-04-09 | 南京师范大学 | Double-temperature-zone energy storage and heat supply type solar water heating system and working method thereof |
| CN113237245A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-08-10 | 江西汇恒盛世能源科技有限责任公司 | Photovoltaic phase change energy storage cascade heat pump |
| CN113790536A (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2021-12-14 | 上海电力大学 | Gravity heat pipe type solar heat collection-radiation refrigeration composite heat collection device |
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