CN208009177U - High-Grade Highway Subgrade system suitable for windy and sandy area - Google Patents
High-Grade Highway Subgrade system suitable for windy and sandy area Download PDFInfo
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- CN208009177U CN208009177U CN201820208714.5U CN201820208714U CN208009177U CN 208009177 U CN208009177 U CN 208009177U CN 201820208714 U CN201820208714 U CN 201820208714U CN 208009177 U CN208009177 U CN 208009177U
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- subgrade
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a kind of High-Grade Highway Subgrade systems suitable for windy and sandy area, are related to dust storm prevention and control field, for realizing sand prevention while ensureing its function.The High-Grade Highway Subgrade system is for desert and Gobi area comprising subgrade and pavement, curb and side slope, curb are set to the both sides of subgrade and pavement to support curb face, curb and side slope rounding off.Above-mentioned technical proposal, it is particularly suitable for desert area, High-Grade Highway Subgrade system is set as rounding off in the transition position of subgrade and pavement and side slope, and curing process is carried out to Shamian Island, it can prevent from forming cambered surface in curb and the transition position of side slope in this way, so that slope shoulder position will not form the sudden change region of acceleration and deceleration, wind speed reduction area will not be formed by allowing for road surface in this way, not having wind speed to reduce area would not cause stream to accumulate the occurrence of stopping, thus greatly reducing or prevent road surface sand on road surface.
Description
Technical field
The utility model is related to dust storm prevention and control fields, and in particular to a kind of High-Grade Highway Subgrade suitable for windy and sandy area
System.
Background technology
Sandstorm is to influence one of the principal element of the highway construction of desert and Gobi district railway and safe operation.Desert dagger-axe
Wall area is for a long time typical case with the blue Shapotou Section of packet and Tarim Basin oil highway sand control, and dust storm control effect is also the most
Obviously.Based on its main plant sand prevention, the measure supplemented by sand-prevention engineering.Currently, more and more high-grade highways start in sand
Unconcerned Gobi Region is built, and more and more for the report of high-grade highway sand damage, especially gobi strong wind section sand damage problem is different
Chang Yanchong, and it is basic still according to past railway and low-grade highway for the measures for sand prevention of gobi strong wind area high-grade highway
Based on measures for sand prevention.
Inventor has found, at least there are following problems in the prior art：(1) High-Grade Highway Subgrade structure facility (both sides
Protective fence, isolation facility, protective fence and antiglare shield among road) and wide cut roadbed, elevated formation level and Slope ratio etc. to dust storm
The disturbance of stream is to cause one of main reason of roadbed sand damage, and compare, and low-grade highway is without these structure facilities, road
Base naturally occurs zero interface, and dust storm can pass through road surface without accumulating, and high-grade highway is than common grade highway
It is additional structure facility just become disturbance stream barrier, this be also why low-grade highway sand control techniques cannot
One of the reason being applied on high-grade highway.(2) current highway subgrade sand control techniques do not form system, and single protection
Measure is easy to fail, and integral protection benefit is poor.
Utility model content
It is existing high to optimize the utility model proposes a kind of High-Grade Highway Subgrade system suitable for windy and sandy area
The structure on grade road, sand prevention is realized while ensureing its function.
The utility model provides a kind of High-Grade Highway Subgrade system, including：
Subgrade and pavement；
Curb, set on the both sides of the subgrade and pavement to support the subgrade and pavement；And
Side slope, with the curb rounding off.
In one or some embodiments, what the upper surface of the subgrade and pavement and the curb was generally flush with.
In one or some embodiments, the gradient of the side slope is 1:5~1:10.
In one or some embodiments, the gradient of the side slope is 1:7~1:9.
In one or some embodiments, the side slope is that the surface of husky slope and the side slope is consolidating by curing process
Change layer.
In one or some embodiments, the curb is equipped with bilayer or multilayer protective fence disposed in parallel.
In one or some embodiments, the protective fence includes：
Fixed column, including parallel and vertically arranged two or more, the fixed column is fixed on the curb；
Support column；It is fixedly arranged on the curb or the side slope, the support column connect described to support with the fixed column
Fixed column；And
Cable wire, the cable wire are set between two adjacent fixed columns.
In one or some embodiments, it is equipped with the first sand slot between the opposite carriageway of the subgrade and pavement, described the
The length direction of one sand slot is parallel with the length direction of the subgrade and pavement.
In one or some embodiments, the top of the first sand slot is equipped with protective cover, and the protective cover is equipped with leakage
Husky gap.
In one or some embodiments, the length direction in the husky gap of leakage is perpendicular to the length side of the subgrade and pavement
To.
In one or some embodiments, the top of the protective cover is equipped with the isolation strip of railing shape.
In one or some embodiments, the isolation strip includes the antiglare shield for having streamline curved surface.
In one or some embodiments, the slope foot of the side slope is equipped with the second sand slot, the length of the second sand slot
It is parallel with the length direction of the subgrade and pavement to spend direction.
In one or some embodiments, the curb and the side slope use husky or husky mixture rounding off, and circle
The surface of sliding transition position is the cured layer by curing process.
Based on the above-mentioned technical proposal, the utility model embodiment can at least have the following technical effects：
Above-mentioned technical proposal is particularly suitable for desert area, transition of the High-Grade Highway Subgrade system in curb and side slope
Place is set as rounding off, and carries out curing process to Shamian Island, can prevent from forming cambered surface in curb and the transition position of side slope in this way,
So that slope shoulder position will not form the sudden change region of acceleration and deceleration, wind speed reduction area will not be formed by allowing for road surface in this way, not had
Having wind speed to reduce area would not cause stream to accumulate stop on road surface, thus can greatly reduce or prevent road surface sand situation
Generation.
Description of the drawings
Attached drawing described herein is used to provide a further understanding of the present invention, and is constituted part of this application,
The exemplary embodiment of the utility model and the description thereof are used to explain the utility model, does not constitute to the improper of the utility model
It limits.In the accompanying drawings：
Fig. 1 is the principle schematic for the High-Grade Highway Subgrade system that the utility model embodiment provides；
Fig. 2 is the close-up schematic view of Fig. 1；
Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram of protective fence in Fig. 1；
Fig. 4 is the fixed column of protective fence and the structural schematic diagram of support column in Fig. 3；
Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of cable wire and stability column in Fig. 3；
Fig. 6 is the structural schematic diagram of stability column in Fig. 3.
Reference numeral：1, subgrade and pavement；2, side slope；3, protective fence；4, the first sand slot；5, the second sand slot；6, it is isolated
Band；7, curb；21, at rounding off；31, fixed column；32, support column；33, cable wire；34, stability column.
Specific implementation mode
Technical solution provided by the utility model is illustrated in more detail with reference to Fig. 1~Fig. 6.
The technical term used or explanation of nouns are needed in the present embodiment.
The gradient is also slope ratio, is the degree that ground table unit delays suddenly, refers to the vertical height H and horizontal distance I of slope surface
Ratio, it is shown in Figure 1.
Roadbed refers to the banded structure object as road bed for requiring to build according to route allocation and certain technology.Road
Base is the basis of pavement of road.
Subgrade and pavement is layered on the layered structure travelled for vehicle on roadbed with road-making material.
Curb is located at shoulder, the band-like portions with one fixed width；Curb is to keep the function of driveway and interim
Parking uses, and as the lateral support on road surface.
High-grade highway includes Class I highway and highway.
The utility model embodiment provides a kind of High-Grade Highway Subgrade system suitable for windy and sandy area, windy and sandy area packet
Include desert and Gobi area.The High-Grade Highway Subgrade system includes subgrade and pavement 1, curb 7 and side slope 2, and curb 7 is set to roadbed
The both sides on road surface 1 are to support subgrade and pavement 1,2 rounding off of curb 7 and side slope.It is specific that the round and smooth mistake of husky or husky mixture can be used
It crosses and 21 surface is the cured layer by curing process at rounding off.
2 rounding off of curb 7 and side slope, the radius at rounding off are such as 50cm~200cm.
Above-mentioned technical proposal, curb are connected with side slope 2 by globoidal structure, and globoidal structure makes its slope shoulder position most possibly
The sudden change region of acceleration and deceleration will not be formed by setting, so road surface will not be caused, which to form wind speed, reduces area, and be exactly this wind speed
Reduce area and causes stream the occurrence of road surface stops accumulation, road surface sand occurs.
Slope surface is handled using curing agent, keeps its surface smooth as possible, such as Fig. 1~2；Highway subgrade slope 2 is made
Curing agent is such as chemical sand-fixing materials, cement, clay etc., wherein with chemical sand-fixing materials effect, at comprehensive in terms of instinct
It can be preferably.
In one or some embodiments, what the upper surface of subgrade and pavement 1 and curb was generally flush with.That is subgrade and pavement
1 upper surface and the upper surface of curb are integrally a planes.
Whole subgrade and pavement 1 is in plane, and the traveled portion (or track) rather than just subgrade and pavement 1 is plane.Road
There is no bulge-structure on base road surface 1, there is no raised platforms structure near roadbed central partition 6 yet, does not have in curb position
Ponding platform.Even if referred to hereafter be equipped with the first sand slot 4 between the positive and negative track of subgrade and pavement 1, but it is understood that, it should
First sand slot 4 does not change the fact that subgrade and pavement 1 is about plane.
In one or some embodiments, the gradient of side slope 2 is 1:5~1:10.
In some embodiments, descending grade ratio is flattened by raw material of sand：Desert road formation because its catch blowing sand stream flow,
And many sands have been intercepted in roadbed both sides side slope 2, by these sands bull-dozer pacifically machine, it is bulldozed leveling along side slope 2, is made
Its grade elimination, by current 1：1.5~1：2 ratios are slowed to 1：5~1：10, especially 1：7~1：Effect is more preferable between 9,
Such as Fig. 1~2.
In the present embodiment, if 2 sand of side slope is less, a little sands can be drawn to come from the place for nearby having sand, just
Ground freely uses.The strong wind area in gobi, since its wind speed is bigger, so sand is deposited in the leeward side side slope of roadbed mostly
2, and windward side side slope 2 causes do not have sand phenomenon.In this case, 2 sand of leeward side side slope can be moved on to and is met
Wind side slope 2, is then reprocessed.
In one or some embodiments, the gradient of side slope 2 is 1:7~1:9.
In order to reduce perturbation action of the roadbed to stream, gradient ratio is slowed to 1：5~1：10, especially 1：7~1：9
Between effect it is more preferable.
In one or some embodiments, side slope 2 is that the surface of husky slope and side slope 2 is cured layer by curing process.
It is provided in this embodiment packet slope technology be mainly by using sand be raw material flatten descending grade than 2 surface of side slope using admittedly
Agent processing, keeps its surface smooth as possible；Highway subgrade slope 2 such as uses chemical sand-fixing materials using curing agent.Because
The grains of sand are a kind of substances of very fine grain, and when only being cured with chemical sand-fixing materials, surface can form a kind of bonding course, make sand
Cohesion is got up, and will not form hardboard knot, and with certain flexibility, avoiding problems the appearance of rigid crack.And cement is mixed
The sand surface solidified layer that solidifying soil is formed is to form a kind of hardboard knot, is susceptible to rigid crack, cracky.
The step of 2 surface cure of side slope processing, is as follows：It is first that side slope 2 is smooth, so that its surface is kept flat as possible, does not have
There is protrusion；Then sand-consolidating agent sprinkling solidification, cured thickness 2cm~4cm are used.The sand-consolidating agent has not afraid of water and nontoxic, ring
Border is friendly.The solidification of side slope 2 can not only prevent from eroding, but also can reduce roughness, increase wind speed, play the role of sediment transport, make
Sand material will not be accumulated in side slope 2 and road surface.
Before surface cure can by be using sand raw material flatten descending grade than 2 surface of side slope on add some and wrap slope materials
Material, such as the substances such as clay, gravel, make its surface layer be initially formed one layer of covering, resolidification.Packet slope material thickness 10cm~
20cm。
In one or some embodiments, curb 7 is nearby equipped with bilayer or multilayer protective fence 3 disposed in parallel.Each layer is anti-
Guardrail 3 is aligned or the certain distance that is staggered.
Referring to fig. 4 to fig. 6, in one or some embodiments, protective fence 3 includes fixed column 31, support column 32 and steel
Rope 33.Fixed column 31 includes parallel and vertically arranged two or more, and fixed column 31 is fixed on curb 7；Support column 32 is fixed
In curb 7 or side slope 2, support column 32 is connect with fixed column 31 to support fixed column 31.Cable wire 33 is set to two adjacent fixations
Between column 31.
Referring to Fig. 4, the alignment setting of protective fence 3, refers to that fixed column 31 is aligned setting in the width direction of subgrade and pavement 1.
Optionally, the stability column 34 of one or more quantity can be set between two neighboring fixed column 31, and stability column 34 is than fixed column 31
Carefully, stability column 34 also is secured to subgrade and pavement 1.Stability column 34 is set so that the structure of protective fence 3 is more firm, crashworthiness is more
It is excellent.
Cable wire 33 includes steel wire rope, chain.
Above-mentioned protective fence 3 is located at roadbed slope shoulder position, which substitutes the corrugated sheet that highway is often used, and plays anti-
Hit protective effect.The cable wire 33 is set as double-layer structure, and the distance between two layers of cable wire 33 is 10cm~20cm, every layer of structure
With 5~8 cable wires 33, it being divided into 13cm~18cm, a bottom cable wire 33 is 30cm~45cm apart from ground level,
33 diameter 2cm~4cm of cable wire, cable wire 33 are spaced 6m~8m and a fixed column 31 are arranged, and 2~3 are arranged again between two fixed columns 31
A stability column 34.Fixed column 31 has the threading hole of two side lock cable wires 33, stability column 34 vertical with single layer is both secured
The distance between cable wire 33, and the distance between secure two layers of cable wire 33.Fixed column 31 has bearing diagonal column 32 outward,
With 40~60 degree of angles of ground telogenesis.Support column 32 is such as tilted towards the both sides of 1 width direction of subgrade and pavement, or towards roadbed
The both sides of 1 length direction of road surface tilt.Optionally, protective fence 3 only has the fixed column 31 at both ends to have lateral bearing diagonal column
32。
Referring to Fig. 1, in one or some embodiments, the first sand slot 4 is equipped between the opposite carriageway of subgrade and pavement 1,
The length direction of first sand slot 4 is parallel with the length direction of subgrade and pavement 1.Subgrade and pavement 1 can have a plurality of track, these vehicles
The direction of traffic that road is divided into is on the contrary, general respectively equal to the quantity in track.The present embodiment is arranged in the centre position of subgrade and pavement 1
First sand slot 4.First sand slot 4 is such as arranged along the Directional discontinuity for being parallel to 1 length of subgrade and pavement a plurality of.Setting first
Sand slot 4 is conducive to blow away the sand on 1 runway of subgrade and pavement using wind.
In one or some embodiments, the top of the first sand slot 4 is equipped with protective cover (not shown), and protective cover is equipped with
The husky gap of leakage.
In one or some embodiments, the length direction of the length direction perpendicular to subgrade and pavement 1 in husky gap is leaked.It is anti-
Protecting cover is 10cm~20cm by the parallel reinforced steel bar setting perpendicular to road-trend, spacing.The husky gap of leakage is so set, available
The flow direction of wind directly blows to sand in the first sand slot 4.
In one or some embodiments, the top of protective cover is equipped with the isolation strip 6 of railing shape.The isolation strip 6 of railing shape
It will not stop wind, accelerating region will not be formed, be conducive to wind directly through high-grade highway.
In one or some embodiments, isolation strip 6 includes the antiglare shield for having streamline curved surface, in favor of blowing air over.
The underface of above-mentioned 4 centrally located antiglare shield of the first sand slot, depth are 40cm~80cm, and width is
50cm~130cm moves towards setting along central partition 6, and flat solidification is built in inside with cement, to play waterproof action.First sand
Other water-proofing treatments also can be used in 4 inner wall of slot.
The first sand slot 4 plays the role of depositing highway pavement drift sand, and High-Grade Highway Subgrade causes the one of sand
A major reason is that roadbed central partition 6 and antiglare shield hinder disturbance caused by stream, and stream is made to be sent out at this
Raw wind speed reduces caused by depositing, and this part sand is exactly deposited on the first sand slot 4 by the first sand slot 4, and disappears
Influence except road surface sand to driving.When sand sand slot accumulate to certain thickness after, manually go cleaning can be used continuously, can
To reduce the generation of road surface sand phenomenon for a long time.
In one or some embodiments, the slope foot of side slope 2 is equipped with the second sand slot 5, the length direction of the second sand slot 5
It is parallel with the length direction of subgrade and pavement 1.
Referring to Fig. 1 to Fig. 3, which is located at 2 slope foot position of roadbed side slope, and depth is 50cm~100cm,
Width is 60cm~150cm, is parallel to road-trend setting in linear, flat solidification is built in inside with cement.Second sand slot, 5 edge
Slope foot earth's surface is arranged.The second sand slot 5 respectively sets one in roadbed both sides.
The second sand slot 5 plays the role of sand, dust storm section, and a large amount of grains of sand can be fast moved with air-flow in earth's surface, shape
At stream.Stream encounters roadbed and hinders that a Ge Di wind speed area can be formed in slope foot position, and grains of sand deceleration has part that can deposit,
And the grains of sand deposited will be slowly accumulated to side slope 2 being stacked into certain thickness, and are moved with the wind along side slope 2, finally on
To road surface, then road surface is crossed, causes a large amount of sands in leeward side always.And this is also the most immediate cause for causing roadbed sand damage.
And the position of the second sand slot 5 setting is exactly the position of stream deposition, after the grains of sand are deposited into sand slot, slope foot would not
There is exposed sand, would not also cause the generation of road surface phenomenon on grains of sand stacking edge slope 2.When sand is arrived in the second sand slot 5 product
After certain thickness, manually goes cleaning can be used continuously, the generation of roadbed sand damage can be reduced for a long time.
On the other hand, which can also double as the function use of roadbed flowing water canal.
Another embodiment of the utility model provides a kind of construction of the High-Grade Highway Subgrade system suitable for windy and sandy area
Method, the construction method can be used for the High-Grade Highway Subgrade system for manufacturing and forming above-mentioned technical proposal offer of constructing.The construction
Method includes the following steps：
Step 1: providing subgrade and pavement 1 and curb 7.For example subgrade and pavement is formed using concrete etc..
Step 2: providing side slope.For example form side slope using substances such as sands.
Above-mentioned step one, two do not limit sequencing.
Step 3: side slope 2 and 7 junction of curb are formed rounding off.
Subgrade and pavement such as uses concrete, side slope such as to use the existing sand of windy and sandy area.
Further, above-mentioned construction method is further comprising the steps of：
Step 4: 21 sprinkling curing agent are to form cured layer at the rounding off of side slope 2 and curb 7.
Above-mentioned step four need to be located at after step 3.
Further, above-mentioned construction method is further comprising the steps of：
Step 5: smooth side slope 2.
Step 6: spraying curing agent on the surface of side slope 2 to form cured layer.
Side slope 2 is smooth, so that its surface is kept flat as possible, without protrusion, then uses sand-consolidating agent sprinkling solidification, solidification
Thickness is such as 1cm~4cm, specifically such as 1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm.The sand-consolidating agent has not afraid of water and nontoxic, environment friend
It is good.The solidification of side slope 2 can not only prevent from eroding, but also can reduce roughness, increase wind speed, play the role of sediment transport, make husky object
Matter will not be accumulated in side slope 2 and road surface.Above-mentioned step four and step 6 is such as sequentially carried out or is carried out at the same time.
In another embodiment, above-mentioned step six specifically includes：
First, packet slope material is covered on the surface of side slope 2.Optionally, packet slope material is selected from following one or more of which：
Clay, gravel.
Secondly, curing agent is sprayed to form the cured layer of 10cm~20cm on the surface of packet slope material.Above-mentioned step four
It such as sequentially carries out or is carried out at the same time with the step of step 6.
Using packet slope material, thicker cured layer can be formed, the service life is longer for thicker cured layer, prevents from eroding
Effect it is more preferable.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that term "center", " longitudinal direction ", " transverse direction ", "front", "rear",
The orientation or positional relationship of the instructions such as "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outside" is based on attached drawing institute
The orientation or positional relationship shown only is the utility model and simplified description for ease of description, rather than indicates or imply meaning
Device or element must have a particular orientation, be specific azimuth configuration and operation, thus should not be understood as new to this practicality
Type protects the limitation of content.Finally it should be noted that：Above example is only to illustrate the technical solution of the utility model, rather than
It is limited；Although the utility model is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art
It should be understood that：It still can be with technical scheme described in the above embodiments is modified, or to which part technology
Feature carries out equivalent replacement, but these modifications or replacements, and it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution, and the utility model is each
The spirit and scope of embodiment technical solution.
Claims (14)
1. a kind of High-Grade Highway Subgrade system suitable for windy and sandy area, which is characterized in that including：
Subgrade and pavement (1)；
Curb (7) is set to the both sides of the subgrade and pavement (1) to support the subgrade and pavement (1)；And
Side slope (2), with the curb (7) rounding off.
2. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the subgrade and pavement (1) and described
What the upper surface of curb (7) was generally flush with.
3. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the gradient of the side slope (2) is 1:5
~1:10.
4. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the gradient of the side slope (2) is 1:7
~1:9.
5. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the side slope (2) is husky slope and institute
The surface for stating side slope (2) is the cured layer by curing process.
6. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the curb (7) be equipped with it is double-deck or
The protective fence (3) of multilayer parallel setting.
7. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the protective fence (3) includes：
Fixed column (31), including parallel and vertically arranged two or more, the fixed column (31) are fixed on the curb
(7)；
Support column (32)；It is fixedly arranged on the curb (7) or the side slope (2), the support column (32) and the fixed column (31)
Connection is to support the fixed column (31)；And
Cable wire (33), the cable wire (33) are set between two adjacent fixed columns (31).
8. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the subgrade and pavement (1) it is opposite
The first sand slot (4), the length of the length direction and the subgrade and pavement (1) of the first sand slot (4) are equipped between track
Direction is parallel.
9. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the first sand slot (4) it is upper
Side is equipped with protective cover, and the protective cover is equipped with the husky gap of leakage.
10. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 9, which is characterized in that the length side in the husky gap of leakage
To the length direction perpendicular to the subgrade and pavement (1).
11. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 9, which is characterized in that the top of the protective cover is equipped with
The isolation strip (6) of railing shape.
12. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 11, which is characterized in that the isolation strip (6) includes tool
There is the antiglare shield of streamline curved surface.
13. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the slope foot of the side slope (2) is equipped with
The length direction of second sand slot (5), the second sand slot (5) is parallel with the length direction of the subgrade and pavement (1).
14. High-Grade Highway Subgrade system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the curb and the side slope (2)
Using husky or husky mixture rounding off, and the surface at rounding off is the cured layer by curing process.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108103870A (en) * | 2018-02-06 | 2018-06-01 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Suitable for the High-Grade Highway Subgrade system and its construction method of windy and sandy area |
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2018
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108103870A (en) * | 2018-02-06 | 2018-06-01 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | Suitable for the High-Grade Highway Subgrade system and its construction method of windy and sandy area |
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Effective date of registration: 20210712 Address after: 730000 No.318 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province Patentee after: NORTHWEST INSTITUTE OF ECO-ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES, CAS Address before: 730000 320 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province Patentee before: Institute of environment and Engineering in cold and dry areas, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
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