CN206178129U - WAMS capability test system based on RTDS - Google Patents
WAMS capability test system based on RTDS Download PDFInfo
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- CN206178129U CN206178129U CN201621260494.8U CN201621260494U CN206178129U CN 206178129 U CN206178129 U CN 206178129U CN 201621260494 U CN201621260494 U CN 201621260494U CN 206178129 U CN206178129 U CN 206178129U
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Abstract
The utility model provides a WAMS capability test system based on RTDS, wherein, the WAMS capability test system includes: RTDS digifax simulation platform for the various working conditions that simulation power grid takes place, the PMU sub -station, with RTDS digifax simulation platform connects for measure the real -time phasor data of each pivot point of electric wire netting under the various working conditions, the WAMS main website, with the PMU sub -station is connected for receive and the analysis thereby real -time phasor data realize the dynamic monitoring to the electric wire netting. The utility model discloses function, the performance of this senior application of WAMS wide area protection can be made things convenient for, correctly rationally detect and evaluate, further developing of WAMS technique can be promoted better.
Description
Technical field
This utility model is related to technical field of power systems, more particularly to wide-area monitoring systems (WAMS) Two-terminal Fault Location
Function test method, is exactly specifically a kind of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS (real-timedigital simulation device).
Background technology
Needs and the progress of technology with power network development, wide-area monitoring systems (WAMS) will be played in terms of dynamic monitoring
Bigger effect, this just puts forward higher requirement to the aspect of performance of WAMS systems.To avoid WAMS in actual application
In go wrong, affect the performance of WAMS allomeric functions, therefore, carry out WAMS wide area protections this senior application functions and test skill
Art research is significant.
At present, generally the dynamic analog of wide area dynamic security monitoring system as shown in Figure 1 is built in dynamic simulation laboratory
Test system.In FIG, according to the real-time of synchronous phasor measurement unit (Phasor Measurement Unit, PMU) offer
Synchronous operation of power networks data, after the event that analog systemss occur that some can most affect the stabilization of power grids, key in systems
Machine, cutting load, or even artificial parallel off, the most of load in preservation system are cut in point enforcement.
However, the wide area protection function using the test of existing experimental system for simulating based on the WAMS of PMU, the reliability of test
It is not high with accuracy, and be not carried out encouraging from test angle and respond closed loop, complex operation, waste time and energy, it is difficult to realize
Dynamic performance testing under the dynamic operation conditions such as system operatio, transient state, exception.Therefore, this area is needed badly a kind of based on RTDS's
WAMS performance test methods, can accurately and reliably assess the performance of WAMS.
Utility model content
In view of this, the technical problems to be solved in the utility model is to provide a kind of WAMS performance tests based on RTDS
System, solve the problems, such as experimental system for simulating in prior art can not accurately, the wide area protection function of reliable test WAMS.
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, specific embodiment of the present utility model provides a kind of WAMS based on RTDS
Energy test system, including：RTDS digital-to-analogue emulation platforms, for the various working conditions that simulating grid occurs；PMU substations, with institute
State RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform connection, for measuring various working conditions under each pivot point of electrical network real-time phasor data；WAMS
Main website, is connected with the PMU substations, for receiving and analyze the real-time phasor data so as to realize to electrical network dynamic prison
Survey.
In another specific embodiment of the present utility model, WAMS Performance Test Systems also include：Power amplifier, is arranged
Between the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform and the PMU substations, for amplifying various working conditions under the emulation of RTDS digital-to-analogues it is flat
The real time data of platform output.
In another specific embodiment of the present utility model, WAMS Performance Test Systems also include：Wide area protection and control
Device, is arranged between the WAMS main websites and the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform, for being cut according to the real-time phasor data
Except the failure in electrical network.
Wherein, the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform, specifically includes：First bus；Second bus, respectively by first line
L1, the second circuit L2 and tertiary circuit L3 are connected with first bus, wherein, first line L1, second circuit
L2 and the tertiary circuit L3 are 3/2 wiring；First electromotor G1；For adjusting the output voltage of the first electromotor G1
The first transformator T1, one end is connected with the first electromotor G1, and the other end is connected in first line L1；Second
Motor G2；For adjusting the second transformator T2 of the output voltage of the second electromotor G2, one end and second electromotor
G2 connects, and the other end is connected in first line L1, and the other end of the first transformator T1 and second transformation
The other end of device T2 is connected in first line L1；Triple bus-bar, by the 4th circuit L4, the 5th circuit L5 institute is connected to
State on tertiary circuit L3；3rd transformator T3, one end is connected with the triple bus-bar；3rd electromotor G3, becomes with the described 3rd
The other end connection of depressor T3；4th transformator T4, one end is connected with second bus；4th bus, becomes with the described 4th
The other end connection of depressor T4, and connect the first load；5th transformator T5, one end is connected with second bus；5th is female
Line, is connected with the other end of the 5th transformator T5, and connects the second load, is also connected with the 4th bus.
Wherein, the PMU substations have a PMU substations, the 2nd PMU substations, the 3rd PMU substations, wherein, described first
PMU substations are deployed between first bus and second bus；The 2nd PMU substations are deployed in the triple bus-bar
On；The 3rd PMU substations are deployed between the 4th bus and the 5th bus.
Wherein, first bus, second bus and the triple bus-bar are 500KV buses；4th bus
111st, the 5th bus 113 is 220KV buses.
Wherein, first line L1, the second circuit L2, the tertiary circuit L3, the 4th circuit L4 and institute
The 5th circuit L5 is stated for 500KV circuits.
Wherein, the 3rd electromotor G3 is Infinite bus system.
Wherein, the WAMS main websites are further included：The preposition communication server, for receiving and processes the PMU substations
The described real-time phasor data for uploading；System server, for analyzing the real-time phasor data；Clockwork, for institute
State the preposition communication server and when the system server carries out unifying pair；The network printer, it is described real-time for printing online
The data and curves of phasor data；Switch, connects the preposition communication server, system server, the clockwork, the network
Printer and the PMU substations, for group-net communication.
The technical scheme provided from above this utility model specific embodiment, the WAMS performance tests based on RTDS
System at least has the advantages that：By the dynamic property detection platform that synchronous phasor measuring device is built on RTDS,
Carry out WAMS functions, performance test, it is convenient that this utility model is realized, detect with can holding water and assess WAMS wide area protections this
Function, the performance of one senior application, can preferably promote the further development of WAMS technologies；This utility model meets laboratory
To the senior application testing requirements of WAMS, be conducive to specification and ensure the reliability and stability of WAMS system high application functions,
It is significant for the operational reliability for improving electrical network.
It is to be understood that above-mentioned general description and detailed description below are merely illustrative and illustrative, it is not
The scope to be advocated of this utility model can be limited.
Description of the drawings
In order to be illustrated more clearly that the embodiment of the present application or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing
The accompanying drawing to be used needed for having technology description is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only this
Some embodiments described in application, for those of ordinary skill in the art, in the premise for not paying creative labor
Under, can be with according to these other accompanying drawings of accompanying drawings acquisition.
A kind of enforcement of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 1 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of example one；
A kind of enforcement of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 2 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of example two；
A kind of enforcement of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 3 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of example three；
A kind of RTDS of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 4 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The circuit diagram of digital-to-analogue emulation platform；
A kind of WAMS of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 5 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of main website.
Specific embodiment
Purpose, technical scheme and advantage to make this utility model embodiment becomes more apparent, below will with accompanying drawing and
Narration in detail clearly illustrates the spirit of this utility model disclosure, and any skilled artisan is understanding this reality
After embodiment with new content, when the technology that can be taught by this utility model content, it is changed and modifies, it does not take off
From the spirit and scope of this utility model content.
Schematic description and description of the present utility model is used to explain this utility model, but is not intended as to this practicality
New restriction.In addition, element/the component of the same or like label used in drawings and the embodiments is for representing phase
Same or similar portions.
With regard to " first " used herein, " second " ... etc., not especially censure the meaning of order or cis-position,
Be not used to limit this utility model, its only for distinguish with constructed term describe element or operation.
With regard to direction term used herein, for example：Upper and lower, left and right, front or rear etc., are only the sides of refer to the attached drawing
To.Therefore, the direction term for using is for illustrating not for limiting this creation.
With regard to "comprising" used herein, " including ", " having ", " containing " etc., the term of opening is, i.e.,
Mean including but not limited to.
With regard to it is used herein " and/or ", including the things arbitrary or all combinations.
With regard to term used herein " substantially ", " about " etc., to modify it is any can be with the quantity of microvariations or mistake
Difference, but this slight variations or error can't change its essence.In general, the microvariations modified of such term or error
Scope in some embodiments can be 20%, in some embodiments can be 10%, can be in some embodiments 5% or its
His numerical value.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the aforementioned numerical value for referring to can be adjusted according to actual demand, it is not limited thereto.
Some to describe the word of the application by lower or discuss in the other places of this description, to provide art technology
The extra guiding on about the description of the present application of personnel.
A kind of enforcement of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 1 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of example one, as shown in figure 1, building digital-to-analogue test test wrapper using RTDS digital-to-analogue emulation platforms, PMU substations and WAMS main websites
During the operating modes such as border, various short troubles, the low-frequency oscillation that simulating grid occurs, can the senior application function softwares of detection WAMS just
Really identify the operating mode of electrical network.
The accompanying drawing specific embodiment includes RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform 10, PMU substations 20, WAMS main websites 30, wherein,
RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform 10 is used for the various working conditions that simulating grid occurs；PMU substations 20 emulate with the RTDS digital-to-analogues
Platform 10 connects, and PMU substations 20 are used to measure the real-time phasor data of each pivot point of electrical network under various working conditions；WAMS main websites
30 are connected with the PMU substations 20, and WAMS main websites 30 are used to receive and analyze the real-time phasor data so as to realize to electrical network
Dynamic monitoring.
Referring to Fig. 1, digital-to-analogue test model is built based on RTDS (real-timedigital simulation device), test WAMS (monitor by wide area
System) wide area protection function, so as to preferably promote the further development of WAMS technologies.
A kind of enforcement of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 2 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of example two, WAMS Performance Test Systems also include power amplifier, and power amplifier amplifies RTDS under various working conditions
The real time data of digital-to-analogue emulation platform output, it is possible to achieve the accurate test of WAMS performances.
In the accompanying drawing specific embodiment, WAMS Performance Test Systems also include power amplifier 40, power amplifier 40
It is arranged between the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform 10 and the PMU substations 20, power amplifier 40 is used to amplify various work
The real time data of RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform output under situation.
Referring to Fig. 2, power amplifier 40 can amplify the real-time of the output of RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform under various working conditions
Data, such that it is able to more accurately be realized on-line analyses to electric network fault, can accurately and reliably test the wide area of WAMS
Defencive function, function, performance correct, that reasonably detect and assess this senior application of WAMS wide area protections.
A kind of enforcement of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 3 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of example three, as shown in figure 3, after power system is broken down, wide area protection and control device can it is rapider, more may be used
By, more accurately isolated fault region.
In the accompanying drawing specific embodiment, WAMS Performance Test Systems also include wide area protection and control device 50, wide area
Protection and control device 50 be arranged between the WAMS main websites 30 and the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform 10, wide area protection with control
The failure that device processed 50 is used in the real-time phasor data excision electrical network.
Referring to Fig. 3, after electrical network (power system) breaks down, wide area protection can more rapidly, more with control device 50
Reliability, more accurately isolated fault region, it is possible to more accurately online actual time safety point is carried out to the electrical network after Fault Isolation
Analysis, to determine whether power system can occur the probability of wider power failure, prevents to stop on a large scale so as to take the necessary measures
Electricity.
A kind of RTDS of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 4 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The circuit diagram of digital-to-analogue emulation platform, as shown in figure 4, can simulate power system using RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform occurs small-signal
Situations such as disturbance, instantaneous or permanent short, for carrying out the test of WAMS wide area protection functions.Wherein G1 and G2 are represented send out respectively
Motor 1 and electromotor 2, T1~T5 indication transformers, L1~L5 represents 500kV circuits, and 1~3 represents 500kV buses, 4~5 tables
Show 220kV buses.In bus 1 and 2, bus 3, bus 4 and 5 three sets of independent PMU devices are disposed as three independent substations.
In the accompanying drawing specific embodiment, the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform 10 specifically includes the first bus 101, second
Bus 102, the first electromotor 103, the first transformator 104, the second electromotor 105, the second transformator 106, triple bus-bar 107,
3rd transformator 108, the 3rd electromotor 109, the 4th transformator 110, the 4th bus 111, the 5th transformator 112, the 5th bus
113, wherein, the second bus 102 passes through respectively first line L1, the second circuit L2 and tertiary circuit L3 and first bus
101 connections, wherein, first line L1, the second circuit L2 and the tertiary circuit L3 are 3/2 wiring；First becomes
Depressor 104 is used to adjust the output voltage of first electromotor 103, and one end of the first transformator 104 generates electricity with described first
Machine 103 connects, and the other end of the first transformator 104 is connected in first line L1；Second transformator 106 is used to adjust institute
The output voltage of the second electromotor 105 is stated, one end of the second transformator 106 is connected with second electromotor 105, the second transformation
The other end of device 106 is connected in first line L1, and the other end of first transformator 104 and second transformation
The other end connection of device 106；Triple bus-bar 107 is connected on the tertiary circuit L3 by the 4th circuit L4, the 5th circuit L5；
One end of 3rd transformator 108 is connected with the triple bus-bar 107；3rd electromotor 109 is another with the 3rd transformator 108
One end connects；One end of 4th transformator 110 is connected with second bus 102；4th bus 111 and the 4th transformator
110 other end connection, the 4th bus 111 is also connected with the first load；One end of 5th transformator 112 and second bus
102 connections；5th bus 113 is connected with the other end of the 5th transformator 112, and the 5th bus 113 is also connected with the second load,
5th bus 113 is also connected with the 4th bus 111.
Referring to Fig. 4, can be respectively provided with digital simulation model circuit L1~L5 (first line L1~the 5th circuit L5)
Different faults type, can test wide area protection software correctly judge, action.Test to Failure includes：In circuit L1~L5 difference
A phase transient faults, B phase transient faults, C phase permanent faults, A phases permanent reverse fault, BC phase faults, ABC tri- are set
Can phase fault, test wide area protection software correctly judge and action.Cutting load test includes：Adjustment electromotor G1 and electromotor
G2 exerts oneself, and by idle and active change, reduces frequency and voltage, and when frequency and voltage are less than definite value, test wide area is protected
Can shield software correct cutting load.Build RTDS digital-to-analogue emulation platforms on RTDS, carry out WAMS functions, performance test, can be with
Function, performance convenient, correct, that reasonably detect and assess this senior application of WAMS wide area protections, preferably promote WAMS
The further development of technology.
In specific embodiment of the utility model, the PMU substations have a PMU substations, the 2nd PMU substations, the 3rd
PMU substations, wherein, a PMU substations are deployed between first bus 101 and second bus 102；Described
Two PMU substations are deployed on the triple bus-bar 107；The 3rd PMU substations are deployed in the 4th bus 111 and described
Between five buses 113.Rationally deployment PMU substations, can correctly, reasonably carry out the survey to WAMS wide area protection functional software
Examination.
First bus 101, second bus 102 and the triple bus-bar 107 are 500KV buses；Described 4th
Bus 111, the 5th bus 113 are 220KV buses；First line L1, the second circuit L2, the tertiary circuit
L3, the 4th circuit L4 and the 5th circuit L5 are 500KV circuits；The 3rd electromotor G3 is Infinite bus system.
A kind of WAMS of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS that Fig. 5 is provided for this utility model specific embodiment
The block diagram of main website, as shown in figure 5, the main hardware of WAMS main websites includes that the preposition communication server, system server, clock set
The standby, network printer, switch, work station etc..
In specific embodiment of the present utility model, the WAMS main websites 30 further include the preposition communication server 301,
System server 302, clockwork 303, the network printer 304, switch 305, wherein, the preposition communication server 301 is used for
Receive and process the described real-time phasor data that the PMU substations 20 upload；System server 302 is used to analyze the real-time phase
Amount data；When clockwork 303 is used to the preposition communication server 301 and the system server 302 are carried out unifying pair；
The network printer 304 is used to print the data and curves of the real-time phasor data online；Switch 305 connects preposition communication service
Device 301, system server 302, the clockwork 303, the network printer 304 and the PMU substations 20, switch
305 are used for group-net communication.
Referring to Fig. 5, experimenter can carry out WAMS functions, performance test with the operating mode of real time inspection electrical network.
This utility model provides a kind of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS, by building synchronized phasor on RTDS
The dynamic property detection platform of measurement apparatus, carries out WAMS functions, performance test, conveniently, correctly, reasonably can detect and comment
Estimate function, the performance of this senior application of WAMS wide area protections, can preferably promote the further development of WAMS technologies；Meet
Laboratory is conducive to specification and ensures the reliability of WAMS system high application functions and steady to the senior application testing requirements of WAMS
It is qualitative, it is significant for the operational reliability for improving electrical network.
The foregoing is only the schematic specific embodiment of this utility model, without departing from it is of the present utility model design and
On the premise of principle, equivalent variations and modification that any those skilled in the art is made all should belong to this utility model guarantor
The scope of shield.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of WAMS Performance Test Systems based on RTDS, it is characterised in that the system includes：
RTDS digital-to-analogue emulation platforms (10), for the various working conditions that simulating grid occurs；
PMU substations (20), are connected with the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform (10), for measuring various working conditions under each pivot of electrical network
The real-time phasor data of knot；And
WAMS main websites (30), are connected with the PMU substations (20), for receiving and analyze the real-time phasor data so as to realize
Dynamic monitoring to electrical network.
2. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the system also includes：
Power amplifier (40), is arranged between the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform (10) and the PMU substations (20), for putting
The real time data of RTDS digital-to-analogue emulation platforms (10) outputs under big various working conditions.
3. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the system also includes：
Wide area protection and control device (50), be arranged at the WAMS main websites (30) and the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation platform (10) it
Between, for the failure in the real-time phasor data excision electrical network.
4. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the RTDS digital-to-analogues emulation
Platform (10), specifically includes：
First bus (101)；
Second bus (102), respectively by first line L1, the second circuit L2 and tertiary circuit L3 and first bus
(101) connect, wherein, first line L1, the second circuit L2 and the tertiary circuit L3 are 3/2 wiring；
First electromotor G1 (103)；
For adjusting the first transformator T1 (104) of the output voltage of the first electromotor G1 (103), one end and described first
Electromotor G1 (103) connects, and the other end is connected in first line L1；
Second electromotor G2 (105)；
For adjusting the second transformator T2 (106) of the output voltage of the second electromotor G2 (105), one end and described second
Electromotor G2 (105) connects, and the other end is connected in first line L1；
Triple bus-bar (107), is connected on the tertiary circuit L3 by the 4th circuit L4, the 5th circuit L5；
3rd transformator T3 (108), one end is connected with the triple bus-bar (107)；
3rd electromotor G3 (109), is connected with the other end of the 3rd transformator T3 (108)；
4th transformator T4 (110), one end is connected with second bus (102)；
4th bus (111), is connected with the other end of the 4th transformator T4 (110), and connects the first load；
5th transformator T5 (112), one end is connected with second bus (102)；And
5th bus (113), is connected with the other end of the 5th transformator T5 (112), and connects the second load, also with it is described
4th bus (111) connects.
5. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that the PMU substations (20)
With a PMU substations, the 2nd PMU substations, the 3rd PMU substations, wherein,
The first PMU substations are deployed between first bus (101) and second bus (102)；
The 2nd PMU substations are deployed on the triple bus-bar (107)；
The 3rd PMU substations are deployed between the 4th bus (111) and the 5th bus (113).
6. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that first bus
(101), second bus (102) and the triple bus-bar (107) are 500KV buses；It is 4th bus (111), described
5th bus (113) is 220KV buses.
7. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that first line L1,
The second circuit L2, the tertiary circuit L3, the 4th circuit L4 and the 5th circuit L5 are 500KV circuits.
8. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that the 3rd electromotor G3
(109) it is Infinite bus system.
9. the WAMS Performance Test Systems of RTDS are based on as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the WAMS main websites (30)
Further include：
The preposition communication server (301), for receiving and processes the described real-time phasor data that the PMU substations (20) upload；
System server (302), for analyzing the real-time phasor data；
Clockwork (303), for unifying to the preposition communication server (301) and the system server (302)
Pair when；
The network printer (304), for printing the data and curves of the real-time phasor data online；And
Switch (305), connects the preposition communication server (301), system server (302), the clockwork (303), institute
The network printer (304) and the PMU substations (20) are stated, for group-net communication.
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| CN201621260494.8U CN206178129U (en) | 2016-11-10 | 2016-11-10 | WAMS capability test system based on RTDS |
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| CN201621260494.8U CN206178129U (en) | 2016-11-10 | 2016-11-10 | WAMS capability test system based on RTDS |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106324544A (en) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-01-11 | 华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司 | WAMS performance testing system and method based on RTDS |
| CN107942167A (en) * | 2017-11-22 | 2018-04-20 | 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Intelligent substation synchronous phasor measuring device boss, which stands, tests system and method |
| CN110308343A (en) * | 2019-06-11 | 2019-10-08 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | Suitable for distribution PMU device and the test platform of distribution wide area system main website |
| CN117406157A (en) * | 2023-12-14 | 2024-01-16 | 国网江西省电力有限公司供电服务管理中心 | Detection method and system of broadband measurement system |
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2016
- 2016-11-10 CN CN201621260494.8U patent/CN206178129U/en active Active
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106324544A (en) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-01-11 | 华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司 | WAMS performance testing system and method based on RTDS |
| CN107942167A (en) * | 2017-11-22 | 2018-04-20 | 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Intelligent substation synchronous phasor measuring device boss, which stands, tests system and method |
| CN110308343A (en) * | 2019-06-11 | 2019-10-08 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | Suitable for distribution PMU device and the test platform of distribution wide area system main website |
| CN117406157A (en) * | 2023-12-14 | 2024-01-16 | 国网江西省电力有限公司供电服务管理中心 | Detection method and system of broadband measurement system |
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