CN205593972U - Formation of image of special shaped structure spare welding seam phased array detects uses energy conversion device - Google Patents
Formation of image of special shaped structure spare welding seam phased array detects uses energy conversion device Download PDFInfo
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- CN205593972U CN205593972U CN201620373346.0U CN201620373346U CN205593972U CN 205593972 U CN205593972 U CN 205593972U CN 201620373346 U CN201620373346 U CN 201620373346U CN 205593972 U CN205593972 U CN 205593972U
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a formation of image of special shaped structure spare welding seam phased array detects uses energy conversion device, including integrated voussoir, phased array probe wafer, probe shell, the phased array probe wafer bonds on integrated voussoir, the probe shell is used for the welding of the integrated voussoir of installation, phased array probe wafer and probe backing, probe cable conductor, probe shell bottom surface contact length is not more than the sloping platform straight section length of irregular welding seam to there is sloping platform matched with corner cut individual and irregular welding seam in probe shell and bottom surface. Device totality is small and exquisite, probe and work piece coupling face are little, flexible operation, long service life. Can place on power plant boiler pipeline under pressure special shaped structure takes the less straight section of the irregular welding seam of sloping platform next -door neighbour and can with the cooperation of ultrasonic phased array instrument, satisfy the welding seam sweep look into coverage area and guarantee that the welding seam detects the validity basis on, realize that power plant boiler pipeline under pressure takes the irregular welding seam ultrasonic imaging phased array of sloping platform to detect.
Description
Technical field
This utility model relates to a kind of special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount, particularly relates to one
The phased array imaging detection transducer mount of the station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform, belongs to lossless inspection
Survey technology field.
Background technology
Station boiler with main steam line, reheaing steam pipe and main feed water pipe road etc. as representative in thermal power generation unit
Pressure pipeline is always the important meals parts of fired power generating unit, the especially emphasis in supervising Performance of Metals in Power Plants, these pressure pipelines one
As be respectively provided with that pressure is big, temperature high, and be generally individually arranged in outside unit, if such pressure pipeline exists the danger such as crackle
Do harm to property defect and can not find in time will cause Pipeline damage or cause bursting accident, not only can cause visual plant damage, machine
The serious economic losses such as group stoppage in transit, it is also quite conceivable to cause Site for Unit attendant's injures and deaths, cause the most serious safety
Accident.Weld seam, as the weak link of above-mentioned pressure pipeline, is the most important thing of metal supervision inspection, is manufacturing and is installing
During welding weld seam tend to produce the interior welds defects such as some pores, slag inclusion, incomplete fusion, crackle, these defects
Often expand to crackle when high temperature and high pressure condition runs and under the stress effect of inside and outside, and then cause pipeline Cracking Failure to make
Become pipeline burst accident.
At present, because the material impact that the inspection of station boiler pressure pipeline weld seam is to unit operation safety, domestic relevant
Standard such as " boiler safety technology Supervision Code ", " boiler periodic inspection rule ", DL438-2009 " thermal power plant alloying technology
Supervision code ", DL647-2004 " station boiler Inspection of Pressure Vessel code " etc. all proposes the inspection to internal defects and wants
Ask, and the detection method of weld seam internal flaw mainly has ray detection and ultrasound examination two kinds, it is considered to current plant boiler pressure
Hydraulic piping wall thickness is the thickest and the influence factor such as Site Detection implementation condition and environment, and ultrasound examination is more suitable for above-mentioned weldering
Seam detection implement, be also current above-mentioned weld seam Inner Defect Testing predominantly detect method.Currently, above-mentioned weld seam internal flaw
Ultrasound examination mainly use general pulse bounce technique in weldering according to ultrasound examination standards such as NB/T47013, DL/T820
Seam both sides utilize transverse wave double-bevel detector to carry out zigzag scan Z, but, because manufacturing and in-site installation reason, super (super-) critical unit electricity
Stand threeway in boiler press pipeline, elbow, the first-class pipe fitting of size and straight tube connects and interconnective polymorphic structure butt welding
Seam is outside exists band sloping platform irregular structure, causes straight section region, above-mentioned weld seam both sides minimum (typically in 20mm-40mm scope),
The requirement to zigzag scan Z region of the above-mentioned existing examination criteria cannot be met, use routine by above-mentioned existing examination criteria requirement
Welded seam area can cannot be detected because scanning zone deficiency produces or be examined weldering when it is detected by ultrasonic pulse reflection method direct wave
The seam cross section detection minimum situation that cannot meet testing requirement of coverage.And above-mentioned band sloping platform irregular structure weld seam because of
There is bigger stress and concentrate in the most common butt weld of reasons in structure, original internal flaw is more easy to expand to crackle or product
Raw crack defect, therefore causes above-mentioned station boiler manometer tube if as the disappearance of measuring means, the incomplete of the method for inspection
The ultrasound examination that in road, band sloping platform irregular structure weld seam cannot realize internal flaw because of its structure problem in turn results in pressure
Pipeline causes inefficacy explosion because internal flaw does not detects, and this, by seriously reducing the safety coefficient of such weld seam, is greatly increased pressure
The potential safety hazard of hydraulic piping, the safe operation on whole unit has the most serious impact.
It is reported both at home and abroad the ultrasonic detection method of different specific special-shaped structural parts or special-shaped structural part weld seam is all had
Research application, earlier work is primarily directed to specific special-shaped structural part and develops special probe and supporting characterization processes
Carrying out, main or employing general pulse reflective wave method is carried out, but due to its special probe and the limitation of technique, only can use
In specific abnormity component and the detection of weld seam, it is impossible to be applied to polymorphic structure weld seam detection on station boiler pressure pipeline
On, this kind of achievement mainly has the detection of abnormity interface steel, the detection of offshore structure pipe node polymorphic structure weld seam on steel construction
Deng；In recent years along with piezo-electricity composite material, electronics integrated technology and the fast development of digital computer technology, utilize digitized
The modernization new digital integrated Non-Destructive Testing skill combining with electronics integrated technology and conventional Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement and growing up
Art emerges day by day, utilizes phased-array technique to combine special machine equipment and examines to the automatization realizing special-shaped structural part and weld seam
Survey the most at home and abroad greatly develop, as railway wheel track automatic ultrasonic detect, the automatization of turbine blade root
Detection etc. is all the actual application of such technical research achievement, but because of above-mentioned station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure band sloping platform not
Rule weld seam is just a large amount of after super (super-) critical unit grows up in recent years to occur, and because threeway, elbow, size are first-class
Different plumbing dimensions are not quite similar, and the impact adding on-the-spot processing installation dimension difference causes the knot of all kinds of polymorphic structure weld seam
Configuration formula and size are different, it is difficult to by same structure size, the above-mentioned polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform is carried out technique
Design, yet there are no the research to above-mentioned welding line ultrasonic phased array detection method the most so far.For above-mentioned situation, if with general
Logical butt weld identical employing phased array instrument coordinates conventional detachable phase array transducer and voussoir to above-mentioned band sloping platform not
Rule weld seam detects, because after conventional detachable phase array transducer and wedge combinations, size equally exists more greatly and can not put
Put the problem being close on relatively small straight section detection at the above-mentioned irregular weld seam of band sloping platform, and be such as placed on sloping platform and carry out detecting basis
Velocity of sound analog result also can produce the examined less situation that cannot meet testing requirement of section of weld joint region detection coverage, with
The impact of Shi Yinwei sloping platform also can produce some modification wave beams and testing result interferes and then affects testing result evaluation, and
Coupling effect can be adversely affected during detection by the phased array coupling probe of large-size, causes coupling effect during detection
The most poor, it is difficult to ensure the accuracy of testing result.
In sum, research design is developed to be placed on station boiler pressure pipeline band sloping platform irregular weld seam next-door neighbour
Compared with carrying out the phase array transducer that detects and supporting voussoir on small straight section, so coordinate phased array instrument use give full play to phased
Battle array multi-angle scanning advantage, the effectiveness detecting the above-mentioned weld seam internal flaw ultrasonic phase array of guarantee and accuracy have weight
Big meaning.
Utility model content
Utility model purpose: in the above-mentioned station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam detection of band sloping platform
Deficiency, this utility model provides a kind of special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount, it is provided that one can be
The station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform be close on relatively small straight section placement and can be with ultrasonic phase array
Instrument coordinates, on the basis of meeting weld seam scanning overlay area and ensureing weld seam detection effectiveness, it is achieved station boiler manometer tube
The transducer mount of road band sloping platform irregular welding seam supersonic image-forming phased array detection.
Technical scheme: for solving above-mentioned technical problem, the technical solution adopted in the utility model is:
A kind of special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount, it is characterised in that: include integrated voussoir, phase
Control battle array probe wafer, probing shell；Described phased array probe bonding wafer is on integrated voussoir, and described probing shell is used for installing
Integrated voussoir, phased array probe wafer and probe backing, the welding of probe cable line；Described probing shell sole contact length is not
More than the sloping platform straight section length of irregular weld seam, and have with bottom surface at probing shell and match with the sloping platform of irregular weld seam
Corner cut.
Preferably, described integrated voussoir is the voussoir of 30-45 °, and in steel, refraction angle is 45-75 ° of shear wave, material
Material is polystyrene, and velocity of sound 2337m/s, the effective detection angles of integrated voussoir is 30-85 °.
Most preferably, described integrated voussoir is the voussoir of 39 °, and in steel, refraction angle is 60 ° of shear wave, and material is polyphenyl second
Alkene, velocity of sound 2337m/s, the effective detection angles of integrated voussoir is 45-75 °.
Preferably, described phased array probe wafer, material is 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material, and array number is 12-16
Individual, array element distance is 0.4-0.8mm, a length of 10mm of array element, and mid frequency is 2.5-7.5Mhz.
Most preferably, described phased array probe wafer array number is 12, and array element distance is 0.6mm, and mid frequency is 5Mhz.
Preferably, the material of described probing shell is rustless steel or aluminium alloy.
Described probing shell opening uses glue embedding to ensure the water proofing property of probe.
Beneficial effect: a kind of special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount that this utility model provides,
Can station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure band sloping platform irregular weld seam next-door neighbour compared with on small straight section place and can be with ultrasonic
Phased array instrument coordinates, on the basis of meeting weld seam scanning overlay area and ensureing weld seam detection effectiveness, it is achieved station boiler
Pressure pipeline band sloping platform irregular welding seam supersonic image-forming phased array detects.Device is the smallest and the most exquisite, probe is little with workpiece coupling surface, behaviour
Making flexibly, service life is long.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the sectional view of the station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of this utility model special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount；
Fig. 3 is that this utility model detects sound wave path figure；
Fig. 4 is piezo-electricity composite material phased array probe parameter of crystal sheets figure；
Fig. 5 is that array number affects variation diagram to beam direction；
Fig. 6 is the side lobe levels change curve with array number；
Fig. 7 is the main lobe angle width change curve with array number.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, this utility model is further described.
Shown in Fig. 1, it is the sectional view of the station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform, outside weld seam both sides
There is sloping platform stage structure in portion, and the straight section space of sloping platform is smaller, brings bigger difficulty to detection.Conventional detachable phase
After control battle array probe, voussoir assembling, structure space is bigger, contact area is the biggest, it is impossible to is placed on sloping platform and detects.
As in figure 2 it is shown, be this utility model one special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount, including
Integrated voussoir 1, phased array probe wafer 2, probing shell 3；Described phased array probe bonding wafer on integrated voussoir, described spy
Head shell is for installing integrated voussoir, phased array probe wafer and probe backing, the welding of probe cable line；Described probing shell
Sole contact length is not more than the sloping platform straight section length of irregular weld seam, and has individual and irregular weld seam in probing shell and bottom surface
The corner cut that matches of sloping platform.
As shown in Figure 3；Described integrated voussoir is the voussoir of 30-45 °, and in steel, refraction angle is 45-75 ° of shear wave, material
For polystyrene, velocity of sound 2337m/s, the effective detection angles of integrated voussoir is 30-85 °.
In the present embodiment, described integrated voussoir is the voussoir of 39 °, and in steel, refraction angle is 60 ° of shear wave, and material is polyphenyl
Ethylene, velocity of sound 2337m/s, the effective detection angles of integrated voussoir is 45-75 °.
Described phased array probe wafer, material is 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material, and array number is 12-16, and array element distance is
0.4-0.8mm, a length of 10mm of array element, mid frequency is 2.5-7.5Mhz.
The material of described probing shell is rustless steel or aluminium alloy.In the present embodiment, probing shell uses 316 rustless steels,
316 rustless steels can guarantee that the anti-wear performance of probe, to ensure the service life of probe.
Described probing shell opening glue embedding is to ensure the water proofing property of probe.
It is small and exquisite that this utility model has design, pops one's head in little with workpiece coupling surface, flexible operation.
As shown in Figure 4, the major parameter that phased array probe relates to is: array number n, array element distance p, array element length E, effectively
Aperture A, central wavelength lambda.
Beam direction is the important technology index of probe, and its quality determines the direction of propagation and the energy concentration of ultrasound wave
Degree, has important impact to power of test.The analysis affected phased array probe beam direction by alignment parameter, is obtained
Relation between parameter and directivity, the design optimization for ultrasound phase-control linear array probe provides foundation, thus improves phased array
The performance of detecting system.
Fig. 5 is the array number impact on beam direction. along with array number n changes, and the variation diagram of directivity.Can be seen by Fig. 5
Going out, along with the increase of n, main lobe angle narrowed width, secondary lobe reduces.The sound intensity (db) of side lobe levels is:
The size being understood side lobe levels by formula (1) is the most relevant with n.Fig. 6 is the side lobe levels change curve with n, when n increases from 0
Time big, side lobe levels strongly reduces；As n > 16 and continue increase time, side lobe levels tends to the ultimate value of-13.5db.Visible, n is to secondary lobe
First the inhibitory action of level clearly, when designing ultrasonic phase array probe and side lobe levels being had strict demand, should consider to increase
Array number n.
Main lobe intersects the distance theta between 2 with abscissamMain lobe angle width can be defined as.It is that measurement main lobe is sharp keen
The index of degree, main lobe angle width θm:
P/ λ takes 0.5, and deflection angle takes θs=30 °, by main lobe angle width θmAs the function of n, i.e. array number n is to main lobe angular width
The influence curve of degree.As it is shown in fig. 7, along with the increase of n, the trend that main lobe angle width reduces is fairly obvious.
In summary, increase array number n and not only can reduce main lobe angle width, it is also possible to reduce secondary lobe, so, Ying Jinke
Array number can be increased in ground.In the case of p and E is constant, increases array number and be also equivalent to add the aperture A of probe.But
Increasing array number, corresponding signalling channel increases, and improves the complexity of equipment and reduces real-time, and as array number n > 32
Time, main lobe angle width and side lobe levels are all affected not quite by the increase of array number.Owing to this utility model phased array probe is contact
Area is little, small and exquisite, comprehensively understands, the preferred 12-16 of array number, and 12-16 array element can also be protected whole has good beam direction.
The array element distance impact on directivity, array element distance is one of emphasis of phased array probe parameter designing, and it is to phase
The impact of control battle array probe pointing capability is bigger.When fixing due to the frequency of probe, sound wave is in the wavelength X of specific Propagation
Certain, thus using p/ λ as entire variable research array element distance on directivity when affecting very convenient.Work as array element
When spacing is the least, main lobe is the widest；Along with the increase of spacing, main lobe is more and more sharper keen, but when it exceedes certain marginal value, points to
Arising that graing lobe on property figure, this is unallowed in actual design；If spacing continues to increase, although main lobe can become more
Sharp, but graing lobe also gets more and more.Side lobe levels changes greatly not quite along with the change of array element distance, and this explanation array element distance is to secondary lobe
Impact is little.Simultaneously take account of the difficulty of wafer processing, this utility model phased array probe wafer array element distance p value 0.4mm-
0.8mm。
The impact on directivity of the array element length, graing lobe position is not affected by array element width, and to main lobe angle width and side
Lobe impact is little.Secondary lobe decreases, but maximum side lobe height is basically unchanged.Along with array element length becomes big, main lobe height reduction,
Again because maximum side lobe height is constant, be equivalent to side lobe levels and raise.So, in the case of meeting other requirement, should select as far as possible
Select the array element that width is little.This utility model phased array probe wafer array element length E value 10mm.
In order to this phased array designed has preferable beam direction, in combination with workpiece configurations, can do to pop one's head in
Smaller and more exquisite, in the present embodiment, phased array probe wafer specification is: array number is 12, array element distance is 0.6mm, array element length
For 10mm, mid frequency is 5Mhz.
Requirement, array element length E, array element distance p, it is necessary to meet E/p is designed according to phased array probe > 10, so this practicality
Novel wafer parameter meets phased array probe design requirement.
In the present embodiment, special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount, is that 60 degree of shear waves are integrated
Voussoir, the piezo-electricity composite material phased array probe wafer of a 5MHz, probe array number is 12, and array element distance is 0.6mm, battle array
The a length of 10mm of unit, probe wafer uses 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material.Leading role's degree of probe is 60 degree, the range of deflection of acoustic beam
For 45-75 degree；The design of special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount is according to station boiler pressure pipeline
The shape of the irregular oblique band of polymorphic structure and the position relationship of irregular oblique band weld seam are custom-designed, and the length making probe is little
In the length of the shape of rule oblique band, a length of 17mm of contact surface of probe bottom surface, probing shell is 45 degree with the corner cut of bottom surface
(as shown in Figure 2), the shape of the profile with irregular inclined step to ensure probe is not interfered.Can make probe closer to weld seam,
Make probe that primary wave can be utilized to detect.
The phased array imaging detection transducer mount of the station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform
Detection method, uses special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount of the present utility model, comprises the following steps:
Step (1) selects the phased array portable instrumentation with imaging function, phased array portable instrumentation
Operating frequency range is 1-10Mhz, and horizontal error is not more than 2%, and vertical error is not more than 8%；By transducer mount and phased array
Portable instrumentation connects, and inputs the parameter of transducer mount specifications and models and voussoir in phased array portable instrumentation,
Adjust focusing rule and sensitivity, indication range and the gate of instrument, make Detection results reach optimal；Focus on rule and select sector
Scanning, angle is 60 degree, and the range of deflection of acoustic beam is 45～75 degree, adjusts detection range；
Step (2) coats coupling on the sloping platform straight section of the station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform
Agent；
Step (3) is as it is shown on figure 3, be placed on power station pot by special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount
On the sloping platform straight section of the furnace pressure hydraulic piping polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform, adjust the position of transducer mount and sloping platform, to the greatest extent
Measure the forward position of transducer mount near weld seam, it is possible to make transducer mount closer to weld seam, make special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array become
As detection transducer mount can utilize primary wave to detect, sensitivity can be higher；Adjust transducer mount and sloping platform away from
From, it is ensured that probe sound wave can be got in defect and the echo ratio of defect is stronger；Sound wave enters weld seam by integrated voussoir to be carried out
Detection, runs into defect sound wave and has the echo of reflection, utilize transducer mount that the reflection echo signal collected is converted into telecommunications
Number, be sent to phased array portable instrumentation and preserve and do imaging processing, ultimately generate can with the image of interpretation defect message,
And generate the report of defect message；
Step (4) carries out performance rating to by the inspection station boiler pressure pipeline polymorphic structure irregular weld seam of band sloping platform and does
Evaluate record well.
The above is only preferred implementation of the present utility model, it should be pointed out that: for the common skill of the art
For art personnel, on the premise of without departing from this utility model principle, it is also possible to make some improvements and modifications, these improve and
Retouching also should be regarded as protection domain of the present utility model.
Claims (7)
1. a special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount, it is characterised in that: include integrated voussoir, phased
Battle array probe wafer, probing shell；Described phased array probe bonding wafer is on integrated voussoir, and described probing shell is used for installing collection
Become voussoir, phased array probe wafer and probe backing, the welding of probe cable line；Described probing shell sole contact length is little
In the sloping platform straight section length of irregular weld seam, and have with bottom surface and cutting that the sloping platform of irregular weld seam matches at probing shell
Angle.
Special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: institute
Stating the voussoir that integrated voussoir is 30-45 °, in steel, refraction angle is 45-75 ° of shear wave, and material is polystyrene, the velocity of sound
2337m/s, the effective detection angles of integrated voussoir is 30-85 °.
Special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount the most according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: institute
Stating the voussoir that integrated voussoir is 39 °, in steel, refraction angle is 60 ° of shear wave, and material is polystyrene, and velocity of sound 2337m/s is integrated
The effective detection angles of voussoir is 45-75 °.
Special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: institute
Stating phased array probe wafer, material is 1-3 type piezo-electricity composite material, and array number is 12-16, and array element distance is 0.4-0.8mm,
The a length of 10mm of array element, mid frequency is 2.5-7.5Mhz.
Special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount the most according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: institute
Stating phased array probe wafer array number is 12, and array element distance is 0.6mm, and mid frequency is 5Mhz.
Special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: institute
The material stating probing shell is rustless steel or aluminium alloy.
Special-shaped structural part welding-seam phased array image checking transducer mount the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: institute
Stating probing shell opening uses glue embedding to ensure the water proofing property of probe.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201620373346.0U CN205593972U (en) | 2016-04-28 | 2016-04-28 | Formation of image of special shaped structure spare welding seam phased array detects uses energy conversion device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201620373346.0U CN205593972U (en) | 2016-04-28 | 2016-04-28 | Formation of image of special shaped structure spare welding seam phased array detects uses energy conversion device |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105784843A (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2016-07-20 | 江苏方天电力技术有限公司 | Special-shaped structural member weld phased array imaging test transducer device and testing method |
| CN108020597A (en) * | 2016-10-28 | 2018-05-11 | 核动力运行研究所 | A kind of phased array probe for automatic ultrasonic detection |
| WO2018115868A1 (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-06-28 | Gb Inspection Systems Ltd | Transducer assembly |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105784843A (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2016-07-20 | 江苏方天电力技术有限公司 | Special-shaped structural member weld phased array imaging test transducer device and testing method |
| CN108020597A (en) * | 2016-10-28 | 2018-05-11 | 核动力运行研究所 | A kind of phased array probe for automatic ultrasonic detection |
| WO2018115868A1 (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-06-28 | Gb Inspection Systems Ltd | Transducer assembly |
| US11169119B2 (en) | 2016-12-20 | 2021-11-09 | Gb Inspection Systems Ltd. | Transducer assembly |
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