CN204166072U - Earthing detection equipment - Google Patents

Earthing detection equipment Download PDF

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Publication number
CN204166072U
CN204166072U CN201320865049.4U CN201320865049U CN204166072U CN 204166072 U CN204166072 U CN 204166072U CN 201320865049 U CN201320865049 U CN 201320865049U CN 204166072 U CN204166072 U CN 204166072U
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China
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voltage
current signal
signal
circuit
unit
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CN201320865049.4U
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
刘铁城
程金良
郎福堂
詹爱东
杨少铁
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Beijing Electric Power Transmission and Transformation Co
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Beijing Electric Power Transmission and Transformation Co
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Priority to CN201320865049.4U priority Critical patent/CN204166072U/en
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Abstract

The utility model provides a kind of earthing detection equipment.Described earthing detection equipment comprises: the Signal Pretreatment unit connected successively, clamp control module, converting unit and earthing detection unit; Wherein, described Signal Pretreatment unit, for carrying out pre-service to the ac signal received, to eliminate the undesired signal in described ac signal; Described clamp control module, for carrying out clamp control to pretreated described ac signal, with by the voltage clamp of described ac signal to the first setting voltage; Described converting unit, for being that the described ac signal of described first setting voltage is converted to DC signal by voltage; Described earthing detection unit, for according to the described DC signal received, adopts the decision rule preset to judge whether test line exists ground connection.The technical scheme that the utility model provides can effectively be damaged from the impact of glitch voltage by protective ground checkout equipment.

Description

Grounding detection equipment
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a detection technology especially relates to a ground connection check out test set.
Background
The overhead line is a power transmission line in which a power transmission conductor is fixed on a tower erected on the ground by using an insulator to transmit electric energy. After the overhead line is newly built or overhauled, the staff all need to examine the condition of demolising of artifical ground connection, if do not demolish artifical ground point, when line parameter test or circuit start, just can appear unusually. The basic detection principle of the existing grounding detection device is to determine whether grounding exists by measuring the impedance between an overhead line and the ground. If there is no ground condition, the impedance will be large; if there is a ground condition, the impedance will be low.
In practice, disturbances of transient voltages are generated on the overhead lines. These disturbances typically result from induced electricity on overhead lines, electrostatic discharge, and the like. The transient interference voltage may reach several tens of kilovolts at the most, and the interference voltage of several tens of kilovolts is sufficient to damage common electronic devices. If the transient interference voltage is not processed, the worker directly uses the existing grounding detection equipment for detection, and the grounding detection equipment is easily damaged by the impact of the transient interference voltage generated on the overhead line.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
The utility model provides a ground connection check out test set to protection equipment avoids the impact of transient disturbance voltage and damages.
The purpose of the utility model and the technical problem thereof are realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
The utility model provides a ground connection check out test set, include: the signal preprocessing unit, the clamping control unit, the conversion unit and the grounding detection unit are connected in sequence; wherein,
the signal preprocessing unit is used for preprocessing the received alternating current signal so as to eliminate interference signals in the alternating current signal;
the clamping control unit is used for carrying out clamping control on the preprocessed alternating current signal so as to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to a first set voltage;
the conversion unit is used for converting the alternating current signal with the voltage of the first set voltage into a direct current signal;
and the grounding detection unit is used for judging whether the tested circuit is grounded or not by adopting a preset judgment rule according to the received direct current signal.
The purpose of the utility model and the technical problem thereof can be further realized by adopting the following technical measures.
Preferably, in the ground fault detection apparatus, the signal preprocessing unit is an RC filter circuit, and the RC filter circuit includes: a first resistor and a first capacitor, wherein,
one end of the first resistor is connected with a high-voltage line end of the tested circuit, and the other end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the first capacitor;
the other end of the first capacitor is connected with the grounding end of the tested circuit.
Preferably, in the ground fault detecting apparatus, the clamping control unit includes: a first clamp control circuit and a second clamp control circuit connected in sequence, wherein,
the first clamping control circuit is used for carrying out clamping control on the preprocessed alternating current signal so as to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to a second set voltage;
the second clamp control circuit is configured to perform clamp control on the alternating current signal having the second setting voltage to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to the first setting voltage;
wherein the first setting voltage is less than the second setting voltage.
Preferably, the ground fault detection apparatus described above, wherein the first clamp control circuit includes: a first voltage dependent resistor and a second voltage dependent resistor; wherein,
one end of the first piezoresistor is connected with a high-voltage wire end of the tested circuit, and the other end of the first piezoresistor is connected with one end of the second piezoresistor;
and the other end of the second piezoresistor is connected with the grounding end of the tested circuit.
Preferably, the ground fault detection apparatus described above, wherein the second clamp control circuit includes: the transient suppression circuit comprises a first unidirectional transient suppression diode TVS tube and a second unidirectional TVS tube; wherein,
the anode of the first unidirectional TVS tube is connected with the high-voltage line end of the tested circuit, and the cathode of the first unidirectional TVS tube is connected with the cathode of the second unidirectional TVS tube;
and the anode of the second unidirectional TVS tube is connected with the grounding end of the tested circuit.
Preferably, the ground fault detecting apparatus described above, wherein the converting unit includes: a second resistor, a third resistor, a first diode, a second diode, and a second capacitor,
one end of the second resistor is connected with the high-voltage wire end of the tested circuit, and the other end of the second resistor is connected with the direct-current signal input end of the grounding detection unit;
the cathode of the first diode is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the anode of the first diode is connected with a preset high level;
the cathode of the second diode is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the anode of the second diode is grounded;
one end of the second capacitor is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the other end of the second capacitor is grounded;
one end of the third resistor is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the other end of the third resistor is connected with the preset high level.
Preferably, the ground fault detecting device described above, wherein the ground fault detecting unit includes: the device comprises a power supply circuit, an analog-to-digital converter and a processor; wherein,
the power supply circuit is used for providing working power supply for the analog-to-digital converter and the processor;
the analog-to-digital converter is used for converting the received direct current signal into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal to the processor;
and the processor is used for judging whether the tested circuit is grounded or not by adopting a preset judgment rule according to the digital signal and generating a corresponding control signal.
Preferably, the ground fault detecting apparatus further includes: an alarm unit;
the grounding detection unit is also used for generating an alarm control instruction when the tested circuit is judged to be grounded;
and the alarm unit is used for receiving the alarm control instruction output by the grounding detection unit and executing corresponding alarm response according to the alarm control instruction.
Preferably, in the ground fault detection device, the alarm unit is a buzzer or an alarm lamp.
Borrow by above-mentioned technical scheme, the utility model provides a ground connection check out test set has following advantage at least:
the utility model provides a ground connection check out test set can eliminate the interfering signal in the received alternating current signal through setting up signal preprocessing unit, can be when the great transient disturbance voltage of energy appears on the measured line through setting up the clamp control unit, with the voltage class of alternating voltage clamp to setting for, for follow-up ground connection check out test set provides reliable protection, and then effectual protection ground connection check out test set avoids transient disturbance voltage's impact and damages.
The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of the present invention, and in order to make the technical means of the present invention clearer and can be implemented according to the content of the description, the following detailed description is made with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention and accompanying drawings.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an implementation of a ground fault detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a circuit implementation of the signal preprocessing unit, the clamping control unit and the converting unit in the ground fault detection apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a circuit implementation in which a signal preprocessing unit and a conversion unit in the ground fault detection device provided by the first embodiment of the present invention are designed redundantly;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a ground fault detection unit in the ground fault detection apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another implementation of the ground fault detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic flow chart of a ground fault detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a schematic structural diagram of a ground fault detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention is provided. As shown in fig. 1, the ground fault detection apparatus according to the first embodiment includes: the signal preprocessing unit 1, the clamping control unit 2, the conversion unit 3 and the grounding detection unit 4 are connected in sequence. The signal preprocessing unit 1 is configured to preprocess the received ac electrical signal to eliminate an interference signal in the ac electrical signal. The clamping control unit 2 is configured to perform clamping control on the pre-processed ac electrical signal to clamp the voltage of the ac electrical signal to a first set voltage. The conversion unit 3 is configured to convert the ac electrical signal with the first setting voltage into a dc electrical signal. The grounding detection unit 4 is configured to determine whether a tested line is grounded by using a preset determination rule according to the received dc electrical signal.
The grounding detection device provided by the embodiment can eliminate interference signals in received alternating current signals by arranging the signal preprocessing unit, and can clamp alternating current voltage to a set voltage level by arranging the clamping control unit when large voltage induced electricity appears on a detected line, so that reliable protection is provided for a subsequent grounding detection unit, and further the impact of transient interference voltage on the device is avoided.
Further, the signal preprocessing unit 1 described in the above embodiments may be specifically an RC filter circuit. As shown in fig. 2, the RC filter circuit includes: a first resistor R1 and a first capacitor C1. One end of the first resistor R1 is connected with a high voltage terminal HV of the tested line, and the other end of the first resistor R1 is connected with one end of the first capacitor C1. The other end of the first capacitor C1 is connected to the ground terminal of the line under test. The RC filter circuit can eliminate static electricity existing on the tested line. When the transient interference voltage with larger energy exists on the tested circuit, the RC filter circuit can provide a low-impedance discharge loop, so that the transient interference voltage cannot rise too high. What needs to be added here is: considering that the RC circuit provided with a resistor R1 may be damaged due to excessive power, the RC circuit may be designed redundantly, i.e. a resistor R2 is connected in series with the RC circuit. As shown in fig. 3, a resistor R2 is connected in series between the first resistor R1 and the first capacitor C1.
Further, the clamp control unit in the above embodiment can be implemented by using the circuit structure shown in fig. 2. Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, the clamp control unit includes: a first clamp control circuit 21 and a second clamp control circuit 22 connected in this order. The first clamp control circuit 21 is configured to perform clamp control on the pre-processed ac signal to clamp the voltage of the ac signal to a second set voltage. The second clamp control circuit 22 is configured to perform clamp control on the ac signal having the second setting voltage to clamp the voltage of the ac signal to the first setting voltage. The first setting voltage is less than the second setting voltage.
For example, in practical applications, the first set voltage may be 1000VAC, and the second set voltage may be 400 VAC.
More specifically, as shown in fig. 2, the first clamp control circuit 21 in the above embodiment includes: a first piezo-resistor R3 and a second piezo-resistor R4. One end of the first piezoresistor R3 is connected with a high-voltage line end HV of the tested line, and the other end of the first piezoresistor R3 is connected with one end of the second piezoresistor R4. The other end of the second piezoresistor R4 is connected with the grounding end of the tested circuit.
A varistor is a type of voltage sensitive element made using the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor materials. When the external voltage is lower, the current flowing through the resistor is very small, and the piezoresistor is in a high-resistance state; when the applied voltage reaches or exceeds the voltage-sensitive voltage, the resistance value of the voltage-sensitive resistor is sharply reduced and is rapidly conducted, and the working current of the voltage-sensitive resistor is increased by several orders of magnitude, so that other elements in the circuit are effectively protected from being damaged due to overvoltage. The first clamp control circuit described in this embodiment utilizes the characteristics of the voltage dependent resistor to clamp the pre-processed ac signal to a second set voltage.
As shown in fig. 2, the second clamp control circuit 22 includes: a first unidirectional Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) transistor D1 and a second unidirectional TVS transistor D2. The anode of the first unidirectional TVS tube D1 is connected with the high voltage line end HV of the tested line, and the cathode of the first unidirectional TVS tube D1 is connected with the cathode of the second unidirectional TVS tube D2. The anode of the second unidirectional TVS tube D2 is connected to the ground terminal of the line under test.
The TVS is a high-performance diode type protection device. When two poles of the TVS tube receive reverse transient high-energy impact, the TVS tube can be driven by 10-20The high impedance between the two poles is changed into low impedance at the speed of second order, the surge power up to thousands of watts is absorbed, the voltage between the two poles is clamped at a preset value, and the electric elements in the electronic circuit are effectively protected from being damaged by various transient interference voltages. The second clamp control circuit described in this embodiment utilizes the characteristics of the TVS tube to further clamp the ac signal having the second set voltage to the first set voltage, that is, further reduce the voltage of the ac signal, so as to further protect the electrical components in the subsequent electronic circuit from being damaged by various kinds of transient interference voltages.
As shown in fig. 2, the conversion unit 3 described in the above embodiment includes: the circuit comprises a second resistor R5, a third resistor R8, a first diode D3, a second diode D4 and a second capacitor C2. One end of the second resistor R5 is connected to a high voltage terminal HV of the tested line, and the other end of the second resistor R5 is connected to a dc signal input terminal VIN of the ground detection unit. The cathode of the first diode D3 is connected to the dc signal input terminal VIN of the ground detection unit, and the anode of the first diode D3 is connected to the predetermined high level VCC. The cathode of the second diode D4 is connected to the dc signal input VIN of the ground detection unit, and the anode of the second diode D4 is grounded. One end of the second capacitor C2 is connected to the dc signal input terminal VIN of the ground detection unit, and the other end of the second capacitor C2 is grounded. One end of the third resistor R8 is connected to the dc signal input terminal VIN of the ground detection unit, and the other end of the third resistor R8 is connected to the preset high level VCC. What needs to be added here is: in the circuit for realizing the conversion unit, in order to ensure reliability and avoid large current flowing through the diode, a redundancy design can be adopted, namely one or two resistors are connected in series in the circuit. For example, in the circuit shown in fig. 3, two resistors R6 and R7 are connected in series after the second resistor R5.
Specifically, the conversion unit converts the alternating current signal input to the grounding detection unit into a direct current signal of 0-5V through the pull-up and pull-down actions of the first diode D3 and the second diode D4. The large-value resistor connected in series in the circuit implemented by the conversion unit in the above embodiment limits the current flowing through the diode, and does not damage the pull-up and pull-down first diode D3 and second diode D4 when the voltage is too high.
Here, it should be noted that: fig. 2 and 3 only show one specific circuit implementation of the signal preprocessing unit, the clamping control unit and the converting unit, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and each unit may also be implemented by other circuits.
As shown in fig. 4, the ground fault detection unit described in the above embodiment includes: a power supply circuit 41, an analog-to-digital converter 42 and a processor 43. The power circuit 41 is configured to provide operating power for the analog-to-digital converter 42 and the processor 43. The analog-to-digital converter 42 is configured to convert the received dc signal into a digital signal, and output the digital signal to the processor 43. The processor 43 is configured to determine whether the tested line is grounded by using a preset determination rule according to the digital signal.
The processor may be an 8-bit microprocessor.
What needs to be added here is: the preset judgment rule can be generated based on the existing grounding detection basic principle, namely, the impedance between the tested line and the ground is calculated according to the digital signal, whether the impedance is greater than a set value or not is judged, if so, the tested line is judged not to be grounded, and otherwise, the tested line is judged to be grounded.
Further, the ground fault detection apparatus provided in the above embodiment further includes: and an alarm unit 5. As shown in fig. 5, the alarm unit is connected to the ground fault detection unit 4, and specifically, the alarm unit is connected to the processor 43 of the ground fault detection unit. The grounding detection unit is also used for generating an alarm control instruction when the tested circuit is judged to be grounded. The alarm unit 5 is configured to receive the alarm control instruction output by the ground fault detection unit 4, and execute a corresponding alarm response according to the alarm control instruction. Wherein, the alarm unit can be a buzzer or an alarm lamp. For example, when receiving an alarm control command output by the ground detection unit, the buzzer sends out an audio signal or the alarm lamp sends out an optical signal.
As shown in fig. 6, a schematic flow chart of the ground fault detection method according to the second embodiment of the present invention is shown. As shown in fig. 6, an execution subject of the method according to the second embodiment may be the ground fault detection device provided in the first embodiment, specifically, the method according to the second embodiment includes:
step 101, preprocessing the received alternating current signal to eliminate an interference signal in the alternating current signal.
And 102, performing clamping control on the preprocessed alternating current signal to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to a first set voltage.
Specifically, this step may be implemented by using two-time clamping control to clamp the voltage of the ac electrical signal to a first setting voltage, for example, including:
first, clamp control is performed on the ac electric signal after preprocessing to clamp the voltage of the ac electric signal to a second set voltage (e.g., 1000 VAC).
Then, clamp control is performed on the alternating current signal having the voltage of the second set voltage to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to the first set voltage (e.g., 400 VAC).
Step 103, converting the alternating current signal with the voltage of the first set voltage into a direct current signal.
And 104, judging whether the tested circuit is grounded or not by adopting a preset judgment rule according to the received direct current signal.
Specifically, the step can be implemented by a method comprising:
first, the received dc signal is converted into a digital signal.
Then, according to the digital signal, the impedance between the measured circuit and the ground is calculated.
Finally, judging whether the impedance is larger than a set value or not, and if so, judging that the tested circuit is not grounded; otherwise, judging that the tested circuit is grounded.
According to the grounding detection method provided by the embodiment, the interference signal in the received alternating current signal is eliminated, and then the clamping control is adopted to clamp the alternating current voltage to the set voltage level when the transient interference voltage with larger energy appears on the detected line, so that reliable protection can be provided for the subsequent circuit, and further the grounding detection equipment can be effectively protected from being damaged due to the impact of the transient interference voltage.
Further, the method according to the second embodiment further includes:
and if the tested circuit is grounded, generating an alarm control instruction so that the alarm unit receiving the alarm control instruction executes corresponding alarm response.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made by the technical spirit of the present invention to the above embodiments are all within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. A ground fault detection device, comprising: the signal preprocessing unit, the clamping control unit, the conversion unit and the grounding detection unit are connected in sequence; wherein,
the signal preprocessing unit is used for preprocessing the received alternating current signal so as to eliminate interference signals in the alternating current signal;
the clamping control unit is used for carrying out clamping control on the preprocessed alternating current signal so as to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to a first set voltage;
the conversion unit is used for converting the alternating current signal with the voltage of the first set voltage into a direct current signal;
and the grounding detection unit is used for judging whether the tested circuit is grounded or not by adopting a preset judgment rule according to the received direct current signal.
2. The ground detection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the signal preprocessing unit is an RC filter circuit, the RC filter circuit comprising: a first resistor and a first capacitor, wherein,
one end of the first resistor is connected with a high-voltage line end of the tested circuit, and the other end of the first resistor is connected with one end of the first capacitor;
the other end of the first capacitor is connected with the grounding end of the tested circuit.
3. The ground detection apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the clamp control unit includes: a first clamp control circuit and a second clamp control circuit connected in sequence, wherein,
the first clamping control circuit is used for carrying out clamping control on the preprocessed alternating current signal so as to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to a second set voltage;
the second clamp control circuit is configured to perform clamp control on the alternating current signal having the second setting voltage to clamp the voltage of the alternating current signal to the first setting voltage;
wherein the first setting voltage is less than the second setting voltage.
4. The ground detection apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first clamp control circuit comprises: a first voltage dependent resistor and a second voltage dependent resistor; wherein,
one end of the first piezoresistor is connected with a high-voltage wire end of the tested circuit, and the other end of the first piezoresistor is connected with one end of the second piezoresistor;
and the other end of the second piezoresistor is connected with the grounding end of the tested circuit.
5. The ground detection apparatus of claim 3, wherein the second clamp control circuit comprises: the transient suppression circuit comprises a first unidirectional transient suppression diode TVS tube and a second unidirectional TVS tube; wherein,
the anode of the first unidirectional TVS tube is connected with the high-voltage line end of the tested circuit, and the cathode of the first unidirectional TVS tube is connected with the cathode of the second unidirectional TVS tube;
and the anode of the second unidirectional TVS tube is connected with the grounding end of the tested circuit.
6. The ground detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conversion unit includes: a second resistor, a third resistor, a first diode, a second diode, and a second capacitor,
one end of the second resistor is connected with the high-voltage wire end of the tested circuit, and the other end of the second resistor is connected with the direct-current signal input end of the grounding detection unit;
the cathode of the first diode is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the anode of the first diode is connected with a preset high level;
the cathode of the second diode is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the anode of the second diode is grounded;
one end of the second capacitor is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the other end of the second capacitor is grounded;
one end of the third resistor is connected with the direct current signal input end of the grounding detection unit, and the other end of the third resistor is connected with the preset high level.
7. The ground detection apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the ground detection unit includes: the device comprises a power supply circuit, an analog-to-digital converter and a processor; wherein,
the power supply circuit is used for providing working power supply for the analog-to-digital converter and the processor;
the analog-to-digital converter is used for converting the received direct current signal into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal to the processor;
and the processor is used for judging whether the tested circuit is grounded or not by adopting a preset judgment rule according to the digital signal and generating a corresponding control signal.
8. The ground detection apparatus according to claim 1 or 4, characterized by further comprising: an alarm unit;
the grounding detection unit is also used for generating an alarm control instruction when the tested circuit is judged to be grounded;
and the alarm unit is used for receiving the alarm control instruction output by the grounding detection unit and executing corresponding alarm response according to the alarm control instruction.
9. The ground detection apparatus of claim 8, wherein the alarm unit is a buzzer or an alarm lamp.
CN201320865049.4U 2013-12-25 2013-12-25 Earthing detection equipment Expired - Lifetime CN204166072U (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201320865049.4U CN204166072U (en) 2013-12-25 2013-12-25 Earthing detection equipment

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201320865049.4U CN204166072U (en) 2013-12-25 2013-12-25 Earthing detection equipment

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104749476A (en) * 2013-12-25 2015-07-01 国家电网公司 Grounding detection device and grounding detection method
CN107238776A (en) * 2017-05-27 2017-10-10 国网河南省电力公司平顶山供电公司 It is a kind of to prevent detection warning device of the transformer station with safety measure power transmission
CN108749579A (en) * 2018-06-04 2018-11-06 北京新能源汽车股份有限公司 Grounding self-inspection method and device for high-voltage system, high-voltage system and automobile

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104749476A (en) * 2013-12-25 2015-07-01 国家电网公司 Grounding detection device and grounding detection method
CN107238776A (en) * 2017-05-27 2017-10-10 国网河南省电力公司平顶山供电公司 It is a kind of to prevent detection warning device of the transformer station with safety measure power transmission
CN108749579A (en) * 2018-06-04 2018-11-06 北京新能源汽车股份有限公司 Grounding self-inspection method and device for high-voltage system, high-voltage system and automobile
CN108749579B (en) * 2018-06-04 2020-07-24 北京新能源汽车股份有限公司 Grounding self-inspection method and device for high-voltage system, high-voltage system and automobile

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