CN204064976U - Low-angle is from pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device - Google Patents
Low-angle is from pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device Download PDFInfo
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- CN204064976U CN204064976U CN201420486422.XU CN201420486422U CN204064976U CN 204064976 U CN204064976 U CN 204064976U CN 201420486422 U CN201420486422 U CN 201420486422U CN 204064976 U CN204064976 U CN 204064976U
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Abstract
This use is novel provides a kind of large-sized multiple layer helical CT device, adopt accelerator x-ray source and multi-detector, the slip ring rotated is utilized on slip ring, to do mono-pendulum type reciprocating rotation by accelerator and detector, scanned object is horizontal through slip ring, realize high-resolution three-dimension fault imaging to large-sized objects such as such as air containers, realize more intuitively, more comprehensively, safety inspection more accurately.This CT device comprises the slip ring being fixed with accelerator X source and multi-detector, because counterweight is uneven, only need provide very little power-assisted slip ring can mono-pendulum type reciprocally swinging around Zuo≤180, the fixing center of circle degree.In scanning process, the angular velocity swung due to slip ring is uneven, and projection angle is uneven distribution also, thus needs the CT image reconstruction algorithm of particular design to obtain all required three-dimensional tomographic image.
Description
Technical field
This use is novel relates to air container CT examination field, and particularly low-angle is from pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device.
Background technology
1989, spiral CT (computed tomography) starts to drop into clinical practice, due to the huge advantage of spiral CT, it is made progressively to instead of former tomography CT, spiral CT is relative to the advantage of tomography CT: spiral CT can recording projection data uninterruptedly, and is obtained the three-dimensional data of object by custom-designed reconstruction algorithm, and the time of CT scan is shortened greatly, provide the Z axis resolution of rebuilding image, decrease motion artifacts.1991, Elscint company, on monolayer spiral CT basis, was first proposed double-layer spiral CT, has from then on opened the prelude of multi-layer spiral CT develop rapidly.
The key distinction of multi-layer spiral CT and monolayer spiral CT is that the detector of monolayer spiral CT is single, can only gather one deck fan-beam projection data at every turn, and the detecting device of multi-layer spiral CT is many rows, can gather multilayer Cone beam projection data simultaneously; Therefore, multi-layer spiral CT is compared with monolayer spiral CT and is greatly improved in performance, considerably increases the coverage of X-ray beam, effectively improves the utilization factor of X ray, shortens sweep time, can obtain higher-quality three-dimensional reconstruction image.1998, GE, Siemens, Toshiba, Philips company was proposed 4 slices spiral CT; Calendar year 2001, GE company takes the lead in being proposed 8 layers; 2002, GE, Siemens, Toshiba, Philips company was proposed 16 slices spiral CT respectively; 2005, Toshiba company was proposed 256 slices spiral CT; 2007, in the 93rd Radiological Society of North America's view of Chicago,U.S, Toshiba disclosed 320 slices spiral CT products of its up-to-date release.Current multi-slice Spiral CT speed has exceeded 3 weeks per second, be applied to the fields such as human body three-dimensional imaging, angiographic imaging, cardiac imaging, brain perfusion imaging widely, technically also grown up the new technologies such as computer assisted surgery, virtual endoscopic techniques and adjuvant radiation therapies at multi-layer spiral CT.
Conventional multilayer spiral CT achieves huge success in medical application, but when in the face of large-sized object three-dimensional fault imaging, still show a lot of deficiency: (1) needs higher penetration power and larger scanning space to large-sized object imaging, and common X-ray machine is difficult to reach high penetration power, common compact detector and small size slip ring are also difficult to obtain large scanning space, thus need to adopt accelerator x-ray source and large-scale detector, this will cause the significantly increase of scanister weight, high demand is proposed to the bearing capacity of slip ring and size dimension, conventional multilayer spiral CT is difficult to reach.(2) because conventional multilayer spiral CT adopts the slip ring of continuous rotation, X-ray machine on ring and the power supply needed for multi-detector are all supplied by high-speed slip rings, a large amount of data for projection that particularly multi-detector produces in scanning process need by the computing machine under wireless radio-frequency high-speed transfer to ring, substantially increase technical difficulty and the cost of slip ring and fax part, if adopt accelerator and large-scale detector that power demands is higher again, then may realize hardly.
Along with the develop rapidly of large-area flat-plate detector technology, Medical flat detector technology is quite ripe.About last decade, adopt the application CT equipment of flat panel detector to occur and reached its maturity, such as oral cavity Cone-Beam CT also extensively adopts clinically.Originally multi-layer spiral CT needs x-ray source to rotate a few can to scan region completely, scanning only may being needed passable once enclosing, substantially reducing the time of scanning after using flat panel detector.But because flat panel detector all often can only bear very low energy and dosage, and resolution is high, cost is high, is obviously not suitable for large-sized object imaging, so, need to use new x-ray source and new detector to detect to be applicable to the large-sized objects such as air container.
utility model content
Given this, this uses novel object to be to overcome or eliminate one or more problem in prior art, provides a kind of low-angle from pendulum-type CT equipment, it is characterized in that comprising:
X-ray generator, is configured to launch X ray towards detected object;
Data acquisition subsystem, is configured to the X ray signal gathered through detected object and performs detection;
Swing support device, X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem to be arranged on swing support device and spaced separately, detected object be placed on X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem arrange between or from passing through between them, described swing support device is configured to can the to-and-fro movement in an oscillatory manner when carrying X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem.
Implement novel one side according to this, the to-and-fro movement of swing support device is the mono-pendulum type to-and-fro movement of the centre offset utilizing swing support device.
Implement novel one side according to this, the to-and-fro movement of swing support device is at the uniform velocity on most of stroke of removing two end portions.
Implement novel one side according to this, swing support device is slip ring, X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem be arranged in slip ring circumferentially and the opposite side be positioned at relative to center.
Implement novel one side according to this, the reciprocally swinging amplitude peak of swing support device is no more than 180 degree.
Implement novel one side according to this, X-ray generator is high power x-ray accelerator.
Implement novel one side according to this, X-ray generator provides taper or fan-shaped x-ray beam.
Implement novel one side according to this, data acquisition subsystem comprises multi-detector array.
Implement novel one side according to this, CT equipment also comprises a year bed, configures to carry detected object through the surveyed area be made up of X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem.
Implement novel one side according to this, carrying bed along both direction moving linearly, can comprise lifting and translation.
Implement novel one side according to this, CT equipment also comprises control subsystem, in order to the operation of the motion and X ray and data acquisition subsystem that control swing support device.
Implement novel one side according to this, CT equipment also comprises data processing subsystem, processes the data for projection obtained by data acquisition subsystem, reconstructs object dimensional stereo-picture.
This uses novel low-angle to be to use from the feature of pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device and to be suitable for checking the high-power accelerator x-ray source of large object and multi-detector, led to≤reciprocating rotation of 180 degree completes whole scanning process with the rectilinear motion being loaded with subject and carrying bed.X-ray source is spiral broken line to the scanning pattern of container.This uses the scan pattern of novel CT equipment use reciprocating rotation, wire transmission mode is adopted to complete the transmission of X-ray projection data, solve and utilize large-scale X ray accelerator to carry out checking the technical barriers such as the system relating to complexity, enormously simplify the complexity of system, technical difficulty and manufacturing cost.Rotate from pendulum-type the scan mode going out restraint with fixed frequency and also simplify transmission control device, system automatically can be determined and record time of at every turn going out to restraint and extrapolate scanning angle.Meanwhile, this scan mode also makes subject x-ray irradiation dosage suffered in scanning process also greatly reduce.Therefore, this use is novel has very high market application potential.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 uses novel low-angle from the scanning schematic diagram of pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device according to this
Fig. 2 uses novel low-angle from the sliding ring part schematic cross-section of pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device according to this
Fig. 3 uses novel low-angle from the X source scanning pattern schematic diagram of pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device according to this, and wherein X source scanning pattern is a continuous Non-smooth surface spiral broken line be made up of segmentation helical segment.
Fig. 4 uses novel low-angle from the vertical view of the X source track while scan of pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device according to this, the wherein continuous Non-smooth surface curve that is made up of the class sinusoidal line of segmentation by one of X source scanning pattern vertical view, the vertical view of this display be X source sweep starting point directly over Z axis time.
Embodiment
Use novel embodiment to provide detailed reference to this now, its example illustrates in the accompanying drawings, and numeral identical in figure all represents identical element.For explaining that the novel following embodiment of this use is described with reference to accompanying drawing.Native system schematic diagram can see attached Fig. 1 and 2.
This low-angle using a novel embodiment to provide utilizes the reciprocating rotation scanning of accelerator X source and multi-detector Tong Guo≤180 degree to obtain whole data for projection needed for CT three-dimensional image reconstruction from pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device, then utilizes corresponding CT to rebuild and the three-dimensional tomographic image of data processing technique acquisition institute irradiated site.
Use novel embodiment according to this, as shown in Figure 1, low-angle is from pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device, and it comprises X-ray generator 1, is configured to launch X ray towards detected object; With, data acquisition subsystem 3, is configured to the X ray signal gathered through detected object 6 and performs detection.CT equipment also comprises swing support device, X-ray generator 1 and data acquisition subsystem 3 to be arranged on swing support device and spaced separately, described swing support device is configured to can the to-and-fro movement in an oscillatory manner when carrying X-ray generator 1 and data acquisition subsystem 3.
According to an embodiment, X-ray generator 1 comprises X ray accelerator light source 1, and corresponding utility appliance.Because van container volume is large, the X-ray generator of prior art is used to be difficult to the object realizing detecting.The present embodiment adopts X ray accelerator 1 can realize to van container 6 detection by the large X ray 2 of emissive power high-energy.Accelerate electronic target by accelerator, produce X ray 2, high-energy taper or fan-shaped x-ray beam 2 can be provided.
According to an embodiment, X-ray generator 1 is arranged on swing support device 4, can do the to-and-fro movement of such as mono-pendulum type swing with bracing or strutting arrangement 4.The reciprocally swinging amplitude of bracing or strutting arrangement 4 can be no more than 180 degree.The reciprocally swinging amplitude of bracing or strutting arrangement 4 can be less than 180 degree arbitrarily angled.Fig. 2 shows slip ring with the reciprocating schematic diagram of the amplitude of 180 degree.
According to an embodiment, swingable bracing or strutting arrangement 4 can be slip ring 4, X-ray generator 1 and data acquisition subsystem 3 be arranged in slip ring circumferentially, relative to the opposite side at center.The reciprocally swinging amplitude of swing support device 4 can be no more than 180 degree.
It is favourable that amplitude of fluctuation is equal to or less than 180 degree.Scanning generally in order to carry out omnibearing such as 360 degree to object, bracing or strutting arrangement 4 can rotating 360 degrees.But the slip ring 4 in the present embodiment advantageously rotates or swings in the scope being equal to or less than 180 degree, reduce amplitude of fluctuation, less pendulum angle scope is conducive to making the setting of system simpler.In the situation of the van container examination of cargo, this is especially favourable.As everyone knows, X ray accelerator 1 has very large weight and volume, X ray accelerator all uses substantially under fixing situation in the prior art, because support and drive huge X ray accelerator 1 to be difficult, often need huge framework and high-power drive unit, this makes system very complicated and proposes high requirement to relevant equipment, thus usually cannot realize.Can reduce the power consumption of system with little angular movement slip ring, the actuating system of corresponding configuration can be simplified; Further, the kinetic energy change amount that the slip ring 4 of support X ray accelerator 1 bears in motion process will significantly reduce, and is minimized the requirement to supporting construction thus, and improving the security of supporting construction, is very favourable economically.Less hunting range swings and reduces inspected object and stand X ray 2 irradiation dose, this is particularly favourable in the situation using X ray accelerator 1.
Because slip ring is only around Zuo≤180, the center of circle degree reciprocating rotary, there is not the coiling problem that continuous rotation causes, therefore, a large amount of data for projection in scanning process, multi-detector gathered can be transferred in the data processing stations of rear end by optical cable wired.Compared with wireless transmission, use Data Over Cable signal to have transmission speed faster, the advantage that signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) is higher, its anti-electromagnetic interference capability is also stronger.Less hunting range swings makes the cable etc. of the such as transmission of information be connected with pendulous device move with less amplitude, and this is for very favourable in actual applications main equipment.In some specific scanning processes, degree, Huo≤60, degree, Huo≤70, degree, Huo≤90, degree, Huo≤100, degree, Huo≤120, slip ring also Ke Yi≤150 degree or less angle reciprocally swinging, thus the Scanning Detction of the entirety realized detected object or local.
According to an embodiment, data acquisition subsystem comprises the multi-detector array 3 with detector area that is certain or setting.The area of detector can be arranged according to actual needs.Detector cells is generally equidistant arrangement, also can be isogonism arrangement, or other non-equidistant arrangement modes.Multi-detector is for obtaining the transmission projection data of fladellum ray.This part also comprises the sensing circuit and logic control element etc. of data for projection on detector.Detector can be solid probe, scintillator detector, also can be gas detector, can also be semiconductor detector.
Multi-detector can be fixed on the bracing or strutting arrangement 4 of the slip ring such as rotated, a large amount of data for projection produced in scanning process by the line transmission such as optical cable, netting twine in the data processing stations of rear end.According to the present embodiment, adopt wire transmission can ensure the speed that data are transmitted, reduce the loss of signal in transmitting procedure, improve the antijamming capability of Signal transmissions; Meanwhile, technical difficulty and the cost of data acquisition can be reduced to a great extent.
According to an embodiment, slip ring 4 can adopt the slip ring 4 of toroidal, as shown in figs. 1 and 2.X-ray generator 1 and multi-detector 3 differ 180 degree, that is, be relatively fixed on slip ring relative to the center of slip ring 4.Multi-detector can be fixed on the inner side of slip ring, as schematically illustrated in Fig. 2.As shown in Figure 2, the subtended angle of fladellum X ray 2 and the useful detection area of the multi-detector 3 x-ray imaging area size needed for reality determines.Although it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that X ray emitter 1 and corresponding detector 3 only scan in the scope being less than 180 degree, but still can draw according to the signal of scanning the check result meeting actual needs.
According to an embodiment, slip ring 4 provides power-assisted by electrical system, controls it and rotates with certain amplitude of oscillation cycle, controls X-ray generator 1 simultaneously and sends pulsed X ray 2 by fixed frequency, and drive multi-detector recording projection data.
According to an embodiment, this use is novel especially advantageously to be utilized the decentered distribution of weight of equipment and adopts mono-pendulum type Motor execution scanning motion.Particularly, such as, because X ray accelerator 1 is heavier, the center of gravity of overall slip ring will depart from the center of circle, thus self-assembling formation single pendulum because of near X ray accelerator 1 direction, and suppose that the distance that slip ring 4 departs from the center of circle is again L, then hunting period is
control system only needs to provide a little power-assisted, and slip ring 4 just naturally carries out periodic wobble, and keeps the amplitude of oscillation constant.This mode takes full advantage of natural energy and the rule of simple harmonic motion, thus complicated driving mechanism is not needed, only need little actuation force namely can realize oscillating motion, make the swing amplitudes such as slip ring 4 maintenance, interlock between light source 1 and detector 3 is controlled by clock frequency completely, enormously simplify transmission control device, make the structure of slip ring 4 become simpler, compact, reasonable, provide cost savings.The configuration that the present embodiment advantageously utilizes the integral central of slip ring 4 biased, only need to apply the mono-pendulum type motion that less power-assisted just can realize slip ring 4, both system drive configuration can have been simplified, be conducive to again by the mono-pendulum type of slip ring 4 motion and X ray emitter junction altogether, system can be determined automatically and record at every turn go out bundle time and extrapolate scanning angle, simplify the whole installation of system significantly, reduce costs, improve the operational reliability of system, there is great economic implications.Thus, for the equipment that a volume and weight is huge, much smaller driving force can be used namely can to complete scanning motion, in this structure at real system and operation, there is positive effect, thus commercially succeed.
Because the angular velocity swung is uneven, this uses be novel does not adopt grating scale to go out bundle to trigger accelerator, and adopt fixed frequency go out bundle mode, acquisition system presses same frequency collection data for projection.
According to an embodiment, slip ring 4 also can activated with substantial constant linear velocity or angular velocity motion.That is, in reciprocating most of stroke, slip ring supports this X ray accelerator 1 and data acquisition subsystem 3 is rotated evenly, at reciprocating two ends is only to accelerate and retarded motion.In the process, X ray accelerator 1 launches X ray 2 with the constant cycle, thus performs testing process.Slip ring 4 also can activated with other speed reciprocating, and those skilled in the art can be arranged as required.
According to an embodiment, CT equipment also comprises a year bed 5, configures to carry detected object 6 through the surveyed area be made up of X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem.Carrying bed 5 can moving linearly.A year bed for rectilinear motion can do rectilinear motion in the two directions: lifting and translation.Container 6 is conveniently placed on by elevating movement to be carried on bed 5, and carrying a bed 5 first can drop to proper height, after container 6 is placed into and carries on bed 5, carries bed 5 and rises to height required for CT scan again.Then, by the translation motion of carrying bed 5, container 6 is at the uniform velocity passed through CT scan region, complete CT scan process.The speed of translation by by the cycle swung with the quality requirements rebuilding image is determined jointly.
According to an embodiment, CT equipment also comprises control subsystem, in order to the operation of the motion and X ray and data acquisition subsystem that control swing support device 4.Control subsystem and allow each several part co-ordination of CT equipment.
According to an embodiment, CT equipment also comprises data processing subsystem, processes the data for projection obtained by data acquisition subsystem, reconstructs object dimensional stereo-picture.Data processing subsystem can be such as data handling machine, is responsible for data processing, processes, reconstruct object dimensional stereo-picture, and shown by display the data for projection obtained by data acquisition subsystem.The main control of whole three-dimensional imaging safety check system operational process can also be responsible for, comprise Mechanical course, electrical control, safety interlocking control etc.That is, control subsystem with when controlling subsystem when CT equipment adopts, control subsystem and data processing subsystem can integrate.Computing machine can be high performance single PC, also can be workstation or a group of planes.Display can be CRT traditional monitor also can be liquid crystal display.
According to an embodiment, the control of whole imaging system, data transmission, image reconstruction and data processing are completed by computer workstation, scan control information, positional information, data for projection etc. are input in computer workstation by data acquisition system (DAS), completed the reconstruction of the transmission image of object, faultage image and three-dimensional image by workstation, finally show over the display
In addition, use novel CT equipment according to this, Projection Body data weighting function can be used to add cone-beam filtered back-projection method reconstructs the three-dimensional tomographic image of tested object, or to rebuild in conjunction with iteration on filtered back-projection method basis.
Use novel CT equipment according to this, data processing technique comprises sclerosis, scatter correction, metal artifacts reduction, and image procossing and pattern-recognition.This low-angle, from pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device, adopts X ray accelerator 1 to be radiographic source, because beam is polychromatic spectrum instead of monochromatic spectrum, there is hardening effect.What native system utilized is the Transmission Attenuation of ray, in systems in practice, also there is scattering effect.Meanwhile, the correlation technique of image procossing and pattern-recognition is also needed, such as image enhaucament, rim detection, the technology such as computer-aided diagnosis.
Novel embodiment is used according to this, for arriving accurate image reconstruction, x-ray imaging system, i.e. X-ray generator 1 and data acquisition subsystem 3, should be able to accurately measure or demarcate following systematic parameter: X ray source point S is to the distance T of detector, the rotation center O position of slip ring, the line of S and O will ensure perpendicular to detector array plane, and rotation center O is to the distance T of detector
1, as shown in Figure 2.The angle parameter of source point S position when also having X-ray generator at every turn to expose, the physical size of multi-detector, comprises the physical size etc. of single detector physical size and detector array.It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that and utilize existing knowledge can realize the process of detection signal to draw image.
This low-angle is use the reciprocating rotation of accelerator x-ray source 1 and multi-detector 3 Tong Guo≤180 degree to complete whole scanning process with the rectilinear motion being loaded with subject and carrying bed from the feature of pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device, and x-ray source is spiral broken line 9 to the scanning pattern of container.The motion path of x-ray source has been shown in Fig. 3, and wherein 8 is radiographic source motion start positions.This uses the scan pattern of novel CT equipment use reciprocating rotation, adopts wire transmission mode to complete the transmission of X-ray projection data, enormously simplify the complexity of system, technical difficulty and manufacturing cost.Rotate from pendulum-type the scan mode going out restraint with fixed frequency and also simplify transmission control device, system automatically can be determined and record time of at every turn going out to restraint and extrapolate scanning angle.Meanwhile, this scan mode also makes subject x-ray irradiation dosage suffered in scanning process also greatly reduce.Therefore, this use is novel has very high market application potential.
Although use novel exemplary embodiments with reference to this, to specifically illustrate and to describe this use novel, but those of ordinary skill in the art are to be understood that, when this not departing from that claims limit uses novel spirit and scope, the multiple change in form and details can be carried out to these embodiments.
Claims (12)
1. low-angle is from a pendulum-type CT equipment, it is characterized in that comprising:
X-ray generator, is configured to launch X ray towards detected object;
Data acquisition subsystem, is configured to the X ray signal gathered through detected object and performs detection;
Swing support device, X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem to be arranged on swing support device and spaced separately, detected object be placed on X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem arrange between or from passing through between them, described swing support device is configured to can the to-and-fro movement in an oscillatory manner when carrying X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem.
2. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the to-and-fro movement of swing support device is the mono-pendulum type to-and-fro movement of the centre offset utilizing swing support device.
3. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the to-and-fro movement of swing support device is at the uniform velocity on most of stroke of removing two end portions.
4. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, swing support device is slip ring, X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem be arranged in slip ring circumferentially and the opposite side be positioned at relative to center.
5. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the reciprocally swinging amplitude peak of swing support device is no more than 180 degree.
6. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, X-ray generator is high power x-ray accelerator.
7. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, X-ray generator provides taper or fan-shaped x-ray beam.
8. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, data acquisition subsystem comprises multi-detector array.
9. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, also comprises and carries bed, configures to carry detected object through the surveyed area be made up of X-ray generator and data acquisition subsystem.
10. CT equipment as claimed in claim 9, is characterized in that, carrying bed along both direction moving linearly, can comprise lifting and translation.
11. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, also comprise control subsystem, in order to the operation of the motion and X ray and data acquisition subsystem that control swing support device.
12. CT equipment as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, also comprise data processing subsystem, process the data for projection obtained by data acquisition subsystem, reconstruct object dimensional stereo-picture.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104198506A (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2014-12-10 | 清华大学 | Small-angle self-pendulum type large-size multi-layer spiral CT (Computed Tomography) equipment and inspection method |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104198506A (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2014-12-10 | 清华大学 | Small-angle self-pendulum type large-size multi-layer spiral CT (Computed Tomography) equipment and inspection method |
| CN104198506B (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2017-11-07 | 清华大学 | Low-angle is from pendulum-type large-sized multiple layer helical CT device and inspection method |
| US11022569B2 (en) | 2014-08-27 | 2021-06-01 | Nuctech Company Limited | Low-angle self-swinging, large-scale multi-slice spiral computed tomography apparatus and inspection method |
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Granted publication date: 20141231 Effective date of abandoning: 20171107 |