CN203757423U

CN203757423U - LED lamp with glass heat pipe and organic LED luminous bodies on surface of heat pipe

Info

Publication number: CN203757423U
Application number: CN201420055822.5U
Authority: CN
Inventors: 林建平
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2014-01-28
Filing date: 2014-01-28
Publication date: 2014-08-06
Anticipated expiration: 2024-01-28

Abstract

The utility model discloses an LED lamp with a glass heat pipe and organic LED luminous bodies on the surface of the heat pipe. The LED lamp comprises the glass heat pipe, LEDs, a driving power source, an electric external connecting interface and a control system, and is characterized in that various portions of a shell of the glass heat pipe are hermetically integrally connected with one another by means of seamless melting and sealing; the organic LED luminous bodies are arranged on the surface of the glass heat pipe; the surface of a heat end of the glass heat pipe coincides with the surfaces of the LEDs, and the LEDs are in heat transfer connection with the heat end of the glass heat pipe. The LED lamp has the advantages that the heat end of the glass heat pipe of the LED lamp can be directly in heat transfer connection with the LEDs in an insulated manner, so that the shortest heat transfer paths from the LEDs to an environment only comprise the glass heat pipe and heat transfer adhesive or elastic heat conduction films among the LEDs and the glass heat pipe when heat is directly dissipated from a cold end of the glass heat pipe; glass is stable in performance, high in weather resistance and good in air tightness; the organic LED luminous bodies are coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe, and accordingly the entertainment of the product can be improved.

Description

Glass heat pipe LED lamp with organic LED luminous body on surface of heat pipe

Technical Field

The utility model relates to a glass heat pipe LED lamps and lanterns of organic LED luminous element are taken on heat pipe surface. The LED is an english abbreviation of laser light emitting diode, and can be regarded as a recognized technical term in the technical field.

Background

The LED lamp adopting the gravity heat pipe has a general structure that a plurality of LEDs are connected to a hot end below the heat pipe in a heat transfer mode. The main role of the heat pipe in this case is to achieve heat flux density conversion and heat dissipation. The associated heat flux density transitions from approximately 0.5 watts per square centimeter to approximately 0.06 watts per square centimeter.

Considering the existing LED lamp, for one of the LEDs with a length and width of 5 × 7 mm, a total power of 0.6 w, an efficiency of 21%, and energy except for light emission all conducted to the environment through the surface, the total surface area of the LED is 1 cm 2 (0.5 × 0.7 × 2+0.1.25 (7 +5+7+ 5)), and the heat flux density of the heat dissipation load is 0.6 (1-0.21)/1 = 0.474 w/cm 2. Without the use of a heat sink, the surface temperature of the LED may exceed 100 ℃.

In addition, for an LED with a heat sink having a heat dissipation load of 10W, the heat dissipation power density was 0.05W/cm 2 in terms of a heat dissipation area 200 parallel square cm on the surface of the heat sink. As a control reference: the peak intensity of the sunlight exposure is about 1 kilowatt per square meter and 0.1 watt per centimeter 2. A25 watt incandescent bulb having a surface area of 170 cm 2 causes a significant temperature rise at the surface of the glass envelope due to the infrared blocking and absorbing effect of the glass envelope. Here, taking 10 watts of heat dissipation power through the glass bulb, the density of the heat dissipation power conducted through the glass bulb is 10/170 ≈ 0.0588 watts/cm 2.

The calculation formula of the object heat dissipation power and the heat dissipation surface temperature rise is as follows:

Q=K*ΔT*S…………

in the formula 1, Q is heat dissipation power, and the dimension is tile; k is the heat transfer coefficient from the surface of the cold end of the glass heat pipe to air, and the dimension is tile/(° c square meter); delta T is the temperature rise of heated air, and the dimension is K or; and S is the area of the cold end of the glass heat pipe in contact with air, and the dimension is square meter.

Substituting Q =10, K =23 watts per square meter (C), and S =0.02 square meter; the temperature rise delta T of the heat dissipation model is obtained to be approximately equal to 21.74 ℃. When S =0.017 square meters, the temperature rise delta T is approximately equal to 25.58 ℃. All heat dissipation loads here enter the environment by heat exchange with the air at an almost average temperature. In practice, the value of the heat transfer coefficient K is also related to the surface conditions, including the cleaning state and the emissivity.

For LED fixtures, the heat dissipation path from the LED to the air is much more complex than for incandescent lamps. The temperature rise value of the surface of the LED lamp radiator relative to the ambient temperature of 30 ℃ is 21.74 ℃, the temperature drop of the heat conducting material between the LED and the hot end of the heat pipe is 2 ℃, the temperature drop of the pipe wall of the hot end of the heat pipe is 2 ℃, the temperature drop of two-phase flow heat exchange from the hot end of the heat pipe to the cold end is negligible, and the temperature drop of the pipe wall of the cold end of the heat pipe is 1 ℃, so that the surface temperature of the LED can reach 30+21.74+1+2+2=56.74 ℃. In view of the fact that the surface temperature of an LED varies with ambient temperature and its own heat flux density. When the highest value of the set environment temperature is 30 ℃, the heat transfer coefficient is set to be 23 and the highest temperature of the LED is 64 ℃, the area of the cold end of the glass heat pipe required by each watt of heat dissipation power is at least 15 square centimeters; the corresponding heat flux density was 0.0667 watts/cm 2. Under the working condition, the light attenuation of the LED10 for ten thousand hours is expected to be lower than 20 percent; and the light attenuation of the few poor LED lamps in the prior art can reach more than 50% only in summer.

Chinese patent 2008200495178 discloses a high-power heat pipe LED lighting device, which includes an LED, a base, a heat pipe, and a heat dissipation device, wherein one side of the base is provided with one or more LEDs, one end, i.e., a hot end, of the heat pipe is connected to the base, and the other end, i.e., a cold end, of the heat pipe is connected to the heat dissipation device. The heat pipe and the base are directly welded or filled with heat-conducting silicone grease without other intermediate heat transfer media, so that the heat resistance is relatively low and the heat transfer efficiency is high. The heat dissipation structure has the characteristics of simple structure, good heat dissipation effect and reliable work. But the base is adopted to be connected with the LED in a heat transfer way, and an electric insulation layer is required to be arranged to realize electric isolation; the cold end of the metal heat pipe is provided with the heat dissipation fin plate as a heat exchange interface with air, and because the temperature between the cold end of the heat pipe and the heat dissipation fin plate is also reduced and the surface temperature of the heat dissipation fin plate is uneven, a heat dissipation link and heat exchange thermal resistance with air are increased; heat sinks are costly and not easily cleaned; an insulating layer with higher pressure resistance is needed between the hot end of the metal heat pipe and the LED, and the insulating layer has thermal resistance. The surface of the LED has much larger temperature drop because of the large heat flow density and the same thermal resistance. Since LEDs are sensitive to temperature, LEDs will decay faster at temperatures above 65 ℃. Therefore, the reduction of the heat transfer link and the reduction of the thermal resistance of the heat transfer link have important significance.

Disclosure of Invention

The utility model discloses a glass heat pipe LED lamps and lanterns of organic LED luminous element are taken to heat pipe surface.

The utility model discloses realize the technical scheme of its purpose: the glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe is manufactured, and comprises the glass heat pipe, an LED, a driving power supply, an electrical connection interface with the outside and a control system. And a heat transfer substrate is contained or not contained between the glass heat pipe and the LED. The glass heat pipe comprises a glass pipe shell, an exhaust pipe, a working medium and a liquid absorption core net. The glass tube shells comprise a high-transparency glass tube shell and a colored glass tube shell. The cold end of the glass heat pipe is provided with or without folds. The cold end of the glass heat pipe adopts or does not adopt a radiating fin. The electrical connection interface with the outside comprises a two-core wire or a bulb screw connector. When the color or the color temperature of the LEDs is constant, the LEDs forming the color or the color temperature comprise three-primary-color LEDs and can be electrically connected with the outside only by one group of two leads; when the color or the color temperature of the LEDs is adjustable, the LEDs forming the color or the color temperature comprise three-primary-color LEDs and are respectively electrically connected with the outside by adopting a group of two leads. All parts of the glass heat pipe shell are seamlessly fused, sealed and connected into a whole; the surface of the glass heat pipe is smooth, and more than 70% of the area of the glass heat pipe is provided with an organic LED luminous body; the surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe is matched with the surface of the LED, the LED is in direct heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe, and the surface of the LED comprises a light-emitting surface and other surfaces; or the glass heat pipe contains a built-in LED, and the surface of the built-in LED, the pin and the light-emitting surface of the pin are provided with waterproof layers or transparent waterproof layers; the built-in LED is immersed in the working medium; and the pins of the built-in LED are LED out through an electrode lead-out structure similar to a bulb.

The outer side of the hot end of the glass heat pipe can also contain an LED circuit board. The inner side surface of the LED circuit board is matched with the outer surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe. The LED circuit board comprises an insulating substrate, and a conducting circuit, an LED connecting interface, a circuit board reinforcing layer and meshes which are manufactured on the insulating substrate. The LED connection interface comprises a solder interface. The LED connecting interface is used for connecting an LED; and a heat insulation design is adopted between the LED connecting interface and the glass heat pipe. The reinforcing layer comprises a porous steel plate or an elastic mesh plate embedded in the insulating substrate. The rigidity and the stability of the LED circuit board can be obviously enhanced by adopting the reinforcing layer. The proper mesh can reduce the wrapping of the glass heat pipe, which is beneficial to heat dissipation. The LED circuit board and the driving power supply are connected through a plurality of cables, and the connection of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply comprises mechanical connection, electrical connection and binding connection of the glass heat pipe. The connection of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply comprises the realization of a cable connection interface around the LED circuit board or the driving power supply; the cable connection interface includes a cable-winding stub. Usually, the cable is fixed on the glass heat pipe by bonding material, and sometimes the cable can also adopt a narrow metal foil to reduce the protrusion of the surface of the glass heat pipe. Or, the driving power supply adopts a structure that the driving power supply main body is connected with a driving power supply base. The drive power supply main body is provided with a contact piece, and the drive power supply base is provided with a cable clamping groove. After the driving power supply main body is connected with the driving power supply base in a matched mode, the contact piece is electrically connected with the cable clamping groove. And a quick-connect cable with a cable clamping end and an elastic member connected in series/parallel is adopted. The series connection means that the elastic part is connected with a cable in series and the elastic part flows the same current as the cable; the connection means that both ends of the elastic member are connected to a cable having a sufficient length and the connection member may pass no current or less current. The quick-connection cable has high enough tensile strength; the resilient member comprises a length of spring. And the cable clamping end is connected with the cable clamping groove in a clamping manner. The connection between the LED circuit board and the quick-connection cable comprises welding connection or quick-assembly connection. The quick-assembly connection comprises the clamping connection.

The LED circuit board can also comprise a plurality of LED holes, and the edge of each LED hole comprises more than two connecting interfaces with the LEDs; the LED is arranged in the LED hole and is in heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe through heat conducting materials including an elastic heat conducting film and a transparent heat conducting bonding material.

The LED connecting interface on the LED circuit board can also be a stainless steel sheet arranged on the circuit board; both ends of the LED respectively comprise a stainless steel sheet stitch welding flat sheet with a corrugated transition section; the two stainless steel sheets, namely the stainless steel sheet on the circuit board and the stitch welding flat sheet are mutually overlapped and contain welding connection parts of laser stitch welding.

The LED circuit board may also be made to include a flexible circuit board.

The surface of the LED in heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe is provided with an elastic heat-conducting film with the shape matched with the surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe; the glass heat pipe comprises a connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base, and the connecting interface comprises a threaded connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base; the connecting interface also comprises more than one positioning step which protrudes outwards, and the surfaces of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base respectively comprise connecting interfaces which are matched with the surfaces of the positioning steps; or,

adopting a plurality of attached radiating fins or attached radiating fin groups which are in heat transfer connection with the cold ends of the glass heat pipes; the surface of the LED in heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe and the surface of the contact part of the attached radiating fin or the attached radiating fin group and the glass heat pipe contain heat-conducting glue or an elastic heat-conducting film with the shape matched with the surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe; the glass heat pipe comprises a connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base, and the connecting interface comprises a threaded connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base; the connecting interface also comprises more than one positioning step which protrudes outwards, and the surfaces of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base respectively comprise connecting interfaces which are matched with the surfaces of the positioning steps.

The LED circuit board can also comprise a quick-connection cable which is provided with a sleeve buckle at one end and is not connected with the elastic piece in series; the driving power supply base comprises a telescopic spring hook; the quick-connection cable is sleeved with the spring hook to realize electrical and mechanical connection between the quick-connection cable and the spring hook; or the LED circuit board comprises a quick-connection cable with a sleeve buckle at one end and not connected with the elastic piece in series; the driving power supply base comprises a flexible springboard hook; the quick connection cable is sleeved with the elastic plate hook to realize electrical and mechanical connection between the quick connection cable and the elastic plate hook.

The two ends of the LED can also respectively contain a clamp spring piece of the glass heat pipe shell, the clamp spring piece comprises two spring pieces, and the free end of each spring piece respectively contains more than one contact pin. The clamp spring piece is connected with the hot end of the glass heat pipe in a heat transfer way; the contact pin can be inserted into a multi-pin interface to realize the electrical connection between the contact pin and the multi-pin interface.

The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe can also comprise a light homogenizing sheet; the hot end or the boundary of the hot end of the glass heat pipe and the inner side of the light homogenizing sheet are respectively provided with a light homogenizing sheet magnetic suction connecting interface; the magnetic connecting interface comprises the following materials: paramagnetic material + permanent magnetic material or permanent magnetic material + permanent magnetic material; the two uniform light sheet magnetic connecting interfaces are magnetically connected.

More than one glass heat pipe can be adopted, and the glass heat pipe comprises a glass heat pipe with more than one cold end, a U-shaped tubular glass heat pipe with two cold ends, and a multi-cold-end glass heat pipe with a main cold end, two U-shaped tubular main cold ends and branch cold ends which are connected with the main cold ends in a bypass mode; each cold end comprises a cold end which is straight upwards, spirally bent upwards and snakelike bent upwards; all LEDs are uniformly distributed at the hot end of each glass heat pipe according to the heat dissipation load.

The cold end of the glass heat pipe does not contain a special radiating fin; or the cold end of the glass heat pipe has a surface with large specific surface area and comprises folds.

The utility model has the advantages that: the utility model discloses its glass heat pipe hot junction of glass heat pipe LED lamps and lanterns of organic LED luminous element is taken on heat pipe surface insulating can be directly with LED heat transfer connection, under the direct radiating condition of glass heat pipe cold junction, its heat transfer route from LED to the environment is the shortest only to include heat transfer glue or elasticity heat conduction membrane and glass heat pipe between LED and the glass heat pipe. The practical effect is as follows: on the premise that the manufacturing cost of the heat pipe radiator, even the radiator, is averagely reduced by 50 to 70 percent, the service life of 20 percent of light attenuation is prolonged to more than 7 years from the average 2 to 3 years of the existing heat pipe radiator or cast aluminum radiator product. The casting of nonferrous metals related to the cast aluminum radiator is a major pollution source; the processing of the glass heat pipe can only involve a gas fire head, and the environmental load is negligible. And because the service life of the glass heat pipe LED lamp is 3 times longer, carbon emission in the production process of the glass heat pipe radiator is less, and the environmental benefit is obvious. The cold end of the glass heat pipe with the large specific surface area comprises folds made at the cold end of the glass heat pipe, so that the heat dissipation area can be greatly increased, the temperature of the LED is further reduced, and the manufacturing cost is minimally increased. The glass has stable performance, strong weather resistance and good air tightness, and the service life is doubled compared with that of a metal heat pipe. The heat pipe made of the high-transparency glass can bring or maintain some brand-new visual experiences including the light effect of crystal ceiling lamps. The heat pipe made of the high-transparency glass can attach the light emitting surface of the LED to the hot end of the heat pipe, enables light to penetrate through the wall of the heat pipe for illumination and is suitable for the condition of a spot lamp, can also exert the advantages of the LED which can emit light from two sides in research and development to realize 360-degree full-circumference-angle illumination and improve the light efficiency by times, can also enable the diffused light part of the light emitted by the LED which is reflected and transmitted for a plurality of times to be upwards and outwards illuminated through the wall of the glass heat pipe so as to overcome the limitation that the LED lamp cannot illuminate by 360 degrees, can also utilize the wall of the glass heat pipe to play a role of light homogenizing, and can obtain the experience of manufacturing an organic LED or a transparent organic LED on the cold end surface of.

The utility model discloses the glass heat pipe LED lamps and lanterns of organic LED luminous element are taken on heat pipe surface do not adopt the fin only to rely on the heat dissipation of glass heat pipe cold junction to compare with the heat pipe LED lamps and lanterns that adopt the fin and have the easy clear advantage in surface. The organic LED luminous bodies are coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe, so that the entertainment of the product is improved.

The glass heat pipe is light, corrosion resistant and good in compatibility with the working medium, the pipe wall is deflated for more than 90 percent and is water vapor which has the same or no harm with the characteristics of the working medium, and the glass heat pipe can be blown into a final shape including folds on the surface of a cold end at one time.

The glass heat pipe LED lamp adopts a quick-connection cable to form a detachable structure, so that different shapes including the glass heat pipe imitating the shapes of animals and plants can be conveniently replaced, and the entertainment interest is increased. The inside of the high-transparency glass heat pipe can obtain a brand-new experience by utilizing the flow of steam or setting a certain new content.

The LED circuit board provides an integrated platform for heat transfer connection between the LED and the glass heat pipe and electrical connection between the LED and the outside.

The LED holes are formed in the LED circuit board, so that the LEDs can be directly connected with the glass heat pipe in a heat transfer mode, and the minimization of heat transfer resistance is facilitated. The LED is firmly welded by laser welding, can be realized at normal temperature, and has small thermal shock to the tube wall of the glass heat tube in the welding process.

Drawings

The present invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings and examples.

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with a single glass heat pipe and an organic LED light emitter on the surface of the heat pipe.

Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an LED circuit board of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with an organic LED light emitter on the surface of a heat pipe, which is a front description of the LED circuit board in fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a glass heat pipe with a truncated cone-shaped cold end, which is a special description of the glass heat pipe in fig. 1.

FIG. 4 is a schematic front view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with an organic LED light-emitting body on the surface of a heat pipe, which adopts a laser stitch welding LED stitch welding plain film.

FIG. 5 is a schematic top view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with an organic LED light-emitting body on the surface of the heat pipe, which uses laser stitch welding LED stitch welding plain film.

FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with an organic LED light emitter on the surface of a heat pipe with a glass heat pipe having a connection interface with a driving power supply base and an LED circuit board.

FIG. 7 is a detailed depiction of the glass heat pipe of FIG. 6.

Fig. 8 is a schematic view of a quick connect cable connected to a snap hook.

Fig. 9 is a schematic view of a quick connect cable connected to a springboard hook.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a snap spring of an LED in snap-fit heat transfer connection with a glass heat pipe and in electrical connection with a multi-pin socket.

FIG. 11 is a schematic side view of a snap-fit heat transfer connection of an LED with a glass heat pipe and an electrical connection with a multi-pin socket.

Fig. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with an organic LED light emitter on the surface of a multi-cold-end heat pipe.

FIG. 13 is an expanded view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with two U-shaped variable tubular heat pipes bent in a serpentine shape and having an organic LED illuminator on the surface.

FIG. 14 is a schematic top view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with two serpentine U-shaped heat pipes with upward cold ends and an organic LED illuminator on the surface.

FIG. 15 is an expanded view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with two U-shaped tapered tubular heat pipes inclined at equal angles to the upper cold ends and organic LED luminous bodies on the surfaces.

FIG. 16 is a schematic top view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with two U-shaped tapered tubular heat pipes inclined at equal angles to the upper cold ends and an organic LED illuminator on the surface.

Fig. 17 and 18 are schematic top view and schematic front sectional view of a glass heat pipe LED lamp with a jacketed heat pipe surface having an organic LED light emitter.

FIG. 19 is a bus block diagram of a control system for a glass heat pipe LED lamp with an organic LED illuminator on the surface of the heat pipe.

In the figure 1, a glass heat pipe; 2, an LED; 3. a drive power supply base; 4. a driving power supply main body; 5. an electrical connection interface with the outside; 6. light homogenizing; 7. an exhaust pipe; an LED circuit board; 12. a conductive circuit; 13. a control system; 14. a cable clamping groove; LED connection interface; 16. a cable clamping end; 17. an elastic member; 18. quickly connecting a cable; an LED hole; 20. a contact piece; 21. a magnetic connector; 22. a conductive adhesive material; 23. a corrugated transition section; 24. stitch welding flat sheets; 25. a human-machine interface; 26. 27, positioning a step; 28. a mating connection interface; 30. attaching a radiating fin; 31. a wire spring; 32. a spring hook; 33. a springboard hook; 34. a clamp spring member; 35. inserting a pin; 36. a multi-pin interface; 37. an ultraviolet LED; 38. a hot end; 39. a primary cold end; 40. a cold end; 41. clamping a hoop; 42. a drive power supply; 43. folding; 61. a master control circuit; 62. a memory; 63. a human-machine interface circuit; 64. three driving power controller interface circuits of the tricolor LED; 65. an optical signal receiving and transmitting module interface circuit; 66. a camera microphone receiver interface circuit; 67. a bus; 68. ultraviolet LED interface circuit.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1 to 3 together show a first exemplary embodiment of the invention.

In fig. 1 to 3, the glass heat pipe LED lamp with an organic LED light emitter on the surface of a heat pipe includes a glass heat pipe 1, an LED2, a driving power supply base 3, a driving power supply body 4, an external electrical connection interface 5, a light homogenizing sheet 6, a control system 13, and an ultraviolet LED 37. The glass heat pipe 1 comprises a glass pipe shell, an exhaust pipe 7 and a working medium; the organic LED luminophor 48 is coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe 1; the control system 13 comprises a human-machine interface 25; the human-computer interface 25 and the control system main control circuit can be in wired or wireless signal connection. At glass heat pipe 1 surface coating system organic LED luminous element and set up electrode and external electrical connection and can refer to prior art, its drive power supply design manufacturing installation also can refer to prior art and with the utility model discloses an installation is made to other drive power supply integration designs.

If necessary, a wick net may be arranged inside the glass heat pipe 1. The working medium comprises water and ethanol. If the product is possibly frozen in the use occasions and the storage and transportation processes, ethanol can be selected as the working medium. The electric connection interface 5 with the outside adopts a bulb screw and a wire which can use a screw lamp holder. All parts of the tube shell of the glass heat pipe 1 are seamlessly fused, sealed and connected into a whole. The hot end surface of the glass heat pipe 1 is matched with the surface of the LED 2. The cold end of the glass heat pipe 1 is not folded and does not adopt a radiating fin. The LED2 is connected with the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1 in a heat transfer way. In fig. 1 to 3, the arrows side by side and inwards indicate the hot ends of the heat pipes, which absorb heat energy; the side-by-side outward arrows indicate the cold ends of the heat pipes, which release heat energy.

The outer side of the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1 is provided with an LED circuit board 11. The LED circuit board 11 includes an insulating substrate, and a conductive circuit 12, a cable clamping groove 14, an LED connection interface 15 and a reinforcing layer formed on the insulating substrate. The reinforcing layer is embedded in the insulating substrate by adopting a porous steel plate. The porous steel plate reinforcing layer is light in weight and guaranteed in strength, and the hollow part of the porous steel plate reinforcing layer does not influence the conductor to penetrate through the LED circuit board 11. At least two or more of the conductive traces 12 are not directly electrically connected to each other. The inner side surface of the LED circuit board 11 is matched with the outer surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1. The peripheries of the LED circuit board 11 and the driving power base 3 contain a plurality of cable clamping grooves 14. And the quick-connection cables 18 with cable clamping ends 16 at two ends and elastic pieces 17 connected in series in the middle are connected with the LED circuit board 11 and the cable clamping grooves 14 on the driving power supply base 3 in a clamping manner through the cable clamping ends 16, so that the electrical connection between the LED circuit board 11 and the driving power supply base 3, the mechanical connection among the LED circuit board 11, the driving power supply base 3 and the glass heat pipe 1 are realized. The LED connection interface 15 is for electrical connection with the LED2 including a soldered connection. The quick-connect cable 18 may be adhesively secured to the glass heat pipe 1 using an adhesive material, including a transparent adhesive paper.

The LED circuit board 11 contains a number of LED holes 19, and LEDs 2 are placed in the LED holes 19. The edge of each LED hole 19 contains two LED connection interfaces 15. And a heat insulation design is adopted between the LED connecting interface 15 and the glass heat pipe 1. The LED2 is arranged in the LED hole 19 and is connected with the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1 in a heat transfer way through an elastic heat conducting film or a heat conducting bonding material.

The drive power supply main body 4 is connected with the drive power supply base 3 by a screw thread. After the driving power supply main body 4 is connected with the driving power supply base 3, the driving power supply main body 4 is electrically connected with the cable clamping groove 14 on the driving power supply base 3 through the contact piece 20; turning on the lit LED 2.

The light homogenizing sheet 6 is magnetically attracted with the permanent magnetic connecting piece 21 arranged on the glass heat pipe 1 through the permanent magnetic connecting piece 21 arranged on the light homogenizing sheet 6 to realize the connection with the glass heat pipe 1. The setting includes pre-embedding and bonding of injection molding.

The LED connection interface 15 in embodiment 1 can also refer to embodiment 2 of fig. 4 and 5.

Fig. 4 and 5 show a second embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 4 and 5, an LED circuit board 11 is attached to the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1. The LED circuit board 11 is provided with a conductive circuit 12 and a cable clamping groove 14, and the cable clamping groove 14 is clamped and connected with a cable clamping end 16 of a quick-connection cable 18. The LED circuit board 11 is also provided with an LED hole 19 for mounting the LED 2.

The LED connection interface 15 made on the LED circuit board 11 is a stainless steel sheet on the circuit board with a thickness of 0.4 mm. The thermal insulation design is adopted between the LED connecting interface 15 and the glass heat pipe 1 so as to reduce thermal shock and heat transfer to the glass heat pipe 1. The contact surface of the LED2 and the glass heat pipe 1 is coated with the heat-conducting binding material 22. The two ends of the LED2 are respectively overlapped with the stainless steel thin plate on the circuit board of the LED connecting interface 15 through the stitch welding flat sheet 24 with the corrugated transition section 23. And (3) stitch welding is carried out on two overlapped stainless steel plates with the thickness of 0.4 mm by adopting laser. The thickness of the stainless steel sheet on the stitch bonding pad 24 and the circuit board of the connection interface 15 can be adjusted. The stainless steel sheet on the LED connection interface 15 board is subjected to laser welding, so the reinforcing layer embedded in the LED circuit board 11 below it should remain a steel sheet.

The reliability of the solder connection may be increased by using a multi-spot stitch such as the 3-spot stitch on the stitch plate 24 depicted in fig. 5. The use of the stitch bonded flat sheet 24 with the corrugated transition section 23 may mitigate the negative effects of potentially harmful stresses between the LED2 and the LED circuit board 11, and may mitigate adverse mechanical forces, thermal shock, and heat transfer to the glass heat pipe 1.

Fig. 6 and 7 show a third embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 6 and 7, the glass heat pipe LED lamp includes a glass heat pipe 1, an LED2, a driving power supply base 3, a driving power supply main body 4, and an electrical connection interface 5 with the outside. The organic LED luminophor 48 is coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe 1. The outer side of the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1 is provided with an LED circuit board 11. The surface of the LED2 mounted on the LED circuit board 11 in contact with the glass heat pipe 1 contains an elastic heat conductive film. The elastic heat conducting film is arranged for maintaining good heat conducting conditions between the glass heat pipe 1 and the LED after the glass heat pipe 1 is replaced for multiple times. The glass heat pipe 1 has more than one positioning steps 26 and 27 protruding outwards at the contact part with the driving power base 3 and the LED circuit board 11 as a connection interface. The positioning steps 26 and 27 may be circular in shape or other shapes. The driving power base 3 and the LED circuit board 11 respectively comprise matching connection interfaces 28 and 29 with the positioning steps 26 and 27 of the glass heat pipe 1. The locating steps 26 and 27 and mating connection interfaces 28, 29 may also be deformed into interfitting threaded connection interfaces. The periphery of the driving power supply base 3 adopts a plurality of cable clamping grooves 14. And the quick-connection cables 18 are electrically connected with the LED circuit board 11, are provided with cable clamping ends 16 and are connected with the elastic pieces 17 in series, and are clamped and connected with the cable clamping grooves 14 on the driving power supply base 3 through the cable clamping ends 16, so that the connection among the driving power supply base 3, the LED circuit board 11 and the glass heat pipe 1 and the electrical connection among the driving power supply base 3 and the LED circuit board are realized.

Adopt the cable joint of the embodiment of fig. 6 and 7 to connect the mode soon, can make things convenient for junior middle school to change glass heat pipe 1 by hand. The structure that the driving power supply base 3 and the driving power supply main body 4 are connected is also used for upgrading the LED lamp, namely, software and hardware of the LED lamp can be upgraded only by replacing the driving power supply main body 4. The LED, the LED circuit board and the glass heat pipe with higher value can be reserved when the LED lamp is upgraded.

In the embodiments of fig. 6 and 7, an attached heat sink 30 or a heat sink group may be further attached to the outer surface of the cold end of the glass heat pipe 1 and is fastened by a steel wire thin spring 31. The contact part of the attached radiating fin 30 and the glass heat pipe 1 contains heat conducting glue or is provided with an elastic heat conducting film.

Fig. 8 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 8, a quick connect cable 18 with a sleeve buckle at one end is sleeved on a spring hook 32 to realize electrical and mechanical connection with the spring hook 32 when the spring hook 32 which is connected with a driving power base and has elasticity is pulled down. Here, the quick-connect cable 18 omits to use the elastic member 17 in embodiment 3.

Fig. 9 shows a fifth embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 9, a snap-in cable 18 with a sleeve buckle at one end is sleeved on a spring plate hook 33 to realize electrical and mechanical connection with the spring plate hook 33 when the spring plate hook 33 which is connected with a driving power supply base and has elasticity is pulled down. Here, the quick-connect cable 18 omits to use the elastic member 17 in embodiment 3.

The embodiment of fig. 8 and 9 is convenient for the utility model discloses fast-assembling, maintenance, upgrading and the style diversification of heat pipe LED lamps and lanterns.

Fig. 10 and 11 together show a sixth embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 10 and 11, two ends of the LED2 each include a glass heat pipe shell snap spring 34, the snap spring 34 includes two springs, and the free ends of the springs each include a pin 35. The clamp spring element 34 is connected with the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1 in a heat transfer way. To improve heat transfer efficiency, the surface of the LED2 in contact with the glass heat pipe may be coated with a heat conductive bonding material or provided with a flexible heat conductive film. The pin 35 can be inserted into a multi-pin socket 36 to be electrically connected with the multi-pin socket 36.

Advantages of the snap spring member 34 include the simplification or omission of the LED circuit board. The embodiment of fig. 10 and 11 is also suitable for long-strip LED lamps, in which case the LEDs 2 with the snap spring element 34 are distributed at the hot end of a long glass heat pipe.

Fig. 12 shows a seventh embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 12, the glass heat pipe LED lamp includes a glass heat pipe 1, an LED2, and an electrical connection interface 5 with the outside. The hot end 38 of the glass heat pipe 1 is in a disc shape, and the upper end face of the hot end 38 is provided with a hole and is connected with the main cold end 39 in a melting and sealing mode. The main cold end 39 is connected with a plurality of branch cold ends 40 by side to form a multi-cold-end glass heat pipe 1. The organic LED luminous bodies are coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe 1. And a plurality of clips 41 are used for connecting and fixing the LED circuit board 11 on the periphery of the hot end 38 of the glass heat pipe 1. The electrical connection interface 5 with the outside is provided above the primary cold end 39. The exhaust pipe of the glass heat pipe 1 is arranged at the upper port of the main cold end 39.

The multi-cold-end heat pipe LED lamp in the embodiment of FIG. 12 can take a smaller volume while maintaining a certain cold end area. Since a 150 mm diameter tube has the same external surface area of the cylindrical portion as 5 tubes of 30 mm diameter, but the volumes of the two can differ by many times.

Fig. 13 and 14 show an eighth embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 13 and 14, the hot end 38 of the U-shaped tubular glass heat pipe 1 with the cold ends 40 of the two serpentine segments is in heat transfer connection with an LED 2. The narrower cold end 40 of the inner heat pipe is indicated by the lighter color. The outer layer cold end 40 is shown as being wider in color. Each hot side 38 may be thermally coupled to more than one LED 2. All of the LEDs 2 are equally disposed at the hot end 38 of the glass heat pipe 1 according to the heat dissipation load. The exhaust pipe can be arranged at the upper port of any cold end of the inner layer or the outer layer. The organic LED luminous bodies are coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe 1.

The 4U-shaped tubular glass heat pipes 1 with two serpentine cold ends 40 in fig. 13 are symmetrically arranged to form a cylindrical body, i.e., each U-shaped tubular glass heat pipe 1 with two serpentine cold ends 40 occupies about a quarter of a circumferential angle of the cylindrical body, which can be more visually seen in the top view of the schematic structural diagram in fig. 14.

Likewise, it is also possible to have the U-shaped deformed tubular glass heat pipes 1 with two serpentine segments of the cold ends 40 in the embodiments of fig. 13 and 14 each occupy about one-half or one-third or one-fifth or one-sixth of the circumferential angle of the cylindrical body.

The height of the LED lamp with the serpentine upward cold end 40 can be only 30% of the height of the upward cold end.

The glass heat pipe LED lamp of the embodiment of fig. 13 and 14 may also use only a single glass heat pipe 1 and extend its hot end 38 to close to a circle, with a plurality of LEDs 2 disposed on the hot end 38 of the heat pipe.

Fig. 15 and 16 show a ninth embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 15 and 16, the hot end 38 of the U-shaped deformed tubular glass heat pipe 1 with two cold ends 40 extending at equal angles upwards is in heat transfer connection with an LED 2. The inner layer of heat pipe cold end 40 is shown in light color. The outer heat pipe cold ends 40 are shown in dark color. Each hot side 38 may be thermally coupled to more than one LED 2. All of the LEDs 2 are equally disposed at the hot end 38 of the glass heat pipe 1 according to the heat dissipation load. The organic LED luminous bodies are coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe 1. The height of the LED lamp adopting the equal-angle inclined upper cold end 40 can be only 30% of that of the straight upper cold end.

It is also possible to expand the number of the U-shaped deformed tubular glass heat pipes 1 with the cold ends 40 of the two serpentine-shaped bent sections in the embodiments of fig. 15 and 16 into a plurality and make them nest with each other at regular intervals in their own cylinder bodies each occupying about one-half or one-third or one-fourth or one-fifth of the circumferential angle of the own cylinder body.

The glass heat pipe LED lamp of the two embodiments of FIGS. 13 and 14 and FIGS. 15 and 16 is suitable for manufacturing an LED shadowless lamp. Shadowless lamps need to change their spatial state continuously. Even if the shadowless lamp lighting surface is inclined by 29 degrees in a positive and negative way, the working medium at the cold end can still be ensured to normally flow back by adopting the plurality of U-shaped deformed tubular glass heat pipes. The glass heat pipe manufactured by the bent glass pipe is suitable for mass production and has high yield. And the whole machine can still work when part of the heat pipe or the LED is damaged.

The glass heat pipe LED light fixture of the embodiment of fig. 15 and 16 may also have its heat pipe hot end 38 elongated to approximate a circle and have a plurality of LEDs 2 disposed on the hot end 38.

Fig. 17 and 18 together show a tenth embodiment of the invention.

In fig. 17 and 18, the glass heat pipe LED lamp comprises a glass heat pipe 1, an LED2, a driving power supply 42, an electrical connection interface 5 with the outside, and a control system 13. The control system 13 comprises a human-machine interface 25; the human-machine interface 25 is wirelessly connected with the control system 13. The outer side of the hot end of the glass heat pipe 1 is provided with an LED circuit board 11. The glass heat pipe 1 is of a glass jacket structure with two ends communicated, and is beneficial to accelerating the rising of hot air in a hollow part to enhance the heat exchange of the surface of a cold end. The surface of the inner jacketed glass tube as the cold end 40 contains a plurality of folds 43. The driving power source 42 is arranged inside the glass heat pipe 1, and can be connected with the glass heat pipe 1 by adopting an adhesive connection mode. The exhaust pipe 7 of the glass heat pipe 1 is arranged on the inner wall of the glass jacket. The organic LED luminous bodies are coated on the surface of the glass heat pipe 1.

The folds in the inner glass tube in the embodiment of figures 17 and 18 can increase the heat dissipation area by up to 30% and can reduce the temperature of the LED2 by as much as 4 to 6 c.

Fig. 19 shows an eleventh embodiment of the present invention.

In fig. 19, the control system of the glass heat pipe LED lamp includes a main control circuit 61, a memory 62, a human-computer interface and an interface circuit 63 thereof, three driving power controllers of three primary LEDs and an interface circuit 64 thereof, an optical signal receiving and transmitting module and an interface circuit 65 thereof, a camera microphone receiver and an interface circuit 66 thereof, an ultraviolet LED and an interface circuit 68 thereof, and software including application programs. The main control circuit 61, the memory 62, the human-computer interface circuit 63, the three driving power controller interface circuits 64 of the three primary color LEDs, the optical signal receiving and transmitting module interface circuit 65, the camera microphone receiver interface circuit 66 and the ultraviolet LED interface circuit 68 are in signal connection through a bus 67. The human-machine interface of the embodiment of fig. 19 includes a touch device. The touch device includes a touch screen with various base colors.

The software can comprise an application program, so that the state of the LED lamp can be changed according to the change of the part of the user touching the touch screen, for example, the user touches red on the touch screen, and the LED emits red light.

The software can comprise an application program to enable the state of the LED lamp to change according to the change of the part of the user touching the touch screen, such as the sound control part of the touch screen touched by the user, and the LED responds by emitting light with changed light intensity or directly emits sound inquiry: "it is very happy to listen to the instructions of the owner. "then user sends" please jump dancing No. 14. "the microphone of the LED lamp emits" dancing No. 14 ". "sound of. The user says again: "start. The LED lamp emits light and music with color change according to setting.

The software comprises an application program, so that the LED lamp can be automatically turned on to shoot when a user just enters the door, and the shot image is transmitted to a hidden receiving part through an optical signal carrier, and the LED lamp automatically carries out conversation with a door-entering person: "hello. "the user sets the answer according to the contract. The LED lamp is judged to be the owner by comparing with the content stored in advance, then the LED lamp enters an owner waiting program, and if the LED lamp is in the daytime, the LED lamp can turn off the light; reports and reminders such as taking medicine to take flowers and grafting children to call the family may also be made to the host. If it is determined that the person entering the door is likely to be an immotile guest, then entering the immotile wait process includes a direct alert and sounding an alert.

The main control circuit of the control system is used for illuminating the ultraviolet light LED to clean the surface of the lamp under proper conditions when no one is on the spot at night according to the setting and the on-site investigation. The ultraviolet LED can also kill mould, but attention is paid to avoid the damage to a heat-sensitive permanent magnet steel driving device.

Claims

1. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe comprises a glass heat pipe, an LED, a driving power supply, an electrical connection interface with the outside and a control system, wherein the glass heat pipe comprises a glass pipe shell, an exhaust pipe, a working medium and a liquid absorption core net; the cold end of the glass heat pipe is provided with or not provided with folds; the electric connection interface with the outside comprises a two-core electric wire or a bulb screw connector; when the color or the color temperature of the LEDs is constant, the LEDs forming the color or the color temperature comprise three-primary-color LEDs and can be electrically connected with the outside only by one group of two leads; when the color or the color temperature of the LEDs is adjustable, the LEDs forming the color or the color temperature comprise three-primary-color LEDs and the outside respectively adopt a group of two leads to realize the electrical connection with the outside, and the glass heat pipe shell is characterized in that all parts of the glass heat pipe shell are seamlessly fused, sealed and connected into a whole; the surface of the glass heat pipe is smooth, and more than 70% of the area of the glass heat pipe is provided with an organic LED luminous body; the surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe is matched with the surface of the LED, the LED is in direct heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe, and the surface of the LED comprises a light-emitting surface and other surfaces; or the glass heat pipe contains a built-in LED, and the surface of the built-in LED, the pin and the light-emitting surface of the pin are provided with waterproof layers or transparent waterproof layers; the built-in LED is immersed in the working medium; and the pins of the built-in LED are LED out through an electrode lead-out structure similar to a bulb.

2. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer side of the hot end of the glass heat pipe is provided with an LED circuit board, and the inner side surface of the LED circuit board is matched with the outer surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe; the LED circuit board comprises an insulating substrate, and a conductive circuit, an LED connecting interface, a circuit board reinforcing layer and meshes which are manufactured on the insulating substrate; the LED connection interface comprises a soldering interface; the reinforcing layer comprises a porous steel plate or an elastic screen plate embedded in the insulating substrate; the LED circuit board and the driving power supply are connected through a plurality of cables, and the connection of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply comprises mechanical connection, electrical connection and binding connection of the glass heat pipe; the connection of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply comprises the realization of a cable connection interface around the LED circuit board or the driving power supply; the cable connection interface includes a cable-wound stub; or, the driving power supply adopts a structure that a driving power supply main body is connected with a driving power supply base; the driving power supply main body is provided with a contact piece, the driving power supply base is provided with a cable clamping groove, and the contact piece and the cable clamping groove are electrically connected after the driving power supply main body and the driving power supply base are connected in a matched mode; and a quick-connection cable with a cable clamping end and an elastic piece connected in series/parallel is adopted; the quick-connection cable has high enough tensile strength; the elastic piece comprises a section of spring, and the cable clamping end is connected with the cable clamping groove in a clamping manner; the connection between the LED circuit board and the quick-connection cable comprises welding connection or quick-connection, and the quick-connection comprises the clamping connection.

3. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 2, wherein the LED circuit board comprises a plurality of LED holes, and the edge of each LED hole comprises more than two connecting interfaces with the LED; the LED is arranged in the LED hole and is in heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe through heat conducting materials including an elastic heat conducting film and a transparent heat conducting bonding material.

4. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 2, wherein the LED connection interface on the LED circuit board is a stainless steel thin plate arranged on the circuit board; both ends of the LED respectively comprise a stainless steel sheet stitch welding flat sheet with a corrugated transition section; the two stainless steel sheets, namely the stainless steel sheet on the circuit board and the stitch welding flat sheet are mutually overlapped and contain welding connection parts of laser stitch welding.

5. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 2, wherein the LED circuit board comprises a flexible circuit board;

the surface of the LED in heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe comprises an elastic heat-conducting film with the shape matched with the surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe; the glass heat pipe comprises a connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base, and the connecting interface comprises a threaded connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base; the connecting interface also comprises more than one positioning step which protrudes outwards, and the surfaces of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base respectively comprise connecting interfaces which are matched with the surfaces of the positioning steps; or,

the glass heat pipe comprises a plurality of attached radiating fins or attached radiating fin groups which are in heat transfer connection with the cold ends of the glass heat pipes; the surface of the LED in heat transfer connection with the hot end of the glass heat pipe and the surface of the contact part of the attached radiating fin or the attached radiating fin group and the glass heat pipe contain heat-conducting glue or an elastic heat-conducting film with the shape matched with the surface of the hot end of the glass heat pipe; the glass heat pipe comprises a connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base, and the connecting interface comprises a threaded connecting interface connected with the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base; the connecting interface also comprises more than one positioning step which protrudes outwards, and the surfaces of the LED circuit board and the driving power supply or the driving power supply base respectively comprise connecting interfaces which are matched with the surfaces of the positioning steps.

6. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 2, wherein the LED circuit board comprises a quick-connection cable with a sleeve buckle at one end and without being connected with an elastic piece in series; the driving power supply base comprises a telescopic spring hook; the quick-connection cable is sleeved with the spring hook to realize electrical and mechanical connection between the quick-connection cable and the spring hook; or the LED circuit board comprises a quick-connection cable with a sleeve buckle at one end and not connected with the elastic piece in series; the driving power supply base comprises a flexible springboard hook; the quick connection cable is sleeved with the elastic plate hook to realize electrical and mechanical connection between the quick connection cable and the elastic plate hook.

7. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 1, wherein two ends of the LED respectively comprise a clamp spring piece of a glass heat pipe shell, each clamp spring piece comprises two spring pieces, and the free end of each spring piece respectively comprises more than one contact pin; the clamp spring piece is connected with the hot end of the glass heat pipe in a heat transfer way; the contact pin can be inserted into a multi-pin interface to realize the electrical connection between the contact pin and the multi-pin interface.

8. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a light homogenizing sheet; the hot end or the boundary of the hot end of the glass heat pipe and the inner side of the light homogenizing sheet are respectively provided with a light homogenizing sheet magnetic suction connecting interface; the magnetic connecting interface comprises the following materials: paramagnetic material + permanent magnetic material or permanent magnetic material + permanent magnetic material; the two uniform light sheet magnetic connecting interfaces are magnetically connected.

9. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 1, 2, 7 or 8, which is characterized by comprising more than one glass heat pipe, wherein the glass heat pipe comprises more than one cold end, a U-shaped tubular glass heat pipe with two cold ends, and a multi-cold-end glass heat pipe with a main cold end comprising two main cold ends of the U-shaped tubular and branch cold ends which are connected with the main cold ends in a bypass mode; each cold end comprises a cold end which is straight upwards, spirally bent upwards and snakelike bent upwards; all LEDs are uniformly distributed at the hot end of each glass heat pipe according to the heat dissipation load.

10. The glass heat pipe LED lamp with the organic LED luminous body on the surface of the heat pipe as claimed in claim 1, 2, 7 or 8, wherein the cold end of the glass heat pipe does not contain a special heat sink; or the cold end of the glass heat pipe has a surface with large specific surface area and comprises folds.