CN202695719U - Time reversal subwavelength array antenna used for wireless communication - Google Patents
Time reversal subwavelength array antenna used for wireless communication Download PDFInfo
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- CN202695719U CN202695719U CN 201220405639 CN201220405639U CN202695719U CN 202695719 U CN202695719 U CN 202695719U CN 201220405639 CN201220405639 CN 201220405639 CN 201220405639 U CN201220405639 U CN 201220405639U CN 202695719 U CN202695719 U CN 202695719U
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Abstract
A time reversal subwavelength array antenna used for wireless communication belongs to the antenna technology field. The antenna is formed by a plurality of same antenna units through laminating. A spacing of antennas of two adjacent units is less than a 1/2 operating wavelength lambda. A metal paster of a right side of a medium substrate comprises a peach-shape radiation unit. The peach-shape radiation unit is formed by an isosceles triangle metal paster and a semielliptic metal paster. A radiation unit paster is uniformly etched with 26 peach-shape holes. The radiation unit adopts a microstrip line whose characteristic impedance is 50 ohms to feed. The semielliptic metal paster is partially connected with a microstrip feeder through a trapezoid transition microstrip line. The metal paster on a back side of the medium substrate is a metal floor. The metal floor is symmetrically etched with 14 semielliptic holes. The antenna of the utility model is applied in time domain communication mobile terminal of the time reversal. A channel of the each antenna unit is relatively independent. An adjacent channel interference is low. High data transmissibility and a high frequency spectrum utilization rate can be supported.
Description
Technical field
The utility model belongs to antenna technical field, relates to the array antenna that a kind of antenna element spacing works in sub-wavelength, is specifically related to a kind of time reversal sub-wavelength array antenna for wireless communication terminal.
Background technology
The message capacity and the traffic rate that improve mobile communication system are the targets that mobile communication is pursued.Along with the continuous growth of individual business demand, portable terminal is faced with message capacity and traffic rate great demand in urgent need to be improved.At a plurality of antenna elements of portable terminal design, increasing independently, wireless channel quantity is one of Main Means of future mobile communications raising communication of mobile terminal performance.
According to traditional theory, obtain good space diversity gain and spatial reuse gain for making multiaerial system (array antenna), require the antenna element spacing to be not less than operation wavelength half.If in the confined space so that the antenna element spacing much smaller than half operation wavelength, to cause the coupling between the unit to increase, the correlation of the wireless channel that each antenna is corresponding improves greatly, cause message capacity and the traffic rate of mobile terminal system greatly to reduce, grievous injury communication quality, thereby lost the meaning of introducing multiaerial system.Although people have carried out many research to the antenna element miniaturization, because the size of mobile-terminal platform is limited, a plurality of antennas for different channels are integrated in portable terminal, shared space is still larger.
Increasingly mature along with the time reversal technology utilizes the adaptive space of time reversal electromagnetic wave, time synchronized focus characteristics, can solve the insurmountable difficult problem of many conventional methods.Time reversal (Time Reversal) need to be near information source the layout scattering object to consist of multipath channel.Transmitting receives through the time reversal mirror (TRM) of being placed by the far field after the scattering object scattering, after the signal elapsed time inverting that receives, and more again emission.The signal of re-emissioning just can near implementation space and time focusing source point.1991, D.R.Jackson and D.R.Dowling deliver the article (J.Acoust.Soc.Amer. that is entitled as " Phase conjugation in underwater acoustics ", vol.89, pp.171-181), given theoretical proof to the focus characteristics that time reversal is had in the literary composition in " scalar wave " transmission situation.2004, the human hair table titles such as G.lerosey are the article (Phys.Rev.Lett. of " Time Reversal of electromagnetic waves ", vol.92, pp.1939041), in the literary composition first experimental verification " time reversal electromagnetic wave " same tool focus characteristics at one's leisure.2007, the human hair table titles such as R.Carminati are article (the Optics Lett. of " Theory of the time reversal cavity for electromagnetic fields ", vol.32, Nov.2007), use dyadic Green's function that the focusing of time reversal " vector electromagnetic wave " is proved in the literary composition.Equally deliver the article (Science that is entitled as " Focusing beyond the diffraction limit with far-field time reversal " at " Science " the people such as G.Lerosey in 2007, vol.315, pp.1119-1122, Feb.2007.), provided a kind of sub-wavelength array antenna in the literary composition, it consists of around being enclosed in coaxial probe by the wire of random distribution.This array antenna binding time inverting electromagnetic wave is operated in 2.45GHz in the wire chamber of sealing, can show the super-resolution focus characteristics of 1/30 wavelength.These achievements also only limit to the experimental stage at present, and the bandwidth of time reversal array antenna also has much room for improvement, but it has tentatively showed the realizability of sub-wavelength super-resolution aerial array.
King in 2011 grasps medium people and has proposed " a kind of time reversal sub-wavelength array antenna for wireless mobile terminal " (number of patent application: 201110066620.1; Shen Qing Publication day: 2011.06.29; Inventor: Wang Bingzhong, Ge Guangding, Zang Rui), can show equally far field sub-wavelength super-resolution focus characteristics.Compare the aerial array that proposed in " Science " article in 2007, this array is take planar monopole as the unit, structure is comparatively compact, be easy to design and integrated, cell size (wide * height) size is 50mm * 55mm, operating frequency range is 2.7 ~ 6.7GHz, and impedance bandwidth (value of S11 less than-10dB or voltage standing wave ratio VSWR less than 2) is about 4GHz.But, from this patent specification accompanying drawing 4 as seen, the sub-wavelength array antenna unit impedance bandwidth of its invention is little, in 2.7 ~ 6.7GHz frequency range be not voltage standing wave ratio VSWR corresponding to all frequencies less than 2, therefore limited to a certain extent the operating frequency scope of application of this array antenna.
The utility model is intended to the electromagnetic far field super-resolution rate of time-based inverting focus characteristics, separate, the spacing of research channel is much smaller than the sub-wavelength micro-structural aerial array of wavelength, for the sub-wavelength micro-structural antenna array design that is used for the high-performance mobile terminal provides best array structure, the method for designing of high-efficiency high-accuracy.
Summary of the invention
Spacing between effective reduced time inverting array antenna unit reduces the spatial volume that array antenna takies, and the utility model provides a kind of radio communication time inverting sub-wavelength array antenna.Each antenna element input port voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 in this array antenna working band, the spacing of adjacent two array elements has advantages of that less than 1/2 operation wavelength (wavelength calculates with centre frequency) volume is little, production cost is low, performance is good, it is integrated to be easy to.
Technical solutions of the utility model are:
A kind of radio communication as shown in Figure 1, is laminated by a plurality of identical antenna elements with time inverting sub-wavelength array antenna, and the spacing between adjacent two antenna elements is less than 1/2 operation wavelength λ.Each antenna element comprises Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate and the metal patch that is positioned at Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate positive and negative shown in Fig. 2,3.
The front metal paster as shown in Figure 2, comprise a peach-shaped radiating element, described peach-shaped radiating element is formed by connecting by an isosceles triangle metal patch and a half elliptic metal patch, wherein the base equal in length of the major axis of half elliptic metal patch and isosceles triangle metal patch and overlapping; On the peach-shaped radiating element, evenly be etched with 26 peach-shaped apertures from top to bottom, wherein the shape of peach-shaped aperture but opposite direction similar to whole peach-shaped radiating element shape; The trapezoidal transition microstrip line that the minor axis lower end of half elliptic metal patch broadens gradually by one section width in the peach-shaped radiating element and one section characteristic impedance are that 50 ohm microstrip feed line links to each other, and characteristic impedance is that 50 ohm microstrip feed line end is positioned at Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate minor face center.
The back metal paster is metal floor, as shown in Figure 3, is shaped as half elliptic; The half elliptic metal floor is that 50 ohm microstrip feed line is corresponding in the position of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate front side in the position of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate back with characteristic impedance; The major axis of half elliptic metal floor equates with the width of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate and overlaps with a broadside of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate, and the height of half elliptic metal floor is the total length that 50 ohm microstrip feed line adds the trapezoidal transition microstrip line less than characteristic impedance; Be etched with 14 half elliptic apertures near the regional left and right symmetrically at elliptic arc edge on the half elliptic metal floor, wherein the shape of half elliptic aperture but opposite direction similar to whole half elliptic metal floor shape.
The utility model according to the time reversal electromagnetic wave in the coupling between the high density arrays antenna element and near the resonance characteristic the unit, realization has the High Density Integration sub-wavelength array antenna of high spatial resolution, a kind of effective solution of realizing high density multiaerial system integration problem at the portable terminal of limited space has been proposed, explore the method for designing of many antenna integrated systems of the spatial super-resolution characteristic in the high-performance mobile communication network of new generation, with performances such as the spatial reuse gain that improves multiaerial system and space diversity gains.Compare with existing mobile terminal antenna system, this sub-wavelength array antenna can be supported higher data transmission rate, the higher availability of frequency spectrum, higher Information Security and greater flexibility, has improved to a great extent message capacity and the traffic rate of portable terminal.
Although the spacing between the sub-wavelength array antenna unit less than in addition much smaller than half wavelength, binding time inverting electromagnetic wave has the spatial super-resolution characteristic, can greatly suppress the mutual coupling between the point blank antenna.In the limited space of multi-antenna wireless mobile terminal communication system platform, the number of unit in the array antenna is compared the traditional antenna number of unit and is expanded rapidly, and then so that traffic rate, message capacity improve rapidly.When the utility model is applied in practical communication, not needing signal is carried out complicated processing, only is simple inversion procedure, namely can show the super-resolution characteristic, and it is convenient that whole process implementation gets up, and is easy to Project Realization.
It may be noted that especially since the time reversal electromagnetic wave with its adaptive space, time focus characteristics, abundant at multipath, under the complicated situation, focusing effect is better for environment.The sub-wavelength multi-antenna array that the utility model is designed, have very strong flexibly, can in various complex environments, (comprise mountain area, river, forest, city and suburb), more can take full advantage of the multipath of signal in the complex environment, utilize coupling and particular resonance characteristic between the antenna element, be more conducive in complex environment, carry out the communication of two-forty, large capacity, high reliability and high security.
In sum, when the utility model is applied in the domain communication system portable terminal, utilize the time reversal technology, directly time-domain signal is carried out inversion procedure, so that each channel keeps relatively independent in the multiaerial system, mutual coupling is very little, monkey chatter is extremely low, can support higher data transmission rate, the higher availability of frequency spectrum, higher Information Security and greater flexibility, improve to a great extent message capacity and the traffic rate of portable terminal, and then guaranteed the communication quality in many antennas, the high capacity communication process.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the array antenna structure schematic diagram that the utility model provides.
Fig. 2 is antenna unit structure front schematic view and the size marking of the array antenna that provides of the utility model.
Fig. 3 is antenna unit structure schematic rear view and the size marking of the array antenna that provides of the utility model.
Fig. 4 is the simulation result of the array antenna unit structure input port voltage standing wave ratio that provides of the utility model.
Fig. 5 is the far-field radiation Direction Pattern Simulation result of antenna element under the 4GHz frequency of the array antenna that provides of the utility model.
Fig. 6 is the far-field radiation Direction Pattern Simulation result of antenna element under the 5.5GHz frequency of the array antenna that provides of the utility model.
Fig. 7 is the far-field radiation Direction Pattern Simulation result of antenna element under the 6GHz frequency of the array antenna that provides of the utility model.
Fig. 8 is the array antenna array super-resolution test result that the utility model provides.
Embodiment
A kind of radio communication as shown in Figure 1, is laminated by a plurality of identical antenna elements with time inverting sub-wavelength array antenna, and the spacing between adjacent two antenna elements is less than 1/2 operation wavelength λ.Each antenna element comprises Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate and the metal patch that is positioned at Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate positive and negative shown in Fig. 2,3.
The front metal paster as shown in Figure 2, comprise a peach-shaped radiating element, described peach-shaped radiating element is formed by connecting by an isosceles triangle metal patch and a half elliptic metal patch, wherein the base equal in length of the major axis of half elliptic metal patch and isosceles triangle metal patch and overlapping; On the peach-shaped radiating element, evenly be etched with 26 peach-shaped apertures from top to bottom, wherein the shape of peach-shaped aperture but opposite direction similar to whole peach-shaped radiating element shape; The trapezoidal transition microstrip line that the minor axis lower end of half elliptic metal patch broadens gradually by one section width in the peach-shaped radiating element and one section characteristic impedance are that 50 ohm microstrip feed line links to each other, and characteristic impedance is that 50 ohm microstrip feed line end is positioned at Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate minor face center.
The back metal paster is metal floor, as shown in Figure 3, is shaped as half elliptic; The half elliptic metal floor is that 50 ohm microstrip feed line is corresponding in the position of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate front side in the position of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate back with characteristic impedance; The major axis of half elliptic metal floor equates with the width of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate and overlaps with a broadside of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate, and the height of half elliptic metal floor is the total length that 50 ohm microstrip feed line adds the trapezoidal transition microstrip line less than characteristic impedance; Be etched with 14 half elliptic apertures near the regional left and right symmetrically at elliptic arc edge on the half elliptic metal floor, wherein the shape of half elliptic aperture but opposite direction similar to whole half elliptic metal floor shape.
The span of described dielectric substrate thickness is between 1/20 ~ 1/2 operation wavelength, and relative dielectric constant is 2.2, and loss angle tangent is 0.001.
Need to prove, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 have just provided a kind of embodiment, are the proofs to the utility model technique effect, and are not to be to further restriction of the present utility model.Those skilled in the art are according to the description of technical solutions of the utility model, should determine the utlity model has more multiclass like implementation.
Described peach-shaped aperture is that 1.6mm, minor axis are the semiellipse of 1.2mm by major axis and highly is that the isosceles triangle of 0.8mm is spliced, and the base of isosceles triangle overlaps with semielliptical major axis; The major axis of described half elliptic aperture is that 2.0mm, minor axis are 1.6mm.
As shown in Figure 2: the long 35mm of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate, wide 33mm, thick 0.5mm, dielectric substrate relative dielectric constant are 2.2, and loss angle tangent is 0.001; Characteristic impedance is the long 10mm of 50 ohm microstrip feed line, wide 1.6mm, the long 2.75mm of trapezoidal transition microstrip line, and width is incremented to 1.6mm gradually by 0.97mm; The semiellipse paster major axis of peach-shaped radiating element is that 21mm, minor axis are 12mm, and isosceles triangle paster base overlaps with the semiellipse major axis, and height is 12mm; Even 26 peach-shaped apertures of etching on peach-shaped radiating element paster, direction is opposite with the peach-shaped radiating element, the peach-shaped aperture is that 1.6mm, minor axis are the semiellipse of 1.2mm by major axis and highly is that the isosceles triangle of 0.8mm is spliced, the base of isosceles triangle overlaps with semielliptical major axis, 26 peach-shaped apertures are divided into 7 rows, and the 1st drains into the 7th row's peach-shaped aperture number is followed successively by 1,2,3,4,5,6,5.
Half elliptic metal floor major axis is that 33mm, minor axis are 25mm, be etched with 14 half elliptic apertures along elliptic arc edge left and right symmetrically on the paster, direction is opposite with the half elliptic metal floor, the major axis of half elliptic aperture is that 2.0mm, minor axis are 1.6mm, be parallel to semiellipse floor long axis direction and be arranged in order five rows, vertical interval is followed successively by 1.5mm, 2mm, 2mm, 2mm, is followed successively by 4mm, 4mm, 3mm in minor axis adjacent aperture level interval on one side.
Voltage standing wave ratio and the far-field radiation directional characteristic of above-mentioned antenna array unit in the 2GHz-10GHz frequency range seen Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.
Fig. 4 has provided the feed port voltage standing wave ratio, satisfies voltage standing wave ratio all below 2 in the bandwidth of 3.19-10GHz.
Fig. 5 has provided antenna element under the 4GHz frequency, the direction of an electric field figure of E face.
Fig. 6 has provided antenna element under the 5.5GHz frequency, the direction of an electric field figure of E face.
Fig. 7 has provided antenna element under the 6GHz frequency, the direction of an electric field figure of E face.
As shown in Figure 1,4 antenna elements form array, and put on the antenna surface opposite, and spacing is less than half wavelength, until 1/40 wavelength all can show the focus characteristics of super-resolution.Fig. 8 has provided aerial array, the super-resolution characteristic that the binding time inversion technique shows.The definition antenna element is followed successively by antenna element from top to bottom 1,2,3, No. 4.Take No. 2 antennas as example, when No. 2 antenna transmitted signals, after TRM extracts its channel characteristics, again send, the signal amplitude of only having No. 2 antenna elements to receive is maximum, and the signal amplitude that other antenna reception arrives is all less than half of No. 2 antennas.This means, during communication, No. 2 antennas are independently channels, and No. 2 antenna is very little to the interference of other antenna.And other antenna is when communication, also be to have the status that is equal to No. 2 antennas, each antenna represents a separate channel, and other antenna is all had very little interference, can utilize very easily the time reversal technology to carry out two-forty, high-quality multi-antenna communication.
With the patent of invention of the having applied for (number of patent application: 201110066620.1) compare described in the background technology, the antenna element size only is 33mm * 35mm in the utility model patent, volume is less, impedance bandwidth is 6.81GHz, bandwidth is wider, be 1.7 times of above-mentioned patent impedance bandwidth, the basic covering ultra wideband of the operating frequency of antenna scope of application (UWB) frequency range has stronger engineering using value.Table 1 has been listed antenna element parameter comparison situation, wherein λ in the utility model patent and the above-mentioned patent of invention of having applied for
LBe the corresponding operation wavelength of antenna element low side operating frequency.
Antenna element parameter comparison in table 1 the utility model patent and the patent of invention of having applied for
| λ L(mm) | Size (wide * height) | Operating frequency range/impedance bandwidth (GHz) | |
| The patent of invention of having applied for | 111 | 0.45λ L×0.50λ L | 2.7~6.7/4 |
| The utility model patent | 94 | 0.35λ L×0.37λ L | 3.19~10/6.81 |
Claims (3)
1. a radio communication is laminated by a plurality of identical antenna elements with time inverting sub-wavelength array antenna, and the spacing between adjacent two antenna elements is less than 1/2 operation wavelength λ; Each antenna element comprises the Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate and is positioned at the metal patch of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate positive and negative; It is characterized in that:
The front metal paster comprises a peach-shaped radiating element, described peach-shaped radiating element is formed by connecting by an isosceles triangle metal patch and a half elliptic metal patch, wherein the base equal in length of the major axis of half elliptic metal patch and isosceles triangle metal patch and overlapping; On the peach-shaped radiating element, evenly be etched with 26 peach-shaped apertures from top to bottom, wherein the shape of peach-shaped aperture but opposite direction similar to whole peach-shaped radiating element shape; The trapezoidal transition microstrip line that the minor axis lower end of half elliptic metal patch broadens gradually by one section width in the peach-shaped radiating element and one section characteristic impedance are that 50 ohm microstrip feed line links to each other, and characteristic impedance is that 50 ohm microstrip feed line end is positioned at Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate minor face center;
The back metal paster is the half elliptic that is shaped as of metal floor; The half elliptic metal floor is that 50 ohm microstrip feed line is corresponding in the position of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate front side in the position of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate back with characteristic impedance; The major axis of half elliptic metal floor equates with the width of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate and overlaps with a broadside of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate, and the height of half elliptic metal floor is the total length that 50 ohm microstrip feed line adds the trapezoidal transition microstrip line less than characteristic impedance; Be etched with 14 half elliptic apertures near the regional left and right symmetrically at elliptic arc edge on the half elliptic metal floor, wherein the shape of half elliptic aperture but opposite direction similar to whole half elliptic metal floor shape.
2. radio communication according to claim 1 is characterized in that with time inverting sub-wavelength array antenna, and the span of described dielectric substrate thickness is between 1/20 ~ 1/2 operation wavelength, and relative dielectric constant is 2.2, and loss angle tangent is 0.001.
3. radio communication according to claim 1 is characterized in that with time inverting sub-wavelength array antenna, and the long 35mm of Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Media substrate, wide 33mm, thick 0.5mm, dielectric substrate relative dielectric constant are 2.2, and loss angle tangent is 0.001; Characteristic impedance is the long 10mm of 50 ohm microstrip feed line, wide 1.6mm, the long 2.75mm of trapezoidal transition microstrip line, and width is incremented to 1.6mm gradually by 0.97mm; The semiellipse paster major axis of peach-shaped radiating element is that 21mm, minor axis are 12mm, and isosceles triangle paster base overlaps with the semiellipse major axis, and height is 12mm; Even 26 peach-shaped apertures of etching on peach-shaped radiating element paster, direction is opposite with the peach-shaped radiating element, the peach-shaped aperture is that 1.6mm, minor axis are the semiellipse of 1.2mm by major axis and highly is that the isosceles triangle of 0.8mm is spliced, the base of isosceles triangle overlaps with semielliptical major axis, 26 peach-shaped apertures are divided into 7 rows, and the 1st drains into the 7th row's peach-shaped aperture number is followed successively by 1,2,3,4,5,6,5;
Half elliptic metal floor major axis is that 33mm, minor axis are 25mm, be etched with 14 half elliptic apertures along elliptic arc edge left and right symmetrically on the paster, direction is opposite with the half elliptic metal floor, the major axis of half elliptic aperture is that 2.0mm, minor axis are 1.6mm, be parallel to semiellipse floor long axis direction and be arranged in order five rows, vertical interval is followed successively by 1.5mm, 2mm, 2mm, 2mm, is followed successively by 4mm, 4mm, 3mm in minor axis adjacent aperture level interval on one side.
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| CN 201220405639 CN202695719U (en) | 2012-08-16 | 2012-08-16 | Time reversal subwavelength array antenna used for wireless communication |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102800955A (en) * | 2012-08-16 | 2012-11-28 | 电子科技大学 | Time reversal sub wavelength array antenna for wireless communication |
| CN103515701A (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-01-15 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Infrared transmission microstrip antenna based on circular metallic mesh and infrared transmission semiconductor |
| CN103531901A (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-01-22 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Infrared radiation transmitting micro-strip antenna based on circular metallic meshes |
| CN115020968A (en) * | 2022-05-27 | 2022-09-06 | 西安理工大学 | Multi-band tapered width split loop broadband antenna |
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2012
- 2012-08-16 CN CN 201220405639 patent/CN202695719U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102800955A (en) * | 2012-08-16 | 2012-11-28 | 电子科技大学 | Time reversal sub wavelength array antenna for wireless communication |
| CN102800955B (en) * | 2012-08-16 | 2015-07-29 | 电子科技大学 | A kind of radio communication time reversal sub-wavelength array antenna |
| CN103515701A (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-01-15 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Infrared transmission microstrip antenna based on circular metallic mesh and infrared transmission semiconductor |
| CN103531901A (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-01-22 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Infrared radiation transmitting micro-strip antenna based on circular metallic meshes |
| CN103531901B (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2015-07-08 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Infrared radiation transmitting micro-strip antenna based on circular metallic meshes |
| CN115020968A (en) * | 2022-05-27 | 2022-09-06 | 西安理工大学 | Multi-band tapered width split loop broadband antenna |
| CN115020968B (en) * | 2022-05-27 | 2024-04-19 | 西安理工大学 | Multi-band gradual change width fractal ring broadband antenna |
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