CN202517033U - Device for overcoming metal solidification defect and refining solidification structure - Google Patents
Device for overcoming metal solidification defect and refining solidification structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN202517033U CN202517033U CN2011203342394U CN201120334239U CN202517033U CN 202517033 U CN202517033 U CN 202517033U CN 2011203342394 U CN2011203342394 U CN 2011203342394U CN 201120334239 U CN201120334239 U CN 201120334239U CN 202517033 U CN202517033 U CN 202517033U
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a device for overcoming a metal solidification defect and refining a solidification structure. The device comprises an excitation power supply and a magnetic field generating device, wherein the magnetic field generating device is immerged into molten metal for casting and continuous casting; the excitation power supply conducts an excitation current to the magnetic field generating device through a cable; and the excitation current provided by the excitation power supply is a pulse current, so that a magnetic field acts on the molten metal in the magnetic field generating device. By electromagnetic force and a Joule heating effect, crystal nuclei on the inner surface are peeled off in the molten metal; melt vibration and convection are initiated by utilizing the magnetic field, so that a large number of crystal nuclei are dispersed into the molten metal continuously; the feeding distance in a metal solidification process is shortened; defects in the centers of castings and casting blanks are inhibited; the segregation is lightened; the solidification structure is refined; and simultaneously, the surface is prevented from being involved to the internal. The device is used for preparing casting, continuous casting blanks, ingot castings, die castings and hollow blanks by using ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals under vacuum and non-vacuum conditions.
Description
Technical field
The present invention is a kind of device that improves coagulation defect, thinning solidification structure; Relate to the preparation of ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal foundry goods, continuous casting billet, ingot casting, die casting base and hollow ingot under vacuum and non-vacuum condition; Can suppress the loose formation of A segregation and central pipe, simultaneously can thinning solidification structure.
Background technology
In recent years along with China's power industry; The fast development of nuclear industry and petro chemical industry; Demand to heavy castings, large-scale steel ingot, large-scale blank is increasing; Simultaneously also increasingly high to the quality requirements of heavy casting and forging, large-scale steel ingot, continuous casting billet are the products in advance of heavy casting and forging, and its quality is particularly important to improving the heavy casting and forging quality.But the steel ingot inside of weight above 100 tons almost all exists shrinkage cavity loose, and the loose general and field trash symbiosis of shrinkage cavity increases the difficulty of steel ingot when forging.And large-scale shrinkage cavity rarefaction defect is difficult to healing in forging process, thereby causes the forging flaw detection defective, even scraps.The process of setting of large-scale steel ingot is very very long, and is different according to the steel ingot tonnage, do not wait from tens hours to up to a hundred hours; The solute reallocation fully causes low melting point, materials of low density such as carbon, phosphorus in the solidification front enrichment, adds other physical action; Influence like thermosolutal convection etc.; Make steel ingot zones of different uneven chemical components, cause gross segregation, like the segregation of A type, V-type segregation.In addition, the solidified structure refinement is the target that scientific research and industry are pursued always, adds thick equiaxed grain structure but the typical organization of large steel ingot is a column crystal.Therefore solve the inherent quality problems of blank, it is extremely urgent to improve qualification rate.
The internal flaw problem of large-scale steel ingot, foundry goods, blank enjoys researcher and business circles to pay close attention to.People have developed and have strengthened rising head, adopted methods such as top insulation material even employing electrical heating to prepare, and when causing material, energy consumption, but solve the problem that exists fully.Electromagnetic agitation is another technology that people develop, and promptly through the magnet exciting coil in the crystallizer outside, drives convection current with molten metal through electromagnetic induction, and the dendrite that the convection current melt washes away solidification front produces the dendrite fragment that fractures, thereby improves solidified structure.Though electromagnetic agitation is effectively, because the restriction of large-scale steel ingot size, and the ingot solidification shell is to the shielding action of the electromagnetism depth of penetration, and this technology can't be applied to large-scale steel ingot and the preparation of large scale continuous casting billet.Ultrasonic vibration is another technology that people develop; Promptly impose on molten metal to ultrasonic wave; Make ultrasonic disruption dendrite or produce the cavity effect in the melt and inspire forming core on a large scale; This technology also obtains certain progress, but the restriction of ultrasonic operating distance also is not suitable for the application in large-scale steel ingot.
In recent years; The researcher has also developed the technology that adopts the mechanical oscillation exciting metal liquid nucleus, through the mechanical oscillation of control fire proofed wood charge bar in molten metal, inspires fire proofed wood charge bar surface crystal forming core, under the effect of mechanical force, comes off; Improve solidified structure, improve equiaxial crystal ratio.The refractory material breakage that this technology takes place owing to the mechanical oscillation of refractory material in molten metal, erosion and refractory surface metal freezing crust, it is perfect to still need.Surface vibration simultaneously is prone to cause blemish and gets in the part, brings the new defect problem that is involved in, and has influenced its application.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the problems referred to above of the prior art; The technical problem that solves is to solve present steel ingot, foundry goods, the inner A segregation of strand, shrinkage cavity rarefaction defect; Improve problems such as solidified structure, a kind of device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure is provided.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure comprises:
1) field generator for magnetic immerses in the molten metal in steel ingot, foundry goods and the continuous casting mold;
2) field power supply is a field generator for magnetic conduction exciting current through cable, and the exciting current that field power supply provides is a pulse current, makes magnetic field act on the inner molten metal of field generator for magnetic.
Field generator for magnetic is the open circles barrel shaped structure, built-in magnet exciting coil in the drum bucket wall, and the magnet exciting coil arranged outside has the annular magnetic screen layer to carry out magnetic screen, prevents the metal bath surface disturbance that field generator for magnetic is outside; The field generator for magnetic inwall is provided with the composite of metal and corundum as inner surface, is used to form nucleus.
The clad that the outermost layer of field generator for magnetic open circles barrel shaped structure prepares for the compound that adopts refractory material, graphite, metal, pottery, cermet or above-mentioned material, magnet exciting coil is built in clad inside.
It is that austenitic stainless steel, copper, pottery and other magnetic conductivities are that the coolant jacket of the material of 0.99-1.1 surrounds and to be used to cool off magnet exciting coil that there is material the magnet exciting coil outside, and cooling medium is water, oil or gas in the coolant jacket.
Be provided with the separation layer of insulation materials such as being selected from asbestos or mineral wool between coolant jacket and the clad, to guarantee the temperature difference of clad and coolant jacket.
Material is that silicon steel, nickel-base alloy, cobalt-base alloys, cast iron, permalloy, pure iron and other magnetic conductivities are that the annular magnetic screen layer of the material of 50-100000 is arranged on that the molten metal to the outside carries out magnetic screen between the outside and the separation layer of coolant jacket; Prevent outside liquid surface fluctuation
The exciting current that field power supply provides is a pulse current, and waveform comprises that sharp wave, square wave, sine involve amplitude-modulated wave shape.
Built-in temperature thermocouple in the separation layer of field generator for magnetic.
The set inside of field generator for magnetic has the argon gas conduit of metal bath surface argon shield, and argon pressure is at 0.2-5MPa, flow the 0.2-5 liter/minute.
Device work principle of the present invention is: as shown in Figure 3, field generator for magnetic inspires the process status sketch map of metal liquid nucleus; Field generator for magnetic applies pulsed magnetic field to inner molten metal, and under the effect of electromagnetic force and Joule heat, a large amount of nucleus of field generator for magnetic inner surface come off; And be distributed in the molten metal with convection current by the melt vibration that cause in magnetic field, increase the forming core particle of molten metal inside, improved grain density; Changed the solidification mode of molten metal; Thereby eliminate steel ingot, foundry goods, the inner loose and A segregation of shrinkage cavity of strand, improve utilization rate, the qualification rate of material, cut down the consumption of energy; The while thinning solidification structure, the performance of raising solidification blank.Utilize production solidification blank of the present invention to have dense structure, even, low-cost, the high performance characteristics of composition.
The present invention has following beneficial effect:
1. adopt apparatus of the present invention to be used to improve metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure; Because the exciting current that has utilized field power supply to provide is pulse current, pulse frequency is 1-1000Hz, and pulse voltage is 1-5000V; The magnetic field that field generator for magnetic is produced acts on molten metal; Cause melt vibration and convection current, can be suitable for the preparation of large-scale steel ingot and large scale continuous casting billet bulk metal liquid generation effect;
2. field generator for magnetic of the present invention makes the nucleus that forms on the field generator for magnetic inwall under the effect of electromagnetic force and Joule heat, come off, and is a kind of high-efficiency continuous nucleation process; Melt vibration and convection current that field generator for magnetic causes can promote nucleus to be distributed in the large-scale melt, the uniformity that is distributed with of nucleus;
3. the inner surface of field generator for magnetic of the present invention both had been beneficial to the formation of nucleus, and good heat resistanceheat resistant shake performance and corrosion-resistant property are arranged again, can increase the service life of device.
4. melt vibration and convection current are caused in magnetic field of the present invention, and a large amount of nucleus are distributed in the molten metal constantly, shorten the feeding distance in the metal solidification process; Improve foundry goods, ingot casting central defect, thinning solidification structure alleviates segregation; And in vibration processes, the gas shield of metal bath surface and field generator for magnetic are to the measures such as magnetic screen of outside molten metal, and the field generator for magnetic that adopts does not vibrate; But effect through electromagnetic force; Make the molten metal in the field generator for magnetic produce vibration, prevent liquid level impurity, reduce the generation of other impurity defects because vibration gets in the part;
5. the present invention is through the effect of field generator for magnetic to molten metal; Roll up the inner forming core particle of molten metal; Improve the nucleus forming core, changed the solidification mode of molten metal, thereby suppress steel ingot, foundry goods, the inner loose and A segregation of shrinkage cavity of strand; Thinning solidification structure, the inherent quality and the product percent of pass of raising product;
6. apparatus of the present invention possess cooling, insulation, thermometric, external magnetic shielding, inside applies magnetic field and internal gas protection function; Make a large amount of nucleus of the formation of molten metal on the field generator for magnetic inner surface; Under the effect of the electromagnetic force in magnetic field and Joule heat, peel off, and cause melt vibration and convection current by magnetic field and be distributed to molten metal what a large amount of nucleus continued;
7. apparatus of the present invention adopt magnetic field to cause melt vibration and convection current, and itself does not vibrate device, effectively prevent liquid level impurity because vibration gets in the part, reduce the generation of other defect;
8. apparatus of the present invention system is simple, and is safe, workable, and enterprise realizes easily, can be applicable to the preparation of large-scale steel ingot and large scale continuous casting billet;
9. the present invention is applicable to steel ingot, the foundry goods of various materials, the manufacturing of blank.Utilize the present invention produce steel ingot, foundry goods, strand have dense structure, composition evenly, fine grain, characteristics cheaply; Be easy to obtain vast research institution and works approval; In case extensively adopted, then can improve the quality of products greatly, several hundred million to tens hundred million economic benefit will be arranged;
10. the present invention is a kind of metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure device of improving, and this device comprises field power supply and field generator for magnetic, and field generator for magnetic immerses in the molten metal of foundry goods (strand) and continuous casting; Through electromagnetic force and joule heating effect; In molten metal inside the nucleus on the field generator for magnetic inner surface is peeled off, and utilize magnetic field to cause melt vibration and convection current, be distributed to a large amount of nucleus in the molten metal constantly; Shorten the feeding distance in the metal solidification process; Eliminate foundry goods, strand (ingot) central defect, thinning solidification structure alleviates segregation and can suppress A segregation and the loose formation of central pipe; Thinning solidification structure can prevent that blemish is involved in inside simultaneously.The present invention is used for the preparation of ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal casting under vacuum and non-vacuum condition, continuous casting billet, ingot casting, die casting base and hollow ingot.
The present invention is applicable to that ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal foundry goods, ingot casting, die casting base, hollow ingot and continuous casting billet under vacuum and non-vacuum condition prepare in the rising head of mold and ingot mould in the process, apply in the molten metal in the crystallizer, tundish.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 improves the structural representation of the device of coagulation defect, thinning solidification structure for the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the cross-sectional view of field generator for magnetic;
Fig. 3 inspires the process status sketch map of metal liquid nucleus for field generator for magnetic;
Fig. 4 is used for inspiring in the tundish of continuous casting or large steel ingot casting the sketch map of metal liquid nucleus technology for field generator for magnetic;
Fig. 5 is used for inspiring in the continuous cast mold sketch map of metal liquid nucleus technology for field generator for magnetic;
Fig. 6 is used for inspiring in ingot mould, the mold rising head sketch map of metal liquid nucleus technology for field generator for magnetic;
Be labeled as among the figure:
1 is field power supply; 2 is field generator for magnetic; 3 is molten metal; 4 is cable; 5 is clad; 6 is separation layer; 7 is magnetic masking layer; 8 is coolant jacket; 9 is magnet exciting coil; 10 is thermocouple; 11 is the argon gas conduit; 12 is inner surface; 13 is nucleus; 14 is long nozzle; 15 is tundish; 16 is sprue gate; 17 is crystallizer; 18 is the continuous casting billet shell; 19 is rising head; 20 is cooling medium inlet; 21 are the cooling medium outlet.
The specific embodiment
It is following to adopt the present invention to be used to improve the principle of coagulation defect, thinning solidification structure:
The present invention adopts Electromagnetic Treatment molten metal technology; Utilize electromagnetic generator to increase the forming core particle in the molten metal, improve the forming core density of molten metal, make the inner large tracts of land crystallization of molten metal; Thereby suppress steel ingot, foundry goods, the inner loose and A segregation of shrinkage cavity of strand; Improve utilization rate, the qualification rate of material, cut down the consumption of energy, thus the inherent quality and the product percent of pass of raising product.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, the device that the present invention improves coagulation defect, thinning solidification structure mainly comprises: field power supply 1; Field generator for magnetic 2; Cable 4; Clad 5; Separation layer 6; Magnetic masking layer 7; Coolant jacket 8; Magnet exciting coil 9; Thermocouple 10; Argon gas conduit 11; Inner surface 12, concrete structure is following:
Built-in temperature thermocouple 10 in the separation layer 6 of field generator for magnetic 2, the variation of monitor temperature in real time;
The frequency of the excitation pulse current of field generator for magnetic 2 is 1-1000Hz, and excitation voltage is 1-5000V;
Going to the bottom of whole field generator for magnetic 2 is hatch frame, and the molten metal that gets into is wherein produced vibration and convection current, and field generator for magnetic 2 outside molten metals do not vibrate owing to there is magnetic masking layer.In order to prevent the oxidation of top layer molten metal; The upper top of field generator for magnetic 2 is connected with argon gas conduit 11, applies in the process in magnetic field, feeds argon gas the molten metal in the field generator for magnetic 2 is carried out argon shield; Argon pressure is at 0.2-5MPa, flow the 0.2-5 liter/minute.
For steel ingot, cast casting process; In rising head, in the tundish or in rising head, tundish, add field generator for magnetic 2 simultaneously; Be illustrated in figure 4 as the sketch map that inspires metal liquid nucleus technology in the tundish that field generator for magnetic is used for the casting of continuous casting or large steel ingot; Wherein field generator for magnetic 2 is placed in the tundish 15, and the degree of depth in the field generator for magnetic 2 immersion molten metals makes the following 10-100mm of the complete immersed in liquid level of coil position according to the size of magnet exciting coil 9.
For the continuous casting billet casting process in crystallizer, in the tundish or in crystallizer, tundish, add field generator for magnetic 2 simultaneously; As shown in Figure 5; The sketch map that is used for inspiring in the continuous cast mold metal liquid nucleus technology for field generator for magnetic 2; The degree of depth in the field generator for magnetic 2 immersion molten metals makes the following 10-100mm of the complete immersed in liquid level of coil position according to the size of magnet exciting coil 9;
As shown in Figure 6, for field generator for magnetic is used for inspiring in ingot mould, the mold rising head sketch map of metal liquid nucleus technology, field generator for magnetic 2 immerses the degree of depth in the molten metals according to the size of magnet exciting coil 9, makes the following 10-100mm of the complete immersed in liquid level of coil position.
Answering preheating, preheat temperature before the field generator for magnetic 2 immersion molten metals is the following 50-700 of molten metal liquidus temperature ℃.When adopting method and apparatus of the present invention to be used for crystallizer or tundish, needing the degree of superheat of control molten metal is 20-90 ℃.
It is as follows that present device is used to improve the method for work of coagulation defect, thinning solidification structure:
1) in steel ingot or casting pouring and the process of setting, in its rising head, in the tundish or the field generator for magnetic that in rising head, tundish, adds a plurality of present devices simultaneously in molten metal; For the continuous casting billet casting process, in crystallizer, tundish field generator for magnetic interior or that in crystallizer, tundish, add one or more present devices simultaneously is in molten metal;
2) field power supply of present device is a field generator for magnetic conduction exciting current through cable; The exciting current that field power supply provides is a pulse current; Pulse frequency is 1-1000Hz; Pulse voltage is 1-5000V, makes magnetic field act on the inner molten metal of field generator for magnetic, makes that the nucleus on the field generator for magnetic inwall comes off under the effect of electromagnetic force and Joule heat;
3) melt vibration and convection current are caused in magnetic field, a large amount of nucleus are distributed in the molten metal constantly, and the equiax crystal solidification mode of reinforced metal liquid, thinning solidification structure, the A segregation and the central pipe that improve foundry goods, ingot casting are loose.
Field generator for magnetic is the open circles barrel shaped structure, built-in magnet exciting coil in the drum bucket wall, and the magnet exciting coil arranged outside has the annular magnetic screen layer to carry out magnetic screen, prevents the liquid surface fluctuation that field generator for magnetic is outside; The field generator for magnetic inwall is provided with the composite of metal and corundum as inner surface, is used to form nucleus.
The degree of depth of field generator for magnetic in molten metal makes the following 10-100mm of the complete immersed in liquid level in magnet exciting coil position according to the size of magnet exciting coil.The magnet exciting coil outside has coolant jacket to surround, interior logical cooling medium protection magnet exciting coil, and keeping the surface temperature of field generator for magnetic is the following 50-700 of molten metal liquidus temperature ℃.Simultaneously, the degree of superheat of molten metal is 20-90 ℃ in crystallization control device or the tundish.Under the non-vacuum condition, open the argon gas conduit, the metal bath surface in the field generator for magnetic is carried out argon shield, prevent the molten metal oxidation.
Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is detailed.
Pour into a mould 29 tons of static ingots, the steel ingot material is 40Cr, treat that the mould assembly tooling finishes after, at the upper ends field generator for magnetic of rising head.The frequency of exciting current is 2.5Hz, and excitation voltage is 200V.Field generator for magnetic was heated to 850 ℃ with clad and inner surface baking before immersing molten metal, after ingot steel casting finishes, in the steel ingot rising head, add field generator for magnetic.Apply in the process in magnetic field, carry out argon shield in field generator for magnetic inside, argon pressure is at 0.5MPa; Flow is at 0.2 liter/minute, and the magnetic field application time is 10h, the ingot solidification dense structure for preparing; Loose and the tangible A segregation of no central pipe, and steel ingot is the vast scale equiaxed grain structure.
Pour into a mould 1 ton of sand mold steel ingot, the steel ingot material is the 45# steel, treat that the mould assembly tooling finishes after, at the upper ends field generator for magnetic of rising head.The frequency of exciting current is 2.5Hz, and excitation voltage is 100V.Field generator for magnetic was heated to 900 ℃ with clad and inner surface baking before immersing molten metal, after ingot steel casting finishes, in the steel ingot rising head, add field generator for magnetic.Apply in the process in magnetic field, carry out argon shield in field generator for magnetic inside, argon pressure is at 1MPa, and flow is at 0.4 liter/minute, and the magnetic field application time is 1h.The present invention can eliminate A segregation, thinning solidification structure.
Pour into a mould 24 tons of continuous casting square billets and be of a size of 600mm * 100mm * 3400mm, material is ZG15Cr2Mo1, treat that the mould assembly tooling finishes after, at the upper ends field generator for magnetic of rising head.The frequency of exciting current is 5Hz, and excitation voltage is 200V.Field generator for magnetic was heated to 960 ℃ with clad and inner surface baking before immersing molten metal, in the casting process of molten metal, in crystallizer, add field generator for magnetic.Apply in the process in magnetic field; Carry out argon shield in field generator for magnetic inside, argon pressure is at 1.3MPa, and flow is at 0.5 liter/minute; The magnetic field application time is 8h; Its steel ingot analysis result is visible, and the inner no obvious central pipe of steel ingot, loose and A segregation only A segregation and center porosity occur at ingot head.
[0034] result of embodiment shows:
The present invention utilizes field generator for magnetic to inspire the technology of metal liquid nucleus; Through increasing the inner forming core particle of molten metal, improve the forming core particle density of molten metal, at the large-area while crystal region of the inner formation of molten metal; Eliminated inner shrinkage cavity central defect such as loose grade and the A segregation of solidification blank; Through increasing the initial stage set strength that forming core particle large tracts of land forming core helps improving solidification blank, the solidified structure of refinement solidification blank improves performance simultaneously.
Claims (9)
1. a device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure is characterized in that, comprising:
1) field generator for magnetic (2) immerses in the molten metal (3) in steel ingot, foundry goods and the continuous casting mold;
2) field power supply (1) is field generator for magnetic (a 2) conduction exciting current through cable (4), and the exciting current that field power supply (1) provides is a pulse current, makes magnetic field act on the inner molten metal of field generator for magnetic (2).
2. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 1; It is characterized in that; Field generator for magnetic (2) is the open circles barrel shaped structure; Built-in magnet exciting coil (9) in the drum bucket wall, magnet exciting coil (9) arranged outside has annular magnetic screen layer (7) to carry out magnetic screen, prevents the metal bath surface disturbance that field generator for magnetic (2) is outside; Field generator for magnetic (2) inwall is provided with the composite of metal and corundum as inner surface (12), is used to form nucleus.
3. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 2, it is characterized in that the outermost layer of field generator for magnetic (2) open circles barrel shaped structure is clad (5), magnet exciting coil (9) is built in clad (5) inside.
4. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 3, it is characterized in that magnet exciting coil (9) outside has coolant jacket (8) encirclement to be used to cool off magnet exciting coil (9), cooling medium is water, oil or gas in the coolant jacket.
5. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 4; It is characterized in that; Be provided with the separation layer (6) that is selected from asbestos or mineral wool insulation material between coolant jacket (8) and the clad (5), to guarantee the temperature difference of clad (5) and coolant jacket (8).
6. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 5; It is characterized in that; Annular magnetic screen layer (7) is arranged on that the molten metal to the outside carries out magnetic screen between the outside and the separation layer (6) of coolant jacket (8), prevents outside liquid surface fluctuation.
7. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that the exciting current that field power supply (1) provides is a pulse current, waveform comprises that sharp wave, square wave, sine involve amplitude-modulated wave shape.
8. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 1, it is characterized in that built-in temperature thermocouple (10) in the separation layer (6) of field generator for magnetic (2).
9. according to the described device that improves metal freezing defective, thinning solidification structure of claim 1; It is characterized in that; The set inside of field generator for magnetic (2) has the argon gas conduit (11) of metal bath surface argon shield, and argon pressure is at 0.2-5MPa, flow the 0.2-5 liter/minute.
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| CN2011203342394U CN202517033U (en) | 2011-09-07 | 2011-09-07 | Device for overcoming metal solidification defect and refining solidification structure |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102310174A (en) * | 2011-09-07 | 2012-01-11 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method and device for improving metal solidification defects and refining solidification textures |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102310174A (en) * | 2011-09-07 | 2012-01-11 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method and device for improving metal solidification defects and refining solidification textures |
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