CN201704352U - Raw material preheating shoot charging system of oxygen top-blown steelmaking converter - Google Patents

Raw material preheating shoot charging system of oxygen top-blown steelmaking converter Download PDF

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Publication number
CN201704352U
CN201704352U CN2010202227040U CN201020222704U CN201704352U CN 201704352 U CN201704352 U CN 201704352U CN 2010202227040 U CN2010202227040 U CN 2010202227040U CN 201020222704 U CN201020222704 U CN 201020222704U CN 201704352 U CN201704352 U CN 201704352U
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raw material
charging system
fuel
steelmaking converter
feed bin
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CN2010202227040U
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Inventor
边仁杰
于树金
任勇
张海军
裴中怀
李曾宝
郭宪旺
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HEBEI WENFENG IRON AND STEEL CO Ltd
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HEBEI WENFENG IRON AND STEEL CO Ltd
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Publication of CN201704352U publication Critical patent/CN201704352U/en
Priority to PCT/CN2011/000799 priority patent/WO2011153818A1/en
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Abstract

The utility model discloses a raw material preheating shoot charging system of an oxygen top-blown steelmaking converter, which comprises a raw material bin, a raw material heating furnace and a weighing hopper. A charging conveying belt is arranged below the raw material bin; the small flue of the gas hood of the oxygen top-blown steelmaking converter is provided with a spiral burdening ramp with a chute; the feed opening of the weighing hopper is arranged over against the chute of the spiral burdening ramp; the centre line of the chute is parallel or coincident with the tangent of the small flue; the pipe wall of the small flue of the lower part of the charging opening is provided with a plurality of gas injection pipes which are provided with rocket engines; the rocket engine is arranged in each gas injection pipe; the gas ejection pipes downwards obliquely blow into the small flue; and the rocket engines are connected with a high-pressure O2 and high-pressure CH fuel source. The utility model is the raw material preheating shoot charging system of the oxygen top-blown steelmaking converter, which can improve the slag melting capability of the converter.

Description

A kind of raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter
Technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter, especially a kind of raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter.
Background technology
Thermosteresis was bigger when middle primary converter adopted duplex practice to smelt, some deficiency of smelting process physics heat, COMPREHENSIVE CALCULATING is approximately hanged down 10-12 ℃ in order to remedy this part heat except that strengthening insulation than desirable tapping temperature, also can explore when furnace is relatively lower and smelt the physics heat that how to increase early stage in the converter and use some combustions heat less with regard to beginning dephosphorization or consideration, much more as far as possible to stay a little charcoals to use for final the intensification, that yes is good for this idea, but well-known, can not dephosphorization in any case do not change the good slag of slag.So how can be when furnace temperature be relatively low just good slag of beginning or rapid slag? is there anything else for the potentiality of the low temperature slag of middle primary converter? therefore the utility model is studied therefrom primary converter slag process expansion.
At first analyze existing top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter raw material and add system.Raw material adds inlet and is arranged on the flue lower position.Shortcoming is: raw material is the reverse zooming flue gas flow whereabouts that tilts, and the inhomogeneous counteracting of air-flow that the kinetic energy that raw material descends is risen can not keep stable parabolic path to drop to the high-temperature zone that blast air stirs.But part forms the sigmoid curve track, stirring area is drifted about and is formed slag charge bonding in this zone and piles up a little less than the low temperature of furnace wall, be difficult for fusing, thereby cause the even segregation of slag density unevenness of whole furnace chamber, it is slow to change slag speed, does not meet converter steelmaking and early changes slag, has changed slag, changes the basic fundamental requirement of saturating slag, influences dephosphorization, sweetening effectiveness and production capacity, especially the change slag operation smelted of incompatibility primary converter duplex low temperature dephosphorization, thus production capacity and smelting quality influenced.Next is the raw material existence that adds inlet has certain barrier effect to the circulation of petticoat pipe structure water coolant, and inhomogeneous cooling is even, makes the regional area of flue produce superheating phenomenon and chain unbalanced stress, and problem such as leak, work-ing life is short is arranged easily.Raw material adds inlet and is arranged on the flue side-lower, the defective that also has two aspects in addition, 1. feed opening makes the manufacturing process complexity of flue, this position narrow space of primary converter in the manufacturing cost high 2., maintenance area temperature height, environment are abominable, and the little easy obstruction leakage material of the narrow gradient of feed opening, the average material 2-3 kilogram/ton steel that leaks is the difficult problem that always can not solve.At the low temperature slag imagination that medium and small top-blown oxygen converter duplex is smelted, analyze existing in these defectives of primary converter, need a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter charging system that new meaning arranged to realize the low temperature slag purpose of imagining really.
The essence that the rapid slag of low temperature imagination is pursued just raw material throw into that furnace is high relatively, thermodynamics, dynamics environment is local preferably.According to thermodynamics, the principle of dynamics molten steel border stirred of oxygen jet as can be known, it is the peroxidation combustion high temperature zone of charcoal iron oxygen relative equilibrium in the stove, is rich in the required ferric oxide of quick slag, it is the good place of rapid slag, whipping force is also the strongest, the thermodynamics of being slag, dynamics environment best region.If can be this zone of rendering to of raw material full depth, the degree of depth of melting dephosphorization, desulfurization must strengthen.The charging system of existing converter is thrown in and is formerly expected that the converter central zone also has any problem, and how to allow raw material drive in the wrong direction to pass slag blended fast rise flow, arrive in this regional molten steel, and be the thing that the converter current charging system can not be accomplished.So how, just can accomplish? molten steel proportion is three times of raw material, how to allow light raw material " sink to " relative mass and weigh three times and the high zone of kinetic energy? answer is to have only to allow raw material have enough speed V.According to Einsteinian theory of relativity mass-energy relation: E=cm 2Theory.At first foundation makes the theory that the velocity squared of the sum of squares steel quality of raw materials quality speed tends to balance, the intention of this theory, be allow the mass-energy of raw material and molten steel mass-energy quite or surpass, raw material and molten steel just might muddyly arrive together, the surface of raw material just might be wrapped up by molten steel, realizes the imagination of heat and mass condition the best.Although this process time is short, regularly clashing into heat of friction must support physical reaction as long as speed reaches one, if truly can realize that the physical condition of short period of time just in time is that top blast smelting process steel is melted the mirror image that cinder ladle is wrapped up in; Promptly smelt the change of taking a turn for the worse property of operating mode, dephosphorization, desulfurization performance certainly will be strengthened moment significantly, and this is the desirable good result of steel-making undoubtedly.So how allow raw material have enough speed? speed this add near what just suitable? steel quality is about about 1.5 Mach of 6.9 hypothesis speed, raw materials quality 2.3---feed rate V ≈ so
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
, V ≈ 2.59 but will accomplish that surely raw material arrives with 2.59 Mach of speed in the molten steel of oxygen rifle head positions, this existing at present converter installation could not be accomplished! After all, solve the question essence of low temperature slag or rapid slag, the temperature problem when solving the Firing Velocity problem of raw material and raw material shooting exactly.Above-mentioned theory can be described as a kind of theoretical basis of shooting slag melting novel process in this sense.The approach of low temperature slag or rapid slag is: (steel quality * molten steel speed * speed temperature)=with certain equipment (material temperature * feed rate * raw materials quality) reached approximation.
Yet this theoretical approach is system equipment checking or the empty verbiage because of not having to implement at present, and in order to implement to verify the correctness of new theory new concept, the raw material preheating and shoot system experimentation that needs a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter is verified.
According to above-mentioned theory and analysis, if can not making the equipment that reaches desired quantity comes, enough speed projects that whipping force is the strongest even raw material does not have, thermodynamics, dynamics environment deep layer best region, as long as and can low temperature slag effect just should be arranged to the central part position that raw material projects converter successively, obviously this effect is in mass-energy equilibrated framework and speed, temperature relation in direct ratio.
According to above-mentioned analysis, the technical problem of present required solution is the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of the top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter that can implement of design.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved in the utility model provides a kind of raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter.
The technical scheme in the invention for solving the technical problem is:
A kind of raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter, by former feed bin, raw materials furnace and heating, weighing hopper is formed, below former feed bin, be provided with reinforced travelling belt, the bottom flue of the petticoat pipe of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter is provided with the spiral batching ramp of band chute, the feed opening of weighing hopper is over against the chute that revolves the batching ramp, or the tangent line coincidence parallel of the medullary ray of chute with the bottom flue tangent line, the tube wall of the bottom flue of charging opening bottom is provided with the fuel gas injection pipe of a plurality of installation rocket engine, in each fuel gas injection pipe, rocket engine is installed all, the fuel gas injection pipe is oblique blowing in the bottom flue downwards, rocket engine and high pressure O 2Be connected with high pressure CH fuel source.
The technical scheme in the invention for solving the technical problem can also be:
Rocket engine described in the utility model is made up of combustion unit, combustion chamber and Rafael nozzle, high pressure O 2Be connected with combustion unit with high pressure CH fuel source, if be used in the rocket engine of LF stove or electric furnace, need on the furnace roof of LF stove or electric furnace, to be provided with one section shooting pipe that has bending section, rocket engine is arranged on the shooting pipe and upward and with the shooting pipe is communicated with tangential way, on the shooting pipe loading hopper is set again, loading hopper is provided with in the bottom of Rafael nozzle.
In certain scope, can regulating of the fuel of rocket engine described in the utility model, oxygen flow size, adjust the jet velocity of fuel by the size of fuel metering, oxygen flow, the sparking mode of rocket engine is the envrionment temperature igniting, rocket motor ignition stage jet velocity is less than the combustionvelocity of fuel, realize igniting to the combustion chamber by being ejected into to strile-back after the fuel combustion that possesses the ignition temperature place in bottom flue or the converter, fuel after combustion chambers burn again accelerating jetting enter the normal injection state.
High pressure CH fuel source described in the utility model is gas fuel source or liquid fuel source.
Former feed bin described in the utility model and raw materials furnace and heating can be separately to the weighing hopper feed, also can be simultaneously to the weighing hopper feed.
Process furnace described in the utility model is rotary drum furnace or feed bin stove.
Rotary drum furnace described in the utility model is made of cylinder shell and end cap, cylinder shell is in tilted layout, cylinder shell drives rotation by motor reducer, low end is in top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter one side, the end cap of a higher end is provided with charging opening, and be fixed with hopper at this end, the chute of hopper puts in the charging opening, burner and exit chute are installed on the end cap of a higher end, the center of the bocca slidable of burner, exit chute is in the end cap bottom, exit chute is docked with weighing hopper is movable, raw material moves to the end cap chute under the driving at rotation energy in hopper arrives the rotary drum furnace hall, simultaneously by the burner flame heating, reaches required preset temperature when arriving chute.
Rotary drum furnace described in the utility model is 1-3.
The feed bin of feed bin stove described in the utility model is the funneled bin of oblique discharging, the control flashboard of raw material blanking amount in the control cabinet is installed on the bulkhead of funneled bin, the control flashboard is arranged on the inner barn wall of feed bin discharging direction, the outer bulkhead of feed bin discharging direction is provided with bell jar type bocca, be provided with the special-shaped hopper that receives the feed bin discharging in the bottom of feed bin, the bocca of bocca is over against the bucket chamber of special-shaped hopper, bocca and special-shaped hopper form secondary discharge port, the bocca of bocca is provided with the secondary flashboard, and the secondary flashboard equates with the load that the control flashboard is controlled.Its heating principle is the space fluid interchange of flame heat by raw material, heating raw gradually.Its advantage is that the little efficient height ratio of volume is more energy-conservation, is adapted at most using in the engineering of old old factory rehabilitation converter, and shortcoming is can not heat the split raw material and the bad especially raw material that flows.
The beneficial effects of the utility model are:
Compared with prior art, the utlity model has following advantage:
1. it is reinforced that the utility model just is not used for the raw material preheating and shoot of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter, also can be used for the magnesium desulfurization of shooting granular metal and the hot metal pretreatment operation of iron ladle, hot metal mixer, ladle and tundish.
2. after raw material was put in the bottom flue, the suitable raw material vertical orientation of bottom flue added the rapid fire pipe, and flue is the directed accelerator of the raw material of shoot charging system.In the molten steel that the effect acceleration and the oxygen rifle parallel vertical of gas jets and universal gravity constant dual dynamic are shot the rich ferric oxide of oxygen rifle jet stirring area, melt successively, obviously will accelerate to melt and chemical reaction velocity than existing charging process slag.Raw material can be heated to raw material certain temperature through the preheating cylinder, guarantees that raw material can melt also dephosphorization, desulfurization with the moment that molten steel contacts with ferric oxide.The great advantage of raw material preheating is not only to satisfy the purpose of melting fast, contains crystal water and causes the problem that increases hydrogen in the steel but also can remedy the physics insufficient problem of heat of smelting and raw material.Owing to removed the existence of charging opening, the circulation cooling of petticoat pipe designs simplification water coolant evenly makes flue not have regional area to produce superheating phenomenon in addition, and chain unbalanced stress has problems such as the weak point in work-ing life that easily leaks, and the simplified manufacturing process manufacturing cost reduces.
3. process furnace can directly be fired into lime to Wingdale and is used for smelting when affected raw material, omitting the production and transport of lime crosses, that simplifies one flow process also increases physics heat in the converter, also remedy medium and small converter duplex and smelted the insufficient problem of physics heat, for new way has been opened up in medium and small converter duplex smelting, also for having paved road with the steel-making of iron ore instead of part steel scrap, this part iron ore is not equivalent to become steel as the direct reducing and smelting of oxygenant through oversintering and blast-furnace smelting, has promptly walked shortcut and has saved oxygen again.Shootingization slag technology is smelted the later stage at converter duplex in addition, is used to make reducing slag and prior art than the advantage that thermodynamics and kinetics is obviously also arranged.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the utility model first embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the utility model second embodiment.
Fig. 3 is that A among Fig. 1, Fig. 2 is to view.
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the utility model feed bin stove.
Fig. 5 is the rocket motor structure synoptic diagram that the utility model is used for LF stove or electric furnace.
Embodiment
As shown in the figure, a kind of raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter, by former feed bin 5, raw materials furnace and heating 2, weighing hopper 9 is formed, below former feed bin 5, be provided with reinforced travelling belt 7, the bottom flue 13 of the petticoat pipe of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter is provided with the spiral batching ramp 11 of band chute, the feed opening of weighing hopper 9 is over against the chute that revolves batching ramp 11, or the tangent line coincidence parallel of the medullary ray of chute with bottom flue 13 tangent lines, the tube wall of the bottom flue of charging opening bottom is provided with the fuel gas injection pipe of a plurality of installation rocket engine, in each fuel gas injection pipe, rocket engine is installed all, the fuel gas injection pipe is oblique blowing in the bottom flue 13 downwards, rocket engine and high pressure O 2Be connected with high pressure CH fuel source.Described rocket engine is made up of combustion unit 23, combustion chamber 12 and Rafael nozzle 24, high pressure O 2Be connected with combustion unit 23 with high pressure CH fuel source, if be used in the rocket engine of LF stove or electric furnace, need on the furnace roof of LF stove or electric furnace, to be provided with one section shooting pipe 25 that has bending section 15, rocket engine is arranged on the shooting pipe 25 and is communicated with tangential way with shooting pipe 25, on shooting pipe 25 loading hopper 14 is set again, loading hopper 14 is provided with in the bottom of Rafael nozzle 24.In certain scope, can regulating of the fuel of described rocket engine, oxygen flow size, adjust the jet velocity of fuel by the size of fuel metering, oxygen flow, the sparking mode of rocket engine is the envrionment temperature igniting, rocket motor ignition stage jet velocity is less than the combustionvelocity of fuel, realize igniting to the combustion chamber by being ejected into to strile-back after the fuel combustion that possesses the ignition temperature place in bottom flue or the converter, fuel after combustion chambers burn again accelerating jetting enter the normal injection state.Described high pressure CH fuel source is gas fuel source or liquid fuel source.Described former feed bin 5 and raw materials furnace and heating 2 can be separately to weighing hopper 9 feed, also can be simultaneously to weighing hopper 9 feed.Described process furnace 2 is rotary drum furnace or feed bin stove.Described rotary drum furnace is made of cylinder shell and end cap, cylinder shell is in tilted layout, cylinder shell drives rotation by motor reducer 8, low end is in top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter one side, the end cap of a higher end is provided with charging opening, and be fixed with hopper 1 at this end, the chute of hopper 1 puts in the charging opening, burner 4 and exit chute 6 are installed on the end cap 3 of a higher end, the center of the bocca slidable of burner 4, exit chute 6 is in end cap 3 bottoms, exit chute 6 and weighing hopper 9 movable butt joints, raw material moves to the end cap chute under the driving at rotation energy in hopper arrives the rotary drum furnace hall, simultaneously by the burner flame heating, reaches required preset temperature when arriving chute.Described rotary drum furnace is 1-3.The feed bin of described feed bin stove is the funneled bin 17 of oblique discharging, the control flashboard 16 of raw material blanking amount in the control cabinet is installed on the bulkhead of funneled bin 17, control flashboard 16 is arranged on the inner barn wall of feed bin 17 discharging directions, the outer bulkhead of feed bin 17 discharging directions is provided with bell jar type bocca 19, be provided with the special-shaped hopper 20 that receives feed bin 17 dischargings in the bottom of feed bin 17, the bocca of bocca 19 is over against the bucket chamber of special-shaped hopper 20, bocca 19 forms secondary discharge port with special-shaped hopper 20, the bocca of bocca 19 is provided with secondary flashboard 21, and secondary flashboard 21 equates with the load that control flashboard 16 is controlled.Its heating principle is the space fluid interchange of flame heat by raw material, heating raw gradually.Its advantage is that the little efficient height ratio of volume is more energy-conservation, is adapted at most using in the engineering of old old factory rehabilitation converter, and shortcoming is can not heat the split raw material and the bad especially raw material that flows.

Claims (9)

1. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter, by former feed bin (5), raw materials furnace and heating (2), weighing hopper (9) is formed, be provided with reinforced travelling belt (7) in the below of former feed bin (5), it is characterized in that: the bottom flue of the petticoat pipe of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter (13) is provided with the spiral batching ramp (11) of band chute, the feed opening of weighing hopper (9) is over against the chute that revolves batching ramp (11), or the tangent line coincidence parallel of the medullary ray of chute with bottom flue (13) tangent line, the tube wall of the bottom flue of charging opening bottom is provided with the fuel gas injection pipe of a plurality of installation rocket engine, in each fuel gas injection pipe, rocket engine is installed all, the fuel gas injection pipe is oblique downwards to blow in the bottom flue (13) rocket engine and high pressure O 2Be connected with high pressure CH fuel source.
2. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described rocket engine is formed high pressure O by combustion unit (23), combustion chamber (12) and Rafael nozzle (24) 2Be connected with combustion unit (23) with high pressure CH fuel source, if be used in the rocket engine of LF stove or electric furnace, need on the furnace roof of LF stove or electric furnace, to be provided with one section shooting pipe (25) that has bending section (15), rocket engine is arranged on shooting pipe (25) and upward and with shooting pipe (25) is communicated with tangential way, on shooting pipe (25) loading hopper (14) is set again, loading hopper (14) is provided with in the bottom of Rafael nozzle (24).
3. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: the fuel of described rocket engine, in certain scope, can regulating of oxygen flow size, pass through fuel metering, the size of oxygen flow is adjusted the jet velocity of fuel, the sparking mode of rocket engine is the envrionment temperature igniting, rocket motor ignition stage jet velocity is less than the combustionvelocity of fuel, realize igniting to the combustion chamber by being ejected into to strile-back after the fuel combustion that possesses the ignition temperature place in bottom flue or the converter, fuel after combustion chambers burn again accelerating jetting enter the normal injection state.
4. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: described high pressure CH fuel source is gas fuel source or liquid fuel source.
5. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: described former feed bin (5) and raw materials furnace and heating (2) can be separately to weighing hopper (9) feed, also can be simultaneously to weighing hopper (9) feed.
6. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter according to claim 5, it is characterized in that: described process furnace (2) is rotary drum furnace or feed bin stove.
7. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter according to claim 5, it is characterized in that: described rotary drum furnace is made of cylinder shell and end cap, cylinder shell is in tilted layout, cylinder shell drives rotation by motor reducer (8), low end is in top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter one side, the end cap of a higher end is provided with charging opening, and be fixed with hopper (1) at this end, the chute of hopper (1) puts in the charging opening, burner (4) and exit chute (6) are installed on the end cap (3) of a higher end, the center of the bocca slidable of burner (4), exit chute (6) is in end cap (3) bottom, and exit chute (6) is docked with weighing hopper (9) is movable.
8. according to the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of claim 6 or 7 described a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converters, it is characterized in that: described rotary drum furnace is 1-3.
9. the raw material preheating and shoot charging system of a kind of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter according to claim 6, it is characterized in that: the feed bin of described feed bin stove is the funneled bin (17) of oblique discharging, the control flashboard (16) of raw material blanking amount in the control cabinet is installed on the bulkhead of funneled bin (17), control flashboard (16) is arranged on the inner barn wall of feed bin (17) discharging direction, the outer bulkhead of feed bin (17) discharging direction is provided with bell jar type bocca (19), be provided with the special-shaped hopper (20) that receives feed bin (17) discharging in the bottom of feed bin (17), the bocca of bocca (19) is over against the bucket chamber of special-shaped hopper (20), bocca (19) forms secondary discharge port with special-shaped hopper (20), the bocca of bocca (19) is provided with secondary flashboard (21), and secondary flashboard (21) equates with the load that control flashboard (16) is controlled.
CN2010202227040U 2010-06-10 2010-06-10 Raw material preheating shoot charging system of oxygen top-blown steelmaking converter Expired - Lifetime CN201704352U (en)

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PCT/CN2011/000799 WO2011153818A1 (en) 2010-06-10 2011-05-09 Preheating and shoot-feeding system for raw material

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101851696A (en) * 2010-06-10 2010-10-06 河北文丰钢铁有限公司 Raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter
WO2011153818A1 (en) * 2010-06-10 2011-12-15 河北文丰钢铁有限公司 Preheating and shoot-feeding system for raw material
CN108983693A (en) * 2018-07-10 2018-12-11 邯郸钢铁集团有限责任公司 The system and optimization method of a kind of intelligent optimization IF steel top slag

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101851696A (en) * 2010-06-10 2010-10-06 河北文丰钢铁有限公司 Raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter
WO2011153818A1 (en) * 2010-06-10 2011-12-15 河北文丰钢铁有限公司 Preheating and shoot-feeding system for raw material
CN101851696B (en) * 2010-06-10 2012-10-10 河北文丰钢铁有限公司 Raw material preheating and shoot charging system of top-blown oxygen steelmaking converter
CN108983693A (en) * 2018-07-10 2018-12-11 邯郸钢铁集团有限责任公司 The system and optimization method of a kind of intelligent optimization IF steel top slag

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