CN201575884U - Variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for vehicle - Google Patents

Variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for vehicle Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN201575884U
CN201575884U CN2009202494886U CN200920249488U CN201575884U CN 201575884 U CN201575884 U CN 201575884U CN 2009202494886 U CN2009202494886 U CN 2009202494886U CN 200920249488 U CN200920249488 U CN 200920249488U CN 201575884 U CN201575884 U CN 201575884U
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
pulling force
force sensor
variable
vehicle
wheel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
CN2009202494886U
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
史宝光
鲁显春
李思成
迟永义
王冶
张福起
吴国相
卢少勇
张士博
郭红千
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sany Heavy Equipment Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Sany Heavy Equipment Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sany Heavy Equipment Co Ltd filed Critical Sany Heavy Equipment Co Ltd
Priority to CN2009202494886U priority Critical patent/CN201575884U/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN201575884U publication Critical patent/CN201575884U/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Landscapes

  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)

Abstract

The utility model relates to a variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for a vehicle, in particular to a device which can intelligently control the traction and the speed of a tested vehicle through a real-time monitoring and display system on an industrial personal computer and make up for the defect that a ramp adopts a fixed angle when an automobile is tested. The device is provided with tension sensor fixing devices and speed testing supporting wheel sets which are arranged on a variable-slope platform, four speed testing supporting wheel sets respectively correspond to wheels of the tested vehicle in position, and two groups of tension sensor fixing devices are respectively connected with the front part and the rear part of the tested vehicle. The variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device has the functions of being capable of testing the parameters such as traction, speed and the like by means of the signal conversion of sensors and testing, monitoring, displaying, recording and storing the whole process and results in real time, and can be applied to the related industries such as automobile detection, testing, automobile repair and the like.

Description

Vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device
Affiliated technical field
The utility model relates to a kind of vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, particularly the device of the intellectuality control that can carry out tested vehicle tractive force and speed by the real-time monitoring on the industrial computer and display system.
Background technology
At present, automobile climbing capacity and velocity test generally carry out in the automotive test place, and the ramp also is to adopt fixing angle, and carry out the variable-angle climbing capacity and velocity test can't carry out for the vehicle of multiple disalignment distance and different wheelspans.
The utility model content
The deficiency of fixed angle is adopted in the ramp when remedying automotive test, and the utility model provides a kind of vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device that is fit to multiple disalignment distance and wheelspan.
The technical solution adopted in the utility model is:
A kind of vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, this device is provided with the pulling force sensor stationary installation and velocity test supports wheels, pulling force sensor stationary installation and velocity test support wheels and are installed on the variable sloping platform, four groups of velocity test support wheel groups are corresponding with the wheel position of tested vehicle respectively, and two groups of pulling force sensor stationary installations are connected with the front and rear of tested vehicle respectively.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, on the pulling force sensor stationary installation, be provided with pulling force sensor, on velocity test support wheels, be provided with speed pickup, the collection of simulant signal card connection of pulling force sensor and speed pickup and industrial computer, capture card connects industrial computer by the A/D conversion equipment, becomes the analog signal conversion of each sensor acquisition digital signal to be sent to the specified interface of industrial computer by the A/D conversion equipment.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device adopt variable sloping platform as test platform, and the angular setting of variable sloping platform is in 0-25 °.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, velocity test supports wheels and is provided with detent, support wheel fixed mount, sprocket wheel, support wheel, movable plate, toothed wheel, on two movable plates that are oppositely arranged the support wheel fixed mount is housed respectively, the support wheel that the curved structure of quadruplet is provided with is installed on the support wheel fixed mount, is formed the support wheel friction driven system; Wherein on the two end axles of three cover support wheels sprocket wheel and toothed wheel are installed respectively, sprocket wheel and toothed wheel are installed on the end axle of quadruplet support wheel, on the other end axle of quadruplet support wheel detent is installed.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device are installed chain on the sprocket wheel, form sprocket wheel, chain drive system, and sprocket wheel, chain drive system adopt one group on adjacent two sprocket wheels, totally three groups, drive four support wheel synchronous operations and synchronous braking.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, detent adopts the structure of power hydraulic pressure brake block synchronous braking.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device are used for the sensor of measuring speed, are installed in respectively on the toothed wheel of the wheel of tested vehicle and support wheel.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, the pulling force sensor stationary installation is provided with iron chains, pulling force sensor, set nut, setting nut, pulling force sensor fixed mount, one end of pulling force sensor passes the pulling force sensor fixed mount, set nut, setting nut are installed respectively on the pulling force sensor of pulling force sensor fixed mount both sides, and the other end of pulling force sensor connects iron chains.
Described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, the pulling force sensor that is used for the measuring vehicle sliding force are connected with the front part of vehicle draw hook and are fixing, and the pulling force sensor that is used for measuring vehicle tractive force is connected with the vehicle rear draw hook and fixes.
The beneficial effects of the utility model are:
1. the utility model is provided with vehicle towed power and speed pickup, can realize real-time Monitoring Data of vehicle towed power and speed and displayed record memory function.Pilot control vehicle on the ramp, if when the vehicle climbing state, glide then pass through pulling force sensor, the Monitoring Data system is shown on the computer monitor in real time, and instructs hydraulic system to change variable angle of slope by central control system, correctly controls thereby satisfy the vehicle ramp angle; Speed pickup shows wheel and support wheel speed respectively, as the two speed difference, illustrates that then skidding has appearred in vehicle.
2. the extraction and the analysis of the data such as tractive force, speed, sliding force and max. climb slope when the utility model is in the work of different angles ramp by simulating vehicle, and by obtaining: the velocity variations situation when gradient resistance, resistance to rolling, different braking power etc. to data computation, be mine vehicle engine type selecting, the calculating of power coupling, structural design and improvement provide important basis.
3. the data of the utility model pulling force sensor and speed pickup collection are converted into digital data transmission to industrial computer through A/D converter, the real-time monitoring of software that offers on the industrial computer shows and record that the line data of going forward side by side is handled and identification obtains corresponding analysis result.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is total figure of the present utility model.
Fig. 2 (a)-(c) is velocity test support wheel set constructor figure.Wherein, Fig. 2 (a) is a front view; Fig. 2 (b) is a vertical view; Fig. 2 (c) is a side view.
Fig. 3 is a pulling force sensor stationary installation structural map.
Among the figure, 1 pulling force sensor stationary installation; 2 variable sloping platforms; 3 tested vehicles; 4 velocity tests support wheels; 5 detents; 6 support wheel fixed mounts; 7 sprocket wheels; 8 support wheels; 9 movable plates; 10 toothed wheel; 11 iron chains; 12 pulling force sensors; 13 set nuts; 14 setting nuts; 15 fixing rack for sensor.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and example the utility model is further specified.
As shown in Figure 1, the utility model vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device mainly comprise: pulling force sensor stationary installation 1 and velocity test support wheels 4, pulling force sensor stationary installation 1 and velocity test support wheels 4 and are installed on the variable sloping platform 2, four groups of velocity test support wheels 4 are corresponding with the wheel position of tested vehicle respectively, and two groups of pulling force sensor stationary installations 1 are connected with the front and rear of tested vehicle respectively.After on the variable sloping platform 2 pulling force sensor stationary installation 1 and velocity test being supported wheels 4 and fixedly finishing, the driver reaches the appropriate location to tested vehicle 3, simultaneously the collection of simulant signal card connection and the processing of pulling force sensor and speed pickup and central control system, make computer display screen realize synchronous show state, begin to enter the test standby condition by Fig. 2 and concrete structure explanation shown in Figure 3.
In the utility model, adopt variable sloping platform 2 as test platform, the angular setting of variable sloping platform 2 can adopt the flexible of reversal valve control oil cylinder, is implemented in the function of regulating platform angle in 0-25 ° arbitrarily.
Shown in Fig. 2 (a)-(c), velocity test supports wheels and mainly comprises: detent 5, support wheel fixed mount 6, sprocket wheel 7, support wheel 8, movable plate 9, toothed wheel 10, on two movable plates that are oppositely arranged 9 support wheel fixed mount 6 is housed respectively, the support wheel 8 that the curved structure of quadruplet is provided with is installed on support wheel fixed mount 6, is formed the support wheel friction driven system; Wherein install respectively on the two end axles of three cover support wheels 8 detent 5 is installed on the other end axle that sprocket wheel 7 and toothed wheel 10, the quadruplet support wheels 8 are installed on the end axle of sprocket wheel 7 and toothed wheel 10, the quadruplet support wheels 8; On the sprocket wheel 7 chain is installed, is formed sprocket wheel, chain drive system; The sensor that is used for measuring speed is installed in respectively on the toothed wheel 10 of the wheel of tested vehicle and support wheel.On one group of (2) movable plate 9,6 welding of support wheel fixed mount are fixed, quadruplet support wheel 8 is installed, sprocket wheel 7 and matching used chain are installed then, fixedly toothed wheel 10, the collection of simulant signal of the signal of speed pickup by lead and central control system links and connects, at last detent 5 is installed and fixed, enter the test standby condition.
In the utility model, sprocket wheel, chain drive system are to adopt one group on adjacent two sprocket wheels, totally three groups (sprocket wheel I and sprocket wheel II; Sprocket wheel III and sprocket wheel IV; Sprocket wheel V and sprocket wheel VI) drive four support wheel synchronous operations and synchronous braking.
In the utility model, unconventional two the parallel lines support wheels of support wheel friction driven system are formed fricting transmissioning mode, but by one group of four fricting transmissioning mode that support wheel is formed by arcuate structure.
In the utility model, detent adopts power hydraulic pressure brake block synchronous braking structure, mixes up four detent brake scotch and braked wheel gap in advance, and adopts the mode of same switch control to realize.
As shown in Figure 3, pulling force sensor stationary installation 1 mainly comprises: iron chains 11, pulling force sensor 12, set nut 13, setting nut 14, pulling force sensor fixed mount 15, one end of pulling force sensor 12 passes pulling force sensor fixed mount 15, set nut 13, setting nut 14 are installed respectively on the pulling force sensor 12 of pulling force sensor fixed mount 15 both sides, and the other end of pulling force sensor 12 connects iron chains 11.In the utility model, the pulling force sensor that is used for the measuring vehicle sliding force is connected with the front part of vehicle draw hook and is fixing, and the pulling force sensor that is used for measuring vehicle tractive force is connected with the vehicle rear draw hook and fixes.Pulling force sensor 12 is fixed on the pulling force sensor fixed mount 15 by set nut 13 and setting nut 14; Be connected and fixed by iron chains 11 and tested vehicle, the collection of simulant signal of the signal of last pulling force sensor by lead and central control system links and connects, and enters the test standby condition again.
When beginning to test, the driver reaches the appropriate location to tested vehicle, vehicle tyre is contacted with support wheel 8 well, the pulling force sensor 12 that is used for measuring vehicle tractive force and sliding force is connected with anterior draw hook with vehicle rear respectively and fixes, at this moment on request vehicle climbing variable-angle is adjusted, starting engine, vehicle is moved at the I gear, and refuel gradually, at this moment support wheel 8 rotates by the friction force of vehicle tyre, by the speed of difference test carriage tire and support wheel, just can confirm the speed of a motor vehicle.At this moment have two kinds of situations to exist:
1. when support wheel not being loaded braking, the speed of vehicle tyre and support wheel is identical or very approaching;
2. when support wheel being loaded braking, the speed of vehicle tyre and support wheel differs greatly, and illustrates that doughnut skids, and as support wheel is braked fully it is stopped; At this moment the speed of the tire of vehicle can be approximately the speed of a motor vehicle (the road surface coefficient of rolling friction identical materials when choosing support wheel coefficient of rolling friction and vehicle operation), and the pulling force that the pulling force sensor of this moment reads is vehicle towed power.
Vehicle carries out pulling force respectively by pulling force sensor and speed pickup and measures and velocity survey, become the analog signal conversion of each sensor acquisition digital signal to be sent to the specified interface of industrial computer by the A/D conversion equipment, and offer monitoring of software such as capture card and call at any time.When vehicle is worked in the variable-angle ramp, by the vehicle accelerator control speed of a motor vehicle and tractive force, by Monitoring Data system acquisition data such as capture cards, data show in real time, write down and analyze by industrial computer and central control system computer monitor to the analyzing and processing center monitoring.Monitoring of software such as capture card can be from the specified interface reading of data of computing machine, and finishes the functions such as demonstration, record, printing, data processing and pattern-recognition of data in action panes such as central control system computer monitor.All data to data center handles, and information such as data by tension measurement and velocity survey and variable-angle ramp are prompted to the driver so that accurately operate vehicle and the control vehicle accelerator, finish the surveying work of simulation road conditions.
The result shows, adopts the utility model can obtain variable automobile angle uphill pull and velocity test data, simulating vehicle climbing working condition, and be equipped with the experimental provision of real-time Monitoring Data system.The data of each sensor acquisition are through analog signal conditioner, pulling force and speed pickup are gathered corresponding electric signal simultaneously, under sampling routine control, above-mentioned signal A/D is changed, generate digital signal, send into computing machine and monitor demonstration and record in real time, analyzing and processing is with the form output of curve and result data, demonstration, storage etc.The utility model can measure data and comprise: the data such as tractive force, speed, sliding force and max. climb slope when vehicle is in the work of different angles ramp; And by obtaining: the velocity variations situation when gradient resistance, resistance to rolling, different braking power etc. to data computation.This device can be used for relevant industries such as Automobile Detection, test and motor vehicle repair.

Claims (9)

1. vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: this device is provided with the pulling force sensor stationary installation and velocity test supports wheels, pulling force sensor stationary installation and velocity test support wheels and are installed on the variable sloping platform, four groups of velocity test support wheel groups are corresponding with the wheel position of tested vehicle respectively, and two groups of pulling force sensor stationary installations are connected with the front and rear of tested vehicle respectively.
2. according to claim 1 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: on the pulling force sensor stationary installation, be provided with pulling force sensor, on velocity test support wheels, be provided with speed pickup, the collection of simulant signal card connection of pulling force sensor and speed pickup and industrial computer, capture card connects industrial computer by the A/D conversion equipment, becomes the analog signal conversion of each sensor acquisition digital signal to be sent to the specified interface of industrial computer by the A/D conversion equipment.
3. according to claim 1 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: adopt variable sloping platform as test platform, the angular setting of variable sloping platform is in 0-25 °.
4. according to claim 1 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: velocity test supports wheels and is provided with detent, support wheel fixed mount, sprocket wheel, support wheel, movable plate, toothed wheel, on two movable plates that are oppositely arranged the support wheel fixed mount is housed respectively, the support wheel that the curved structure of quadruplet is provided with is installed on the support wheel fixed mount, is formed the support wheel friction driven system; Wherein on the two end axles of three cover support wheels sprocket wheel and toothed wheel are installed respectively, sprocket wheel and toothed wheel are installed on the end axle of quadruplet support wheel, on the other end axle of quadruplet support wheel detent is installed.
5. according to claim 4 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: chain is installed on the sprocket wheel, form sprocket wheel, chain drive system, sprocket wheel, chain drive system adopt one group on adjacent two sprocket wheels, totally three groups, drive four support wheel synchronous operations and synchronous braking.
6. according to claim 4 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: detent adopts the structure of power hydraulic pressure brake block synchronous braking.
7. according to claim 4 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: be used for the sensor of measuring speed, be installed in respectively on the toothed wheel of the wheel of tested vehicle and support wheel.
8. according to claim 1 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: the pulling force sensor stationary installation is provided with iron chains, pulling force sensor, set nut, setting nut, pulling force sensor fixed mount, one end of pulling force sensor passes the pulling force sensor fixed mount, set nut, setting nut are installed respectively on the pulling force sensor of pulling force sensor fixed mount both sides, and the other end of pulling force sensor connects iron chains.
9. according to claim 8 described vehicle variable-angle uphill pull and velocity test device, it is characterized in that: the pulling force sensor that is used for the measuring vehicle sliding force is connected with the front part of vehicle draw hook and is fixing, and the pulling force sensor that is used for measuring vehicle tractive force is connected with the vehicle rear draw hook and fixes.
CN2009202494886U 2009-12-02 2009-12-02 Variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for vehicle Expired - Fee Related CN201575884U (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN2009202494886U CN201575884U (en) 2009-12-02 2009-12-02 Variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for vehicle

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN2009202494886U CN201575884U (en) 2009-12-02 2009-12-02 Variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for vehicle

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN201575884U true CN201575884U (en) 2010-09-08

Family

ID=42695760

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN2009202494886U Expired - Fee Related CN201575884U (en) 2009-12-02 2009-12-02 Variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for vehicle

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN201575884U (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102305717A (en) * 2011-05-31 2012-01-04 长城汽车股份有限公司 Test bench for automobile climbing capacity and differential lock performance
CN104568456A (en) * 2013-10-10 2015-04-29 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司 Method and system for testing traction of limited slip differential
CN106092612A (en) * 2016-08-10 2016-11-09 中铁局集团有限公司 Electromobile heavy duty experimental provision
CN107677488A (en) * 2017-10-20 2018-02-09 山东省农业机械科学研究院 The system and traction power method of testing loaded using fixed loading device to tested vehicle
CN108195500A (en) * 2018-02-03 2018-06-22 河北航科工程检测设备技术有限公司 A kind of bridge expanssion joint walks resistance automatic data acquisition experimental provision
CN110160802A (en) * 2019-05-22 2019-08-23 威马智慧出行科技(上海)有限公司 Automobile climbing vehicle speed measurement method and electronic equipment
CN113702069A (en) * 2021-08-31 2021-11-26 襄阳达安汽车检测中心有限公司 Automobile steep-slope climbing protection device and method
CN114518232A (en) * 2022-01-18 2022-05-20 徐州徐工挖掘机械有限公司 Engineering machinery traveling climbing performance detection system and method based on rack

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102305717B (en) * 2011-05-31 2013-06-12 长城汽车股份有限公司 Test bench for automobile climbing capacity and differential lock performance
CN102305717A (en) * 2011-05-31 2012-01-04 长城汽车股份有限公司 Test bench for automobile climbing capacity and differential lock performance
CN104568456A (en) * 2013-10-10 2015-04-29 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司 Method and system for testing traction of limited slip differential
CN106092612A (en) * 2016-08-10 2016-11-09 中铁局集团有限公司 Electromobile heavy duty experimental provision
CN107677488B (en) * 2017-10-20 2024-01-23 山东省农业机械科学研究院 System for loading tested vehicle by adopting fixed loading device and traction power testing method
CN107677488A (en) * 2017-10-20 2018-02-09 山东省农业机械科学研究院 The system and traction power method of testing loaded using fixed loading device to tested vehicle
CN108195500A (en) * 2018-02-03 2018-06-22 河北航科工程检测设备技术有限公司 A kind of bridge expanssion joint walks resistance automatic data acquisition experimental provision
CN108195500B (en) * 2018-02-03 2024-06-07 河北航科工程检测设备技术有限公司 Automatic data acquisition experimental device for bridge expansion joint running resistance
CN110160802A (en) * 2019-05-22 2019-08-23 威马智慧出行科技(上海)有限公司 Automobile climbing vehicle speed measurement method and electronic equipment
CN110160802B (en) * 2019-05-22 2021-03-12 威马智慧出行科技(上海)有限公司 Automobile climbing speed measuring method and electronic equipment
CN113702069A (en) * 2021-08-31 2021-11-26 襄阳达安汽车检测中心有限公司 Automobile steep-slope climbing protection device and method
CN113702069B (en) * 2021-08-31 2024-02-13 襄阳达安汽车检测中心有限公司 Device and method for protecting automobile from climbing steep slope
CN114518232A (en) * 2022-01-18 2022-05-20 徐州徐工挖掘机械有限公司 Engineering machinery traveling climbing performance detection system and method based on rack

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN201575884U (en) Variable-angle slope-climbing traction and speed testing device for vehicle
CN103134692B (en) Simulation test board line frame for electric car power-driven system
CN100437074C (en) Real-time measuring method for longitudinal attachment characteristic of tyre and pavement and measuring vehicle therefor
CN201583271U (en) Machine for continuously measuring slope rating of road
CN101576477B (en) Pavement friction coefficient testing car
CN103134683B (en) The system and method for vehicle motor exhaust brake test is carried out in indoor
CN2856134Y (en) Monkey hammer type benkelman beams deflectometer
CN103217298A (en) Testing analyzer for driving process of light-weight type electric vehicle
CN107976593A (en) Energy expenditure test system in a kind of electric automobile operational process
CN101982746A (en) Vehicle antilock brake system (ABS) checkout console capable of stimulating wheel load transfer
CN103105299A (en) Axle weight and brake and vehicle speed combined test bench
CN1916585A (en) Method for simulating inertia of car, and deecting car parameters
CN203216730U (en) Automobile turning transmission ratio test system
CN103376173A (en) Method for measuring internal friction resistance when vehicle slides
CN204495568U (en) A kind of automobile brake perfrmance pick-up unit
CN207423537U (en) A kind of automobile safety testing system
CN205898470U (en) Vehicle comprehensive properties detecting system
CN103323261B (en) Vehicle-mounted braking energy recovery detecting system of electric car and hybrid power car
CN205538230U (en) Automobile operation stability rack test test bench
CN201514325U (en) Endless-track type rotary drum test platform
CN201434818Y (en) Road surface friction coefficient testing carriage
CN1271394C (en) Vehicle overload detecting system and its running method
CN201152816Y (en) Apparatus for high speed braking efficiency detection in drum type
RU2297932C1 (en) Methods of diagnosing condition of brake system of automobile furnished with antilocking system (versions); method of and device for diagnosing condition of automobile brake system
CN203798825U (en) Large tonnage truck speedometer detection device

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C14 Grant of patent or utility model
GR01 Patent grant
CF01 Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee

Granted publication date: 20100908

Termination date: 20151202

EXPY Termination of patent right or utility model