CN201446498U - Pore self-generating abrasive material grinders - Google Patents
Pore self-generating abrasive material grinders Download PDFInfo
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- CN201446498U CN201446498U CN2009200628621U CN200920062862U CN201446498U CN 201446498 U CN201446498 U CN 201446498U CN 2009200628621 U CN2009200628621 U CN 2009200628621U CN 200920062862 U CN200920062862 U CN 200920062862U CN 201446498 U CN201446498 U CN 201446498U
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Abstract
The utility model discloses a pore self-generating abrasive material grinder, wherein the grinder at least consists of abrasive particles, bonding agent and soluble filler. A layer of the soluble filler can be coated on the surface layer of the ultrahard abrasive particles according to need, and the soluble filler and the bonding agent together play the role of controlling the abrasive particles, thus guaranteeing that the grinder has good strength. In the grinding process of the grinder, when abrasive particles on the surface layer of the grinder is passivated and needs finishing, the specific solvent can be delivered to the surface of the grinder so as to dissolve the soluble filler on the surface layer of the grinder, and pores are formed in the bonding agent to play the role of reducing the structural strength of the bonding agent and the controlling force on the peripheral abrasive particles so as to cause abrasive particles on the surface layer of the grinder to fall off easily, thus reaching the aims of automatically trimming the grinder and exposing new abrasive particles.
Description
Technical field
The utility model relates to accurate and the precision grinding machining field, particularly a kind of can be in process, at the hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool of grinding tool top layer generation hole.
Background technology
At present, using super-abrasive grinding wheel (skive, CBN emery wheel) grinding is that hard crisp difficult-to-machine material obtains high-precision high-efficiency machining method.But in superhard abrasive material grinding tool production application for many years, also expose himself intrinsic defective, mainly show: nonmetal binding agent ultra hard emery wheel is low to the abrasive particle hold, easily come off, durability is relatively poor, processing cost is high; The difficult finishing of metallic bond hard grinding wheel, abrasive particle go out the sword difficulty, go out sword after the exposure degree be difficult to keep.On the other hand, because bond is closely knit, wheel face stops up (chip space is little) easily, easily causes surface damage problems such as burned work-surface, influences the crudy of workpiece.Chip space and retentivity thereof have become one of main difficult problem of making ultra-fine abrasive particle grinding wheel.Therefore, for the ultraprecise processing of super-abrasive grinding wheel, improve the hold of bond to abrasive particle, thereby improve the precision stability and the durability of grinding tool, thereby improve grinding efficiency, prevent that surface damage from being a pair of contradiction with the tailorability that improves grinding tool, study and a kind ofly can dissolve this contradiction, be applied to produce in enormous quantities realize high uniformity, low damage, cheaply superhard fine abrasive grinding tool precise high-efficiency process technology seem very urgent.
Problem at a little less than the resin bond wheel abrasive particle hold plates reactive metal on the abrasive particle surface, by the chemical reaction and the diffusion of reactive metal and abrasive material and bond, improves the hold of bond to abrasive material, and plating iridium emery wheel has been born.But active element mainly combines with abrasive particle by pure solid-state or semi-solid reaction in the plating iridium emery wheel, and bond strength can't be compared with metal bonded wheel.
For solving the problem that abrasive particle goes out the sword difficulty, pore structure is introduced the metal idiosome produced the porous metal binding agent emery wheel.Though Porous Metal Bonded Diamond Grinding Wheels has the easily characteristics of finishing of ceramic bond super-hard abrasive grinding wheel, is cost to sacrifice bond strength.
At the problem of the difficult finishing of metal bonded wheel, occurred that (Electronic in-processdressing ELID) is the grinding wheel dressing method of representative with the online finishing of electrolysis.But above these grinding wheel dressing methods often need complicated trimming device.In general, the thickness of oxide-film arrives between the hundreds of micron, for fine-grained super hard abrasive grinding at tens microns in the ELID grinding, abrasive grain＜4 μ m, the height of protrusion of abrasive particle can not be higher than 3/5 of granularity, comes in the 6000# emery wheel, and height of protrusion can not be higher than 2 μ m.Because the oxide thickness that covers on the emery wheel can not directly contact emery wheel top layer abrasive material much larger than the height of protrusion of abrasive particle with workpiece in grinding.For the fine abrasive emery wheel of micron, submicron order, just comprised the abrasive material of One's name is legion in the oxidation film layer of tens micron thickness.Because the intensity of oxide layer will be significantly less than the intensity of bond matrix, be easy in grinding process, be subjected to the effect such as frictional force, centrifugal force between workpiece and the emery wheel and be removed, to there be quite a few abrasive material just to break away from emery wheel before, the invalid loss of the emery wheel of increase in the shear action (wearing and tearing) that also workpiece is not produced.
In sum,,, be difficult to finishing, cause problems such as workpiece burn easily, influence crudy because the metallic bond grinding tool is closely knit though superhard abrasive material grinding tool grinding at present can realize very high material removing rate; Though vitrified bonded grinding tool, porous wheel etc. can effectively solve problems such as chip space, but the intensity of emery wheel own is low, wear resistance ratio is big during difficult-to-machine materials such as processing structure pottery, improved the online finishing problem that processing cost .ELID technology can be good at solving emery wheel, but tend to cause the invalid loss of ultra tiny super-abrasive grinding wheel, increase production cost.
Therefore, for the ultraprecise processing of difficult-to-machine materials such as structural ceramics, optical glass, optical crystal, strengthening grinding tool intensity, reducing the grinding tool loss is a pair of contradiction with the tailorability that improves grinding tool, for dissolve this to contradiction, research can be used for producing in enormous quantities realize high uniformity, low damage, the superhard abrasive material grinding tool and the corresponding method for trimming thereof of precise high-efficiency seem very urgent cheaply.
The utility model content
The purpose of this utility model is to have proposed a kind of hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool, to solve the contradiction that general superhard abrasive material grinding tool strengthens the hold to abrasive particle, the tailorability that reduces grinding tool loss and raising grinding tool, minimizing surface damage, improves working (machining) efficiency.
Technical solution of the present utility model is as follows:
A kind of hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool is characterized in that, comprises super-hard abrasive, works the bond and the solvable filler of the effect of controlling; Whole described super-hard abrasives top layer is coated with the described solvable filler of one deck.
Described super-hard abrasive is diamond or boron nitride abrasive grain.
A kind of situation, described super-hard abrasive are the diamond super hard abrasive, and described bond is bronze binding agent or cast iron bond, and described solvable filler is a Metal Zn.
The wear particle size of described diamond super hard abrasive is W0.5-W40; The concentration of described diamond super hard abrasive is 100%-150%; The addition amount of described Metal Zn is the 20%-100% of diamond abrasive weight.
The content of abrasive material represents that with concentration it is meant every 1cm in the abrasive material in super hard abrasive (mainly being meant diamond and the cubic boron nitride) grinding tool
3(weight of contained super hard abrasive and concentration code name have certain corresponding relation to the weight of contained super hard abrasive in the volume, are 0.2233g/cm as diamond abrasive content
3, its mass concentration just is 25%, the content of diamond abrasive is 1.3398g/cm
3, its mass concentration just is 150%), concentration is high more, and its content is high more.When selecting concentration, factors such as shape, granularity, bond and the processing object that adopt according to grinding tool, method for grinding decide.
Another kind of situation is, described super-hard abrasive is the diamond super hard abrasive, and described bond is bronze binding agent or cast iron bond, and described solvable filler is SiO
2
The wear particle size of described diamond super hard abrasive is W0.5-W40, and the concentration of described diamond super hard abrasive is 100%-150%; Described SiO
2Addition heavily be the 20%-100% of diamond abrasive weight.
Another situation is: described super-hard abrasive is the diamond super hard abrasive, and the wear particle size of its abrasive material is W0.5-W40; The concentration of diamond super hard abrasive is 50%-75%; Described bond is a resinoid bond, and described solvable filler is a watersoluble polyvinyl alcohol synthetic resin; The addition of described watersoluble polyvinyl alcohol synthetic resin is the 50%-100% of diamond abrasive weight.
The method for trimming of described hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool, it is characterized in that, for aforesaid hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool, by the solubility filler in the described hole self-generating of the dissolution with solvents grinding materials and grinding tool, make the super-hard abrasive that is in the grinding tool outside come off with the structural strength that reduces suffered hold of top layer super-hard abrasive and reduction top layer bond, and the super-hard abrasive that is in grinding tool inside is originally exposed, realize the finishing of grinding tool.
Described solvent is the FeCl that is used for dissolution of metals Zn
3Solution is perhaps for being used for the NaOH solution of dissolved oxygen thing, perhaps for being used to dissolve the water of watersoluble polyvinyl alcohol synthetic resin.
Principle of the present utility model is: hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool is at least by abrasive particle (super hard abrasive particularly, as diamond, boron nitride etc.), bond, solvable filler is formed. also need the solvent and the auxiliary facility of solubilized " solvable " filler at its dressing process. in described hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool bond, add " solvable " filler that dissolves in specific solvent, and can apply the described solvable filler of one deck on described super-hard abrasive top layer as required. carry out in the Grinding Process at described grinding tool, when the abrasive particle passivation of grinding tool top layer, when needing finishing, described specific solvent can be transported to the grinding tool surface, " solvable " filler on dissolving grinding tool top layer, between bond, form hole, play and reduce binder structure intensity and its hold of abrasive particle on every side, grinding tool top layer abrasive particle is come off easily, thereby play the automatic dressing grinding tool, the purpose of exposing new abrasive particle. simultaneously, the space that generates can increase the chip space on grinding tool top layer, play the effect of carrying grinding fluid and getting rid of abrasive dust. by adjusting the flow of described solvent, concentration (or temperature) and release frequency, can control the rate of dissolution of described " solvable " filler, thus the trimming speed of control grinding tool; The diameter of described " solvable " filling agent particle by controlling own the size and in bond shared ratio can control the intensity of emery wheel and the chip space size of generation.
A kind of pore self-generation superhard grinding tool and method for trimming thereof, described grinding tool are made up of abrasive particle (particularly super hard abrasive, as diamond, boron nitride etc.), bond, " solvable " filler at least.Also need the solvent and the auxiliary facility of solubilized " solvable " filler at its dressing process.When grinding tool uses and repair, inject a kind of described solvent at wheel face, " dissolving " described " solvable " filler, make the grinding tool top layer form the space, reach and reduce the hold of grinding tool, the abrasive particle of passivation is come off easily the top layer abrasive material, expose new abrasive particle, realize that grinding tool is from sharp effect.Simultaneously, the space of generation can increase the chip space on grinding tool top layer, plays the effect of carrying grinding fluid and getting rid of abrasive dust.
The composition structure of grinding tool:
As preferred a kind of scheme: described grinding tool is made up of abrasive particle (particularly super hard abrasive, as diamond, boron nitride etc.), bond, " solvable " filler at least.In hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool bond, add " solvable " filler that dissolves in specific solvent, bond plays the effect of controlling to abrasive particle, guarantee that grinding tool has good hold to abrasive particle, " solvable " filler is as the structure intensifier, thus the precision stability and the durability of raising grinding tool.
As preferred another kind of scheme: described grinding tool is made up of abrasive particle (particularly super hard abrasive, as diamond, boron nitride etc.), bond, " solvable " filler at least.In hole self-generating abrasive tools bond, add " solvable " filler that dissolves in specific solvent, and at abrasive particle top layer plating one deck " solvable " filler, this filler and bond play the effect of controlling to abrasive particle jointly, guarantee that grinding tool has good hold to abrasive particle, thereby improve the precision stability and the durability of grinding tool.
The grinding tool finishing:
As preferred a kind of scheme: adopt online dressing technique, promptly in Grinding Process, when the abrasive particle passivation of grinding tool top layer, when needing finishing, described specific " solvent " can be transported to the grinding tool surface, " solvable " filler on dissolving grinding tool top layer forms hole between bond, play and reduce binder structure intensity and its, grinding tool top layer abrasive particle is come off easily the hold of abrasive particle on every side.The abrasive particle of top layer passivation and workpiece between come off from the grinding tool surface under the dynamics effects such as frictional force, grinding force, thereby play the automatic dressing grinding tool, expose the purpose of new abrasive particle, realize the online finishing of grinding tool.Simultaneously, the space of generation can increase the chip space on grinding tool top layer, plays the effect of carrying grinding fluid and getting rid of abrasive dust.The grinding heat that produces in the grinding process can promote the dissolving of " solvable " filler in " solvent ".
Can control the rate of dissolution of described " solvable " filler by flow, concentration (or temperature) and the release frequency of adjusting described solvent, thus the trimming speed of control grinding tool.
Can be by intensity and the producible chip space size of controlling the big or small of the diameter of described " solvable " filling agent particle own and shared ratio can be controlled emery wheel in bond.
As preferred another kind of scheme: adopt the off-line method for trimming. when described grinding tool top layer abrasive particle in process, wear and tear, passivation, when needing finishing, grinding tool is installed on the special grinding tool conditioning beds, described specific " solvent " is transported to the grinding tool surface, " solvable " filler on dissolving grinding tool top layer, to play and reduce binder structure intensity and its hold of abrasive particle on every side. the grinding tool top layer breaks away from the grinding tool matrix in the effect of trimmer (as diamond pen, emery wheel piece etc.), expose new abrasive particle, and the formation chip space, reach the purpose of trimming wheel.
When adopting this scheme, can regularly repair as required emery wheel.
Advantage of the present utility model and effect:
1) reports from various researchs both domestic and external at present, still find no the people and propose to reach the reduction bond to the hold of abrasive particle, at grinding tool surface generation hole, thereby reach the method for finishing grinding tool by the method for " finishing " filler;
2) can use metallic bond, guarantee that bond has good hold to abrasive particle, make grinding tool have good durability and precision stability;
3) by " finishing " to filler, reach at grinding tool surface production hole, carry out the grinding tool finishing, and form enough chip spaces, make grinding tool have the characteristics of easy finishing;
4) production method is simple, need not change the preparation method of original emery wheel basically.
5) dressing process does not need optional equipments such as electric installation, almost need not existing grinding machine is carried out any transformation, just can use described grinding tool and process.
6) can realize the ultraprecise efficient, low damage of hard fragility difficult-to-machine material is processed.Processing for hard crisp difficult-to-machine materials such as structural ceramics, optical glass and optical crystals, this grinding tool has than conventional metals bond super-hard abrasive tool higher working (machining) efficiency is arranged, when adopting ultra-fine super hard abrasive, suface processing quality even can reach the level of polishing.
7) need grinding process in the grinding tool dressing process, and grinding process itself can promote finishing, these two processes are worked in coordination, and support mutually: the grinding heat that produces in the grinding process can promote the dissolving of " solvable " filler in " solvent ".
8) process of finishing grinding tool is controlled: can control the rate of dissolution of described " solvable " filler by flow, concentration (or temperature) and the release frequency of adjusting described solvent, thus the trimming speed of control grinding tool.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool structural representation;
Fig. 2 hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool dressing process schematic diagram.Wherein:
A) solvent enters grinding tool surface and filler generation physical reaction;
B) be in the dissolved formation hole of filler on top layer;
C) hole increases around the abrasive particle, and hold weakens abrasive particle and comes off;
D) binder structure intensity descends, fragmentation, and new abrasive particle exposes.
Indicated 3 processes of A among Fig. 2, B, C are as follows:
The filler dissolving of A-grinding tool surface forms the space;
The filler dissolving on B-abrasive particle surface, abrasive particle comes off;
The abrasive particle that C-is new constantly exposes.
The number in the figure explanation: 1-super hard abrasive abrasive particle, " solvable " filler in the 2-bond, the 3-plating is in " solvable " filler on abrasive particle top layer, 4-bond, 5-solvent, 6-passivation abrasive particle.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments the utility model is further described.
A kind of hole self-generating grinding tool and method for trimming thereof, described hole self-generating grinding tool (with reference to Fig. 1) is at least by super hard abrasive abrasive particle 1, bond 4, " solvable " filler 2 and plating are formed in " solvable " filler 3 on abrasive particle top layer in the bond. in described method for trimming, also need comprise plus solvent and process mating facility. when grinding tool is made, in the bond 4 of described hole self-generating grinding tool, add described " solvable " filler 2 that dissolves in specific solvent, and at described abrasive particle top layer plating one deck described " solvable " filler 3, " solvable " filler 2 plays the effect of controlling with " solvable " filler 3 and the described bond 4 of plating in the abrasive particle top layer to described abrasive particle in the described bond, guarantees that hole self-generating grinding tool has good intensity.
Performance according to rapidoprint, in above grinding tool is made also can be following form: add dissolving in described " solvable " filler 2 of specific solvent or at described abrasive particle top layer plating one deck described " solvable " filler 3 in the bond 4 of described hole self-generating grinding tool, " solvable " filler 2 or plating play the effect of controlling in " solvable " filler 3 and the bond on abrasive particle top layer to abrasive particle in the described bond, guarantee that hole self-generating grinding tool has good intensity.
In described hole self-generating grinding tool process, adopt online dressing technique, when promptly needing finishing when described abrasive particle 1 passivation in grinding tool top layer, by " solvable " filler 2 in the bond around specific described solvent " dissolving " grinding tool top layer and the abrasive particle 1 and plating in " solvable " filler 3 on abrasive particle top layer, form hole 4 of bonds, play and reduce bond 4 structural strengths and its hold of abrasive particle 1 on every side, grinding tool top layer abrasive particle is come off easily, play the automatic dressing grinding tool, expose new abrasive particle, and the purpose that forms chip space, realize the online finishing of grinding tool.Online finishing is meant the finishing while processing, and just in process, grinding tool is not lifted down from lathe, in processing work, adopts certain method for trimming that grinding tool is repaired, thereby guarantees that grinding tool has good processing properties all the time.
Dressing process can be with reference to Fig. 2.
Described in finishing frequency that can be by adjusting grinding tool in the process and the dressing process in the described bond of concentration, temperature and flow-control of solvent " solvable " filler 2 and plating in the rate of dissolution of " solvable " filler 3 on abrasive particle top layer, thereby the trimming speed of control grinding tool.By the size of the diameter of " solvable " filler 2 particles own and the chip space that quantity can control emery wheel in the control bond, by controlling plating in the size of the diameter of " solvable " filler 3 particles on abrasive particle top layer own and hardness and the chip space that quantity can control emery wheel.
Dressing process as above is suitable for the off-line finishing of described hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool equally.
The off-line finishing is meant, grinding tool is not repaired in process, and after processing a period of time, the grinding tool processing characteristics descends, and emery wheel is taken off from lathe again, on specific trimming device emery wheel is repaired at grinding tool.The advantage of off-line finishing is to obtain dressing accuracy preferably, and shortcoming is the dismounting trouble.
Present embodiment adopts diamond super hard abrasive (wear particle size W0.5-W40), bronze binding agent (or cast iron bond), and " solvable " filler is selected typical metal material-Metal Zn, and solvent is selected FeCl
3Solution.Diamond super hard abrasive concentration is at 100%-150%.Add solubility filler Metal Zn in the bond, addition heavily is the 20%-100% of diamond abrasive weight, FeCl
3Solution concentration is 5%-30%.Simultaneously, can adopt the vacuum coating technology, at diamond top layer metallizing zinc as required.
During finishing, inject FeCl at machining area
3Solution.Because grinding tool is to the ablation of workpiece, around the abrasive particle and grinding tool top layer " solvable " filler---Zn will come out.Because Zn is more active than Fe, Zn meeting and FeCl
3Solution generation displacement reaction makes Zn be dissolved in FeCl
3In the solution, the Fe that separates out is attached to die surface, but adhesion is very low, under the effect of external force such as centrifugal force and grinding force, be easy to be thrown off surperficial .Zn dissolving after, can form the space on the grinding tool surface, reduce bond to the hold of abrasive particle and the structural strength of bond, thereby made the diamond abrasive grain after the passivation be easy under the effect of grinding force, break away from the grinding tool surface, played the finishing grinding tool, the effect of exposing new abrasive particle. simultaneously, form chip space on the grinding tool surface.
Can reach FeCl in the dressing process by adjusting the finishing frequency of grinding tool in the process
3The rate of dissolution of the concentration of solution, temperature, the described filler Zn of flow-control, thereby the trimming speed of control grinding tool.Size and quantity by the diameter of control filler Zn particle own can control the hardness of emery wheel and the size of chip space.
Present embodiment adopts diamond super hard abrasive (wear particle size W0.5-W40), bronze binding agent (or cast iron bond), " solvable " filler selective oxidation thing-silica SiO
2, solvent is selected NaOH solution.Diamond super hard abrasive concentration is at 100%-150%.Add solubility filler SiO in the bond
2, addition is the 20%-100% of diamond abrasive weight, NaOH pH value of solution value is about 8-9.
During finishing, inject the NaOH solution of heat at machining area.Because grinding tool to the ablation of workpiece, reaches " solvable " filler---the SiO on grinding tool top layer around the abrasive particle
2To come out.Because SiO
2React with NaOH solution, make SiO
2Be dissolved in the NaOH solution, form the space, reduced the hold of bond abrasive particle on the grinding tool surface, reduce the structural strength of bond, thereby make the diamond abrasive grain after the passivation be easy under the effect of grinding force, break away from the grinding tool surface, play the finishing grinding tool, expose the effect of new abrasive particle.Simultaneously, form chip space on the grinding tool surface.
Can be by adjusting the finishing frequency of grinding tool in the process, the concentration, temperature, the flow that reach NaOH solution in the dressing process are controlled described filler SiO
2Rate of dissolution, thereby control grinding tool trimming speed.By control filler SiO
2The size of the diameter of particle own and quantity can control the hardness of emery wheel and the size of chip space.
Present embodiment adopts diamond super hard abrasive (wear particle size W0.5-W40), traditional resinoid bond (as phenolic resins etc.), and " solvable " filler is selected watersoluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) synthetic resin, and solvent is selected water.Diamond super hard abrasive concentration is at 50%-75%.Add solubility filler PVA synthetic resin in the bond, addition weight is the 50%-100% of diamond abrasive weight.
In process, constantly inject cooling water, make the PVA synthetic resin dissolving on grinding tool surface form hole,, obtained good processing effect to improve the self-sharpening energy of diamond abrasive tool on the grinding tool surface.Can reach the temperature of water in the dressing process and the rate of dissolution of the described filler PVA of flow-control by adjusting the finishing frequency of grinding tool in the process, thus the trimming speed of control grinding tool.
Claims (3)
1. a hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool is characterized in that, comprises super-hard abrasive, works the bond and the solvable filler of the effect of controlling; Whole described super-hard abrasives top layer is coated with the described solvable filler of one deck.
2. hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool according to claim 1 is characterized in that described super-hard abrasive is diamond or cubic boron nitride abrasive grain.
3. according to each described hole self-generating grinding materials and grinding tool of claim 1～2, it is characterized in that described super-hard abrasive is the diamond super hard abrasive, described bond is bronze binding agent or cast iron bond, and described solvable filler is a Metal Zn.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103111948A (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2013-05-22 | 姜堰苏蒙砂轮有限公司 | Grinding roller shock absorption grinding wheel adjustable in hardness |
| CN106457524A (en) * | 2014-05-01 | 2017-02-22 | 3M创新有限公司 | Coated abrasive article |
| CN108393792A (en) * | 2017-02-06 | 2018-08-14 | 蓝思科技（长沙）有限公司 | Active filler pore creating material, the resin abrasive tools and preparation method thereof containing this pore creating material |
-
2009
- 2009-01-09 CN CN2009200628621U patent/CN201446498U/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103111948A (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2013-05-22 | 姜堰苏蒙砂轮有限公司 | Grinding roller shock absorption grinding wheel adjustable in hardness |
| CN106457524A (en) * | 2014-05-01 | 2017-02-22 | 3M创新有限公司 | Coated abrasive article |
| CN108393792A (en) * | 2017-02-06 | 2018-08-14 | 蓝思科技（长沙）有限公司 | Active filler pore creating material, the resin abrasive tools and preparation method thereof containing this pore creating material |
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Granted publication date: 20100505 Termination date: 20130109 |