CN201210757Y - Skin effect heat tracing pipe - Google Patents

Abstract

A skin effect tracing tube consists of a heating tube and an insulated line, etc.. Copper loss and iron loss are analyzed completely by using principle of electric engineering ''skin effect'' and principle of electromagnetic field ''proximity effect'' to generate joule heat relationship, confirm material and discipline of current channel in the inner wall of the heating tube. The utility model ensures measures in the event of danger, improves heating discipline and efficiency and has the advantages of simple structure and wide use.

Description

The kelvin effect heat tracing pipe

Technical field:

The utility model is a kind of heating element that is installed with the high-temperature insulation electric wire in carbon steel pipe, adopts kelvin effect and proximity effect principle especially simultaneously.

Background technology:

Patent ZL03220373X has announced " kelvin effect companion's thermal element " document on April 21st, 2004, it has proposed the insulated electric conductor insulating barrier and has adopted fluoroplastics, improve the insulation heatproof and conductive line surfaces is zinc-plated or the nickel plating scheme, but it exists following major issue to solve:

Be 1, how insulated electric conductor and heat-generating pipe electrically connected? is heating principle unclear, and exothermic material is indeterminate, is lead heating or heat-generating pipe heating?

Can 2, how much thickness of heat-generating pipe inwall pass through electric current? relevant with those factors? whether the heat-generating pipe surface charged? have or not danger?

Summary of the invention:

The purpose of this utility model has:

1, analyzes electric loop and heating principle, what exothermic material to make insulated electric conductor and heat-generating pipe with;

2, find heat-generating pipe inwall electric current collection skin rule, the safe thickness of design and definite heat-generating pipe inwall current channel; Guarantee that leakage current, drain voltage that the surface produces danger can not occur;

The utility model be achieved in that for the heat-generating pipe outer surface safety that makes the kelvin effect heat tracing pipe not charged, electric current only flows through at the heating inner surface, can in heat-generating pipe, wear one and thoroughly do away with the edge electric wire, its tail end reliably is connected by tie point with the heat-generating pipe tail end, the head end of insulated electric conductor and heat-generating pipe head end connect the phase line and the zero line of AC power respectively, impose alternating voltage and exchange, electric current forms the series electrical loop by the core and the heat-generating pipe of insulated electric conductor.

Because insulated electric conductor core material is a copper, belong to nonmagnetic substance, permeability u=1; The heat-generating pipe material is a carbon steel, belongs to strong magnetic material, permeability u " 1, be through formation series electrical loop in the heat-generating pipe at insulated conductor, so:

The insulated electric conductor impedance Z ₁=r-jX _L

The heat-generating pipe impedance Z ₂=R+jX _C

The impedance of series loop $Z=Z_1+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="Z"\; filenames="Y200820009848E00121.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">Z</figure-callout>}}_2=(r+R)+j(X_L+X_C)=(r+R)+j(\mathrm{\&omega;L}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{\&omega;C}})\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\left(1\right)$

Then the alternating current I of this series connection tape loop is

$\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{I}=\frac{\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{U}}{Z}=\frac{\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{U}}{(r+R)+j(L_L+L{C}_C)}$ ………………………………(2)

(1), in (2) formula: r is the resistance (Ω) of insulated electric conductor;

X _LCapacitive reactance (Ω) for the kelvin effect heat tracing pipe;

Z ₁Impedance (Ω) for insulated electric conductor;

R is the average AC resistance (Ω) of heat-generating pipe;

X _cInduction reactance (Ω) for the kelvin effect heat tracing pipe;

Z ₂Impedance (Ω) for heat-generating pipe;

Z is the impedance (Ω) of kelvin effect heat tracing pipe;

Be alternating voltage (V);

Be alternating current (A);

C is dielectric electric capacity (F) between insulated electric conductor core surface and the heat-generating pipe bore area;

L is the inductance (H) of kelvin effect heat tracing pipe;

Below to (1) formula r, R, X _L, X _cState respectively and chat:

According to the Kirchhoff's second law series circuit as can be known

$\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{U}={\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{U}}_L+{\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{U}}_C$ ………………………………………………………(3)

In the formula:

For the phase line of AC power at the voltage of insulated electric conductor head end to tail end;

For AC power at the voltage of heat-generating pipe tail end to the head end zero line.

By $\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{U}=\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{I}(r+R)+j\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{I}(X_L+\mathrm{Xc})$ …………………………………………(4)

By these two parts of series loop, its power is p by alternating current I ₁₂

A. the resistance r of insulated conductor goes up and produces Joule heat P ₁=I ²R;

B. produce Joule heat P on the resistance R of heat-generating pipe ₂=I ²R; (it is relevant with electric current, magnetic field that R is variable)

So p ₁₂=P ₁+ P ₂=I ²(r+R) ... (5)

In order to represent that (1) and (4) formula real part produces the power component of Joule heat degree, uses power factor

Expression: $\mathrm{Cos\&alpha;}=\frac{r+R}{\sqrt{{(r+R)}^2+{(X_L-X_C)}^2}}$ …………………………(6)

Also can be understood as alternating current utilizes copper loss and iron loss principle generation Joule heat to analyze in series circuit;

1, copper loss part $(P_1={\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{I}}^{2}r)$

Copper loss refers to that partly insulated electric conductor core material is the cable fine copper, the general common finger resistivity 0.01792 Ω .mm of resistivity ²Under/the m (20 ℃), temperature coefficient of resistance α is 0.0038/ ℃, calculates that according to electromagnetism the single round copper conductor diameter of fine copper is about about 20mm, can not produce kelvin effect and proximity effect at power current.Therefore insulated electric conductor should adopt the Stranded cable fine copper to be twisted into into its core.The resistance r of insulated electric conductor is relevant with temperature coefficient of resistance α and temperature thereof:

r＝r _20℃[1+α(T-20)]……………………………………………………(7)

R in the formula _{20 ℃}Be 20 ℃ of following resistance (Ω)

2. iron loss part $p_{}$ ${}_2={\stackrel{\&CenterDot;}{I}}^{2}R$

2.1 because the material of heat-generating pipe is a carbon steel, belong to strong magnetic substance, AC impedance is obvious more much bigger than D.C. resistance than D.C. resistance.AC impedance is also obvious big than D.C. resistance under the power frequency supply for the carbon steel pipe of specifying specification.D.C. resistance is certain at certain condition, and AC impedance is a variable, and its V-A characteristic is non-linear, and relates to the influence in magnetic field, determines " R " more complicated owing to directly calculate, and can adopt experiment and determine " R " in conjunction with approximate calculation method.

2.2 owing to insulated electric conductor is through in the heating pore very near, and form the series current loop, produce significantly " proximity effect " at the heat-generating pipe inwall, under magnetic induction " proximity effect " effect, the heat-generating pipe current channel is changed over by flowing along inwall by whole ring sections, and outer wall is provided with electric current, and current density is pressed index law from inwall to outer wall limit direction and changed, letter, " insulating properties " appearred in the heat-generating pipe outer wall." skin thickness becomes " of its heat-generating pipe inwall current channel can calculate by known following formula:

$\mathrm{\&delta;}=5030\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&rho;}}{{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_m\&CenterDot;f}}$ ……………………………………………(8)

S is the skin thickness (cm) that becomes in the formula;

ρ is the resistivity (Ω .cm) of heat-generating pipe carbon steel pipe;

μ _mMaximum relative permeability for the heat-generating pipe carbon steel pipe;

F is supply frequency (Hz).

Because be to obey the index law decay at heat-generating pipe inwall electric current degree, the heat-generating pipe surface is provided with electric current to be passed through, and guarantees personal safety, the thickness that should be taken as heat-generating pipe is more than three times of its skin thickness that becomes.Therefore,, must the ground protection measure be set strictness in case the kelvin effect heat tracing pipe should take into full account and the heat-generating pipe surface leakage occur and cause unsafe problem!

2.3 about calculating " R "

2.3.1 at first according to the cross section of insulated electric conductor core and diameter, length, the thickness of the insulating barrier of insulated electric conductor operating voltage.Determine heat-generating pipe external diameter, thickness, threading space and length again, and select permeability higher, the specification of economic corresponding insulated electric conductor.

2.3.2 the 1.2nd bar fixed insulated electric conductor is through that both tail ends are connected in the heat-generating pipe, both head ends are phase-connecting wire and zero lines respectively, the input power frequency supply, and regulation voltage is made the V-A characteristic curve, and repeatedly repeats.In order to obtain " R ", utilize " Ampere circuit law ":

H*G＝N*I………………………………………………(9)

H is magnetic field intensity (A/m) in the formula;

G is the length (m) of heat-generating pipe;

N is the number of turn 1;

2.3.3 can obtain magnetic field intensity H " magnetization curve " also according to finding out relative permeability μ according to Ampere circuit law _mIn order to guarantee that the heat-generating pipe thickness surface is provided with leakage current, get three times of skin thickness that become as design parameter.

2.3.4 according to the known skin thickness formula that becomes of electromagnetism $\mathrm{\&delta;}=5030\&CenterDot;\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&rho;}}{{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_m\&CenterDot;f}}$ Can obtain the average resistivity ρ of heat-generating pipe inwall conductive layer.

2.3.5 obtain heat-generating pipe inwall resistance at last: $R=\mathrm{\&rho;}\&CenterDot;\frac{L}{\mathrm{\&rho;}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&pi;D}\&CenterDot;\mathrm{\&delta;}}$ ………………(10)

3. about the analysis of (1) formula imaginary part:

CALCULATION OF CAPACITANCE about capacitive reactance:

………………………………………(11)

In the formula:

ε _ExhaustedRelative dielectric constant for the insulating material of insulated electric conductor

ε _EmptyBe the air relative dielectric constant between insulated electric conductor and the heat-generating pipe

B is the internal diameter m of heat-generating pipe

A is the core external diameter m of insulated electric conductor

Calculating about the inductance of induction reactance:

?

…………………………………(12)

In the formula: μ _ExhaustedMagnetic permeability for the insulating material of insulated electric conductor

μ _EmptyBe the air relative permeability between insulated electric conductor and the heat-generating pipe

Therefore, calculate capacitive reactance according to the structure of electric current skin current heating element $\mathrm{Xc}=\frac{1}{{\mathrm{\&omega;}}_C}$ With induction reactance X _L=ω _LThereby, obtain impedance Z=(R+R)+j (X _L-X _C);

(1) induction reactance X in the formula imaginary part _LCause by three aspects with capacitive reactance Xc:

3.1 magnetic hysteresis loss P _h: because the magnetic induction of heat-generating pipe changes the required loss in magnetic field of the alternating current generation that lags behind insulated conductor.It is made up of two parts, is capacitive:

Magnetic domain in a heat-generating pipe material is drawn into potential energy, is that energy storage and exoergic return the insulated electric conductor circuit with magnetic field energy.

Magnetic domain produces a part of heat for overcoming friction in the b heat-generating pipe material, and it is small to consume energy relatively.

3.2 eddy current loss Pe: because the insulated electric conductor magnetic flux change that is through in the heat-generating pipe must be brought out the induced inside electromotive force, the resistance in heat-generating pipe inwall material produces Joule heat, can improve heating efficiency.The generation of vortex flow and increase must be reflected to present and be returned the increase that influences the alternating current of insulated conductor I on the other hand.

3.3 residual loss Pc: because the heat-generating pipe magnetized state is caused that the Magnetic hysteresis effect causes the loss of delaying state, is capacitive.

Therefore, according to the above-mentioned heating principle of having analyzed, determined material, the rule of heat-generating pipe inwall current channel guarantees in case dangerous measure occurs.Now sum up and see the following form:

To sum up analyze: electric current kelvin effect electric heating element has adopted electromagnetism " kelvin effect " and " proximity effect " principle, the core material of lead electric wire is to be twisted into by the single copper conductor of multiply, the heat-generating pipe material is a carbon steel, in heat-generating pipe, wear one and thoroughly do away with the edge electric wire, its tail end reliably is connected by tie point with the heat-generating pipe tail end, phase line and zero line that the head end of insulated electric conductor and heat-generating pipe head end connect power frequency supply respectively form series loop, and it produces heat three aspects:

1. power current is at the Joule heat of the resistance of insulated electric conductor core;

2. alternating current is subjected to " proximity effect " influence and obeys Joule heat that index law decay from inwall to surface direction by " kelvin effect " in heat-generating pipe.

3. because causing the magnetic flux that carries in the heat-generating pipe, the alternating current of insulated electric conductor brings out electromotive force, the Joule heat that produces on the resistance of vortex flow in carbon steel, and overcome the heat that magnetic rubs.

The heat-generating pipe surface does not have electric current to pass through, and can guarantee that human body fully also must the reliable ground protection.Owing to set up circuit loop impedance expression and computing formula, launched the analysis of various piece for the impedance of insulated electric conductor and heat-generating pipe, found the rule and the principle that produce heating, and solved and guaranteed the safety measure that heat-generating pipe can be not charged.

Now with above-mentioned obtain analyze summing up be listed as follows:

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the utility model insulated electric conductor sectional view;

Fig. 2 is the utility model electrical principle schematic diagram;

Fig. 3 is the utility model D.C. resistance survey map;

Fig. 4 is the utility model AC resistance survey map;

Fig. 5 measures the electrical schematic diagram of holding concurrently for the utility model series impedance;

Embodiment

1. at first be twisted into " insulated electric conductor core 3 " with many cable fine copper single lines, weave layer of glass " stress compensation layer 4 " again, coat in the above, coat high temperature plastics or super heated rubber more respectively as above " stress compensation layer 4 " of " insulated electric conductor insulating barrier 5 " and " insulated electric conductor wearing layer 6 ", make " insulated electric conductor 1 " at last.See Fig. 1.

" stress compensation layer 4 " is used to cushion length and causes that apart from variations in temperature the linear expansion difference causes the stress cracking of " insulated electric conductor core 3 " and " insulated electric conductor insulating barrier 5 "." insulated electric conductor wearing layer 6 " is used for the wearing and tearing of exempting from of engineering poling.

2. " insulated electric conductor 1 " is through in ordinary carbon steel " heat-generating pipe 2 " endoporus, length is identical with " heat-generating pipe 2 ", the tail end of " insulated electric conductor 1 " reliably is connected by tail end tie point 7 with the tail end of " heat-generating pipe 2 ", guarantee reliable the connection, the phase line that the head end of " insulated electric conductor 1 " and the head end of " heat-generating pipe 2 " are received power frequency supply respectively with zero mutually, impose power-frequency voltage, electric current forms the series electrical loop by " the insulated electric conductor core 3 " and " heat-generating pipe 2 " of " insulated electric conductor 1 ", sees Fig. 2.

3. significantly bigger in order to prove at identical " heat-generating pipe 2 " impedance ratio D.C. resistance under power-frequency voltage, can determine the foundation of working point by being connected into Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 and making the V-A curve chart by Fig. 5.

4. according to Ampere circuit law, can obtain magnetic field intensity $H=\frac{N\&CenterDot;I}{L}$ (weber/rice), and obtain corresponding magnetic induction B at known ordinary carbon steel B-H magnetization curve, the magnetic induction value be obtained magnetic permeability mu _m

5. Fig. 5 measures the electrical schematic diagram of holding concurrently for the utility model series impedance, and " heat-generating pipe inwall conductive layer 8 " is the principal parameter of design, pre-determine.For the surface that guarantees " heat-generating pipe 2 " is provided with leakage current, promptly the wall thickness of " heat-generating pipe 2 " should be more than three times of wall thickness of " heat-generating pipe conductive layer 8 ".Connect " protective earthing 10 " in order to ensure safety on " heat-generating pipe 2 " surface.

6. because kelvin effect, at the average resistance of heat-generating pipe inwall conductive layer by the known skin thickness formula that becomes of electromagnetism $\mathrm{\&delta;}=5030\&CenterDot;\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{\&rho;}}{{\mathrm{\&mu;}}_m\&CenterDot;f}}$ Obtain the ρ value, obtain " R " by (10) formula then.

7. calculating heating power:

A. insulated electric conductor produces Joule heat P ₁=I ²R (W)

B. heat-generating pipe 2 produces Joule heat P ₂=I ²R (W)

C. heating power: $\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="P"\; filenames="Y200820009848E00111.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_3+\mathrm{pe}}{P_{12}+\mathrm{Ph}+\mathrm{pe}+\mathrm{pc}}$

D. power factor $\mathrm{Cos\&alpha;}=\frac{r+R}{\sqrt{{(r+R)}^2+{(X_L-X_C)}^2}}$

Claims (4)

1. kelvin effect heat tracing pipe; by heat-generating pipe (2); insulated electric conductor (1); stress compensation layer (4); insulated electric conductor insulating barrier (5); insulated electric conductor wearing layer (6); tail end tie point (7) is formed; the material of heat-generating pipe (2) is a carbon steel; insulated electric conductor core (3) is twisted into by many copper conductors; stress compensation layer (4); insulated electric conductor insulating barrier (5) and insulated electric conductor wearing layer (6) be coated on successively respectively insulated electric conductor core (3) above; constitute insulated electric conductor (1); in heat-generating pipe (2), wear one and thoroughly do away with edge electric wire (1); its tail end reliably is connected by tie point (7) with heat-generating pipe (1) tail end; insulated electric conductor core (3) and heat-generating pipe (2) front end are received the phase line and the zero line of power frequency supply respectively; and connect ground protection (10) on the heat-generating pipe surface; form the series electrical air circuit, it is characterized in that insulated electric conductor (1) is by stress compensation layer (4); insulated electric conductor insulating barrier (5) and insulated electric conductor wearing layer (6) coat formation successively.

2. kelvin effect heat tracing pipe according to claim 1 is characterized in that: be useful on the tie point (7) that insulated electric conductor core (3) tail end and heat-generating pipe (2) tail end reliably are connected.

3. kelvin effect heat tracing pipe according to claim 1 is characterized in that: be useful on buffering length and cause that apart from variations in temperature the linear expansion difference causes the stress compensation layer (4) of insulated electric conductor core (3) and insulated electric conductor insulating barrier (5) stress cracking

4. kelvin effect heat tracing pipe according to claim 1 is characterized in that: be useful on the insulated electric conductor wearing layer (6) that the engineering poling exempts to wear and tear.

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