CN1975758A - Radio-frequency card or radio frequency label based on super wideband wireless pulse mode - Google Patents
Radio-frequency card or radio frequency label based on super wideband wireless pulse mode Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to high speed RF card or RF label implementation technical area. Its characteristic is the non-symmetric information exchange, that is, use traditional standard sinusoidal carrier to transmit information and energy from card reader to RF card or RF label; use ultra-broadband pulse as information carrier to transmit data from RF card or RF label to card reader.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to the wireless implementation of pulse ultra-broad band of a kind of radio-frequency card or radio-frequency (RF) tag, in the communicating by letter of radio-frequency card or radio-frequency (RF) tag and card reader, use hypervelocity, the ultra-wideband pulse technology of low power spectral density, it is good to have Electro Magnetic Compatibility, the message transmission rate height, characteristics low in energy consumption can be carried out succinct practical circuit design and realization, be easy to chip and realize, belong to short-distance wireless communication and radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag field.
Background technology:
The pulse ultra-broad band technology is a kind of wireless communication technology of utilizing the non-sinusoidal wave burst transmissions data of nanosecond, and its signal spectrum scope is very wide, usually more than 500MHz, has strong security, antijamming capability is strong and unique advantage such as transfer rate height.
Point out that ultra-broadband signal is meant the relative energy bandwidth of electromagnetic wave waveform more than or equal to 0.2 in the standard that FCC (FCC) proposes, a signal frequency range is perhaps arranged more than or equal to 500MHz about ultra broadband.
The definition of relative energy bandwidth is to suppose f
L, f
HBe respectively the lower frequency limit and the upper limiting frequency of energy work rate spectral density, i.e. two frequencies of power spectrum density decay 10dB, centre frequency so be (f
H+ f
L)/2, energy bandwidth are (f
H-f
L), the relative energy definitions of bandwidth is the ratio of energy bandwidth and centre frequency, promptly
Radio frequency smart card is a kind of integrated circuit card that transmits data with wireless mode, and radio-frequency (RF) tag is the automatic identification technology that the basis from radio-frequency card grows up, the both is that the coupling by the space alternating electromagnetic field of radiofrequency signal realizes contactless information transmission, in data processing, there is wide application aspects such as identification and logistics control.
A basic radio-frequency card/radio-frequency tag communication system is made up of three parts, as shown in Figure 1.
(1) radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag: be made up of coupling element and chip, and each radio-frequency card or radio-frequency (RF) tag have unique electronic code, the radio-frequency card chip is encapsulated as card form usually and uses, and radio-frequency (RF) tag is usually attached to identifying destination object on the object;
(2) card reader: read the equipment of radio-frequency card or radio-frequency (RF) tag information, can be designed to hand-held or fixed;
(3) antenna: between radio-frequency card or radio-frequency (RF) tag and card reader, transmit radiofrequency signal;
Supply with form according to energy, radio-frequency card/radio frequency identification systems can be divided into active system and passive system.
So-called active system is powered by the battery of label inside exactly, does not need card reader to provide energy to start, label can initiatively be launched magnetic signal, and decipherment distance is longer, can reach tens meters even rice up to a hundred usually, shortcoming is the cost height, and the life-span is limited, and is difficult for making thin card.
The label inside of passive system does not have battery, and its work capacity is provided by the electromagnetic field of card reader emission, and is in light weight, volume is little, the life-span is long, cost is low, can be made into various cards, is present most popular radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag form.Its decipherment distance is littler than active system, is generally several meters to ten meters, and needs bigger card reader emissive power.
It is the media of the continuous sine wave of 13.56MHz and 315MHz as NE BY ENERGY TRANSFER and information transmission that present radio frequency smart card mainly adopts frequency, and the radio-frequency (RF) tag technology that new development is got up has also been used for reference the technical scheme of present radio frequency smart card in a large number.Because the frequency of carrier wave is low, is subjected to the restriction of radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag power constraints simultaneously, the message transmission rate of these two kinds of application is all relatively low at present, distance also not far (being generally in tens cm range, maximum in 10 meters distances).The more information content will be stored and handle to following IC-card and radio-frequency (RF) IC card, comprise individual photographic intelligence, video information and voice messaging etc., higher safety requirements also can improve the length of encryption key, this just requires the message transmission rate between card and the card-reading apparatus further to improve, and guarantees the upward low-power consumption of chip of card simultaneously.The pulse ultra-broad band wireless technology that new development is got up is fit to this application very much.
Summary of the invention:
The objective of the invention is to propose to adopt the pulse ultra-broad band wireless technology to realize the technical scheme of radio frequency smart card and radio-frequency (RF) tag, to the data transmission communication of card reader, adopt ultra-wideband pulse from radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag as information carrier, improve the rate of information throughput, reduce power consumption.
The structure of whole radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag of the present invention as shown in Figure 2.
The inner chip of card mainly comprises receiving antenna and detuner, the pulse ultra-broad band transmitter of low speed (comprising channel error correcting encoder and pulsed modulation generator), ultra-wideband antenna, and according to the data processing section of application need design.Because the pulse ultra-broad band technology has advantages such as Electro Magnetic Compatibility is good, message transmission rate is high, emissive power is little, low in energy consumption, therefore be particluarly suitable for using in radio-frequency card and the radio-frequency (RF) tag.But because the receiver of pulse ultra-broad band adopts the ali-digital correlation receive mode at present, data sampling and the bigger energy of related operation consumption at a high speed, channel error correction decoder circuitry needed area and energy are also far above the channel error correcting encoder simultaneously, we adopt asymmetrical information exchange system, promptly from the card reader to the radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag carries out the information transmission by the sinusoidal carrier of traditional standard, and carries out information transmission to card reader by ultra-wideband impulse signal from radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag.Accordingly, card reader comprises corresponding ultra wideband receiver, and the ultra-wideband impulse signal that radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag is launched receives and demodulation.
Whole radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag mainly comprises the AFE (analog front end) of receiver, data storage and processing logic, and three parts of ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter:
(1) AFE (analog front end) of receiver is mainly used in the information that receives of reduction, and the conditions of work such as power supply, clock of card or labeling requirement are provided, and mainly comprises receiving antenna, current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, mu balanced circuit, demodulating and decoding circuit, clock extracting circuit and reset signal generating circuit.Be used for receiving data and signal respectively, generation card or the needed operating voltage of label, stable operating voltage carries out demodulating and decoding to recover raw information to the signal that receives, and extracts work clock, resets when making card or label power on power down;
(2) data storage and processing logic are mainly used in storing subscriber information, and according to the information of the card reader that receives store information are sent to make and to reply;
(3) the ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter is mainly used in card or the data that will launch of label is encoded, and modulation is also launched with the form of pulse, comprises the data-interface with data storage and processing section, channel encoder, pulsed modulation generator.
The ultra broadband spectral range that wherein transmits determines that method is as follows:
Adopt 3.1GHz ~ 10.6GHz scope or lower spectral range, for example 500MHz-1GHz of FCC regulation.The spreading gain that the above apread spectrum bandwidth of 500MHz obtains is bigger, even the ultra-broadband signal frequency range is in the 400MHz spectral range commonly used to 2.4GHz etc., because the emissive power of pulse ultra-broad band itself is extremely low, transmission range during radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag is used is less demanding, know that by link budget signal power can guarantee the Electro Magnetic Compatibility with other system.
Radio frequency smart card and radio-frequency (RF) tag that the present invention adopts the pulse ultra-broad band wireless technology to realize, adopt asymmetrical information exchange system, promptly from the card reader to the radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag carried out the transmission of information and energy by the sinusoidal carrier of traditional standard, from communicating by letter, the data transmission of radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag and card reader adopt ultra-wideband pulse as information carrier, it is low to have overcome traditional employing frequency and be the message transmission rate that the scheme of the continuous sinusoidal wave transmission information of 13.56MHz or 315MHz has, power consumption is higher, shortcomings such as Electro Magnetic Compatibility is relatively poor, utilize the characteristics of ultra-broadband signal to improve Electro Magnetic Compatibility, the rate of information throughput has reduced power consumption.Simultaneously, this scheme is succinctly practical, and it is integrated to be easy to circuit realization and chip.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is basic passive RF card/radio-frequency (RF) tag structure.
Fig. 2 is the passive RF card/radio-frequency (RF) tag structure that adopts the pulse ultra-broad band wireless technology.
Fig. 3 is 50%ASK modulation signal figure.
Fig. 4 is the diode rectification filtering circuit.
Fig. 5 is voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit.
Fig. 6 is the cross-linked clock extracting circuit of phase inverter.
Fig. 7 is the envelope detection process flow diagram.
Fig. 8 is a kind of circuit structure that simply obtains data from envelope.
Fig. 9 is data storage and Processing Structure synoptic diagram
Figure 10 is a PPM modulate emission process flow diagram.
Figure 11 is the impulse sender functional schematic.
Figure 12 is a kind of pulse producer of similar digital circuit structure.
Specific implementation method:
The employing pulse ultra-broad band wireless technology that the present invention proposes realizes the technical scheme of radio frequency smart card and radio-frequency (RF) tag; its pairing radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag is mainly by the AFE (analog front end) of receiver; data storage and processing section; three parts of ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter are formed; use mimic channel respectively, digital circuit and Digital Analog Hybrid Circuits realize.The structural drawing of radio-frequency (RF) tag/radio-frequency card as shown in Figure 2.At first, the AFE (analog front end) of receiver receives data and energy by electromagnetic field couples from card reader by receiving antenna, wherein energy is by providing the operating voltage of whole card or label after rectifying and wave-filtering and the voltage stabilizing, and data are reduced to raw information by the demodulating and decoding device.In addition, Clock Extraction part is extracted from the sine wave that receives with clock frequently, offers numerical portion and uses, and reset signal produces part at card or label powers on and output reset signal during power down, guarantees card or normal work of label.Then, enter stored digital and processing section through the data behind the demodulating and decoding, according to the definite response message that will beam back of the information that receives, at last, emission information via data-interface is launched the pulse signal that meets the ultra broadband definition that has information by the pulsed modulation generator behind the channel encoder to card reader.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, introduce content of the present invention in detail:
The receiver AFE (analog front end):
Card reader can adopt multiple modulation system to the data of radio-frequency card/label emission, and different modulation systems can influence some specific designs of AFE (analog front end), but one-piece construction is constant.It is considered herein that ASK (amplitude keying) modulation of card reader to the The data 50% of radio-frequency card/label emission.
Fig. 3 is the waveform after the 50%ASK modulation.Modulation index m=(a-b)/(a+b)=50% wherein.
The AFE (analog front end) of receiver comprises the receiving antenna among Fig. 2, current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, voltage transitions mu balanced circuit, clock extracting circuit, reset signal generating circuit and demodulator circuit.Receiving antenna utilizes the coupling of electromagnetic field to receive sine wave signal from card reader, and the data that the card reader that comprises in the received signal sends have also received energy simultaneously.The sine wave that receives obtains DC voltage through current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, obtains required operating voltage of mimic channel and the required operating voltage of digital circuit through voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit.The sine wave that receives obtains the raw information that card reader sends by the demodulating and decoding circuit simultaneously, and obtains sinusoidal wave same frequency clock by clock extracting circuit, uses for digital circuit.In addition, in order to guarantee the operate as normal of entire chip, need when powering on, export a reset signal respectively by reset signal generating circuit with power down.
Below briefly introduce the implementation method of AFE (analog front end) each several part:
(1) receiving antenna:
Be used for receiving data and energy by electromagnetic field couples.Regulate the resistance value L and the C of antenna, make it that resonance take place at sine wave signal frequency place, thereby make the energy that receives the strongest.Resonance frequency is provided by following formula:
(2) current rectifying and wave filtering circuit:
Because radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag itself does not have power supply, provide work required various power supplys in order to give the analog-and digital-circuit of each several part, must from the signal that antenna receives, extract energy, and convert the galvanic current source to.And the signal that receives is an AC sine wave, so at first will convert thereof into direct current signal through current rectifying and wave filtering circuit.The implementation method of rectification circuit is a lot, simple diode current rectifying and wave filtering circuit for example shown in Figure 4.
As shown in Figure 4, the two ends of antenna are communicated on the capacitor C by two diodes, no matter the positive half cycle in the A terminal voltage still is the positive half cycle of B terminal voltage, antenna is by diode pair C charging, can exist a galvanic current to press Vdc like this on the C, the effective value that the value of Vdc equals aerial voltage deducts the threshold value of a diode, that is:
V wherein
1Be the peak value of antenna ends voltage, V
TNThreshold voltage for diode.
(3) voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit:
Current rectifying and wave filtering circuit converts AC signal the direct current signal of certain amplitude to, but the mimic channel of each several part and digital circuit institute
The operating voltage that needs is different, and the DC level instability that directly provides by rectification circuit, so need voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit, the DC level that rectification is exported transforms to required various DC voltage, and makes voltage stable by feedback mechanism.Voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit have multiple implementation method, a kind of degenerative voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit of utilizing for example shown in Figure 5.
As shown in Figure 5, the basic thought of voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit is that output voltage is sampled, and then with reference voltage relatively, with error amplifier this variation is reflected to the input of adjusting pipe, realizes in the certain limit for example voltage stabilizing of 1-5V output.During side circuit was realized, reference voltage REF obtained with the threshold voltage addition of several metal-oxide-semiconductors, and the fixed ratio of output voltage V out and reference voltage REF is at (R1+R2)/R2, like this by regulating R1, R2 and REF can obtain needed magnitude of voltage Vcc, Vdd, and formula is as follows.
The resulting output voltage of above circuit can not be higher than the DC voltage of input, and promptly DC voltage if desired is higher than the DC voltage Vdc behind the rectifying and wave-filtering,, foregoing circuit is invalid.At this moment need to obtain the more burning voltage of high-voltage value by charge pump.
(4) clock extracting circuit:
The operate as normal of digital circuit needs the clock signal of certain frequency, and radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag itself, is directly amplified the back shaping with sinusoidal signal and obtained square wave so that clock signal to be provided as the signal of 13.56MHz for the signal of lower frequency.Clock extracting circuit has multiple way of realization, for example shown in Figure 6 passes through the circuit that cross-linked phase inverter obtains same frequency full swing square-wave signal.
The signal of antenna ends enters an amplifier, and amplifier as load, has so not only increased the load of amplifier with two cross-linked phase inverters, simultaneously to the output signal shaping, makes the hopping edge ideal of clock signal.
For the radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag that is operated in higher frequency, this clock extraction method lost efficacy, and must adopt the narrow band phase lock loop road
Extract clock, can increase the power consumption and the complexity of circuit like this.
(5) reset signal generating circuit:
Partly there are a large amount of internal triggers in the digital circuit of radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag, and these triggers need initial reset when powering on, and this provides a reset signal in the time of just need powering on, and disappears after supply voltage is stable again.In addition, because some land accidentally such as card, supply voltage descends, and this can cause driving force to descend, thereby circuit working is brought influence, causes data corruption.So for the destruction that causes circuit not to be subjected to low pressure, must provide the low-voltage variation signal, wait for after supply voltage recovers normally and cancelling again.
(6) demodulator circuit:
Because the modulation system that card reader transmits is an amplitude modulation(PAM), so adopt the method for detected envelope to carry out demodulation.Though there is carrier component in the signal, a kind of demodulation scheme is to carry out coherent demodulation after extracting carrier wave, in order to reduce power consumption and complexity, adopts fairly simple envelope demodulation method.Be a kind of process flow diagram of envelope detection as shown in Figure 7.
N (t) is the noise in the signals transmission, and bandpass filter makes just that amplitude-modulated signal is complete to be passed through, its envelope of output after the detection, and the data decision device recovers the binary data data by the processing to baseband envelope, recovers Serial No..Bandpass filter has multiple implementation, for example adopt simple RLC network, envelope detector adopts simple RC detecting circuit, and the data decision device does not adopt the A/D sampling judgement of more complicated, but, obtain the binary message of envelope representative by the phase inverter of simple setting threshold according to the characteristics of ASK signal.As shown in Figure 8.
Envelope signal is sent into first order phase inverter and is carried out shaping, and the rise and fall that make envelope are along becoming precipitous.The upset level VM of this phase inverter is in the ASK modulation signal two amplitude a of 0 and 1 difference correspondence and the centre of b, as shown in Figure 3.Signal carries out data storage by the cross-couplings unit again by after the anti-phase shaping of one-level, sends into the one-level phase inverter at last and recovers waveform, output data.
Data storage and processing logic:
Adopt common data storage and Processing Structure, promptly by MCU, RAM, FLASH and I/O interface are formed, and by MCU uniform dispatching data, send instruction.As shown in Figure 9.
The data that AFE (analog front end) demodulates enter MCU through the I/O interface, send instruction by MCU according to the input data, read canned data from FLASH, and the row operation of going forward side by side is launched response message at last through the I/O interface.
MCU, RAM, I/O interface chip microcontroller, as the dw8051 of Synopsys company, plug-in FLASH uses the M25P40 of ST company.
The ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter:
Ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter structure comprises data-interface, channel encoder, and pulsed modulation generator and emitting antenna, as shown in Figure 2.Need the data of emission to enter by channel encoder through data-interface, the signal controlling pulsed modulation generator behind the coding is launched the pulse signal that has information through ultra-wideband antenna.Data-interface wherein, channel encoder realizes that with digital circuit the pulsed modulation generator is realized with mimic channel.
(1) data-interface:
The effect of data-interface is the data that reception data storage and processing logic decision will be launched, and it is reached the numerical coding circuit.The defined data layout of communication between radio-frequency card/radio-frequency (RF) tag and the card reader is depended in the realization of data-interface.
(2) channel encoder:
In communication system, the main source of mistake is noise, decline, interference.For guaranteeing enough low error rate, essential method is to adopt error control coding, also claims chnnel coding.Its essence is to introduce redundancy to the information word that sends, and information space I is mapped to bigger channel space S, improves the difference degree between different code words in the channel space, and the probability of another code word allowable of the wrong one-tenth of the feasible code word that receives reduces the acquisition coding gain.The type of coding is a lot, for example low-density checksum (LDPC) sign indicating number etc.
(3) pulsed modulation transmitter:
The modulation system of ultra-wideband impulse signal has multiple modulation system, and for example pulse-position modulation (PPM) mode is modulated but be not limited to PPM.
Pulse-position modulation (Pulse Position Modulation is abbreviated as PPM) is a kind of modulation system that changes the pulse time of occurrence, and this mode does not have in traditional continuous wave.Its time domain expression formula is:
Wherein p (t) is t pulse constantly, and { dj} is a modulation sequence, T
fBe the cycle of pulse train, T
CIt is the unit side-play amount.S (t) is a series of with jT
fBe benchmark, side-play amount is d
jT
CPulse.
The implementation method of PPM modulation as shown in figure 10.
With information dj as side-play amount gating pulse transmitter, the pulse that produces diverse location, the position of pulse is as information carrier.
If there is N the distinguishable position of pulse, the multipotency of pulse is used for modulating log so
2The information of N bit so just can reach the higher rate of information throughput.
According to the pulse that the signal after the modulation produces correspondence position, launch by antenna as the carrier of information.The function of pulse producer as shown in figure 11.
Each rising edge of input all can produce a controllable width by impulse sender pulse.The implementation method of pulse producer has a variety of, a kind of pulse producer of similar digital circuit structure for example shown in Figure 12.
Vin rises to 1 from 0, and what then the B point voltage was slower drops to 0 by 1, will produce the pulse of a negative sense like this at the Y point, through the one-level phase inverter, obtain the pulse of forward, and the width of pulse is by R, the parameter regulation of C, and formula is as follows:
Wherein Req is the equivalent resistance of M2, and Vth is the threshold voltage of M2 pipe.
Claims (2)
1, based on the radio-frequency card or the radio-frequency (RF) tag of super wideband wireless pulse mode; it is characterized in that; contain AFE (analog front end), data storage and processing logic, three parts of ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter; wherein AFE (analog front end) realizes with mimic channel; data storage and processing logic are realized with digital circuit; the ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter realizes with Digital Analog Hybrid Circuits, wherein:
The AFE (analog front end) part comprises receiving antenna, current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit, demodulator circuit, clock extracting circuit and reset signal generating circuit, wherein:
Receiving antenna receives the sinusoidal signal that the card reader emitting antenna sends, and frequency generally is to be 13.65MHz or 315MHz, is the modulation of 50%ASK amplitude keying,
Current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, input end links to each other with the output terminal of described receiving antenna, converts AC signal the direct current signal and the output dc voltage of certain amplitude to, having under the powered battery condition, can remove this module,
Voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit adopt negative feedback voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit, its input end with link to each other with the output terminal of described current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, the DC level that rectification is exported transforms to required various DC voltage,
Reset signal generating circuit, input end links to each other with the output terminal of described current rectifying and wave filtering circuit, the output voltage reset signal,
Clock extracting circuit is taked the cross-linked clock extracting circuit of phase inverter, and output is frequency full swing square-wave signal together,
Demodulator circuit adopts envelope detection circuit, and the input end of this circuit links to each other with the output terminal of described receiving antenna, and input signal is the sinusoidal signal of card reader to radio-frequency card or radio-frequency (RF) tag transmission, through envelope detection output data information;
Data storage and processing section, by MCU, RAM, Digital Logic such as FLASH and I/O interface are formed, wherein:
MCU is to RAM, FLASH sends access instruction and access data in view of the above respectively, MCU sends to the I/O interface and receive to send instruction and transceive data in view of the above, described I/O interface receives reset signal from described reset signal generating circuit, from described voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit input direct voltage, as digital power, from all will be by extracting data and clock respectively the demodulator circuit of described voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit power supply and the clock extracting circuit, enter MCU through described I/O interface, after reading the canned data union, send response message;
Ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter part, also by described voltage transitions and mu balanced circuit power supply, and comprise successively serial connection with data storage and processing section data-interface, channel encoder, pulsed modulation generator and emitting antenna, in described pulsed modulation generator, adopt pulse-position modulation, according to the pulse that input information produces correspondence position, go out by transmission antennas transmit as information carrier.
2, high-speed radio-frequency card or radio-frequency (RF) tag based on super wideband wireless pulse mode according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described AFE (analog front end) receives card reader by low frequency (13.65MHz) or sinusoidal wave data and the energy of a charge that sends of high frequency (315MHz), AFE (analog front end) provides the power supply of entire circuit by rectifying and wave-filtering and voltage transitions and voltage stabilizing procedure module, and the signal that receives is reverted to the data that card reader is sent by demodulator circuit, after the ultra-wideband pulse modulation transmitter is encoded armed data process, by pulse generation and modulated process, the pulse signal that meets the ultra broadband definition of information is carried in generation, is launched by antenna.
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