CN1974817A - 金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法 - Google Patents
金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
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- 241001417490 Sillaginidae Species 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法，其特点是在冶炼过程中，直接将异质纳米粉体加入到冶炼炉中进行复合的冶炼方法。将占被冶炼的金属总量0.5‰至10％，粒度为1nm至10μm的金刚石粉或陶瓷粉加入到冶炼炉中冶炼即可。采用本发明的冶炼方法冶炼的金属具有全新的微观结构和优良的机械性能。与未采用本发明的冶炼方法冶炼的同牌号金属材料相比，其硬度、强度、耐磨性、抗腐蚀性均大幅度提高，抗机械冲击和热冲击以及抗疲劳性能也大大增强。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种金属材料的冶炼方法，具体是涉及一种金属纳米复合材料的冶炼方法。
背景技术
随着国民经济的高速发展和人民生活水平的日益提高，对人类赖以生存的资源和能源消耗量迅速增加，资源和能源的缺乏成为阻碍经济长足发展的关键因素之一，并对人类生存的环境造成破坏和污染。因此，合理利用资源，降低能耗，研究开发新材料，开发新能源，已成为国策。纳米材料是新材料中的佼佼者，而纳米技术的发展和应用有利地推动了工农业生产的发展。目前大块可供工程使用的纳米金属及金属基纳米复合材料仍未开发成功。
发明内容
本发明的目的，是提供一种大块体，可供工程使用的金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法。
采用的技术方案是：
金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法是在采用常规金属冶炼过程中，将占被冶炼的金属总量0.5‰至10％，粒度为1nm至10μm的金刚石粉或陶瓷粉(也可以是异质其它金属粉)加入到冶炼炉中冶炼即可。
经本发明的纳米复合技术生产的金属基纳米复合材料的微观组织发生了很大的变化，晶粒超细化，以钢材为例，晶粒尺寸在10纳米到100纳米之间，同时出现了特殊的微观组织，这是由于纳米技术的存在，不仅改变了材料的结构，而且改变了材料的性能。
采用光谱实验方法分析了纳米颗粒在钢材内的存在形式，结果表明，从处理表面到材料内部，纳米颗粒的浓度逐渐降低，即，随着深度的改变，纳米颗粒产生浓度梯度，从而也使超级钢的力学性能产生连续梯度。
采用本发明方法生产的金属基纳米复合材料的力学特点：经测试钢材的表面硬度大幅度增加，如40Cr硬度可达HRC68、Cr12和Cr12MoV可达HRC70、高速钢可达HRC76。
表1 几种常见的材料经纳米复合技术处理后的表面硬度
| 材料 | 处理后的表面硬度(HRC) |
| 40Cr | 68 |
| Cr12/Cr12MoV | 70 |
| W18Cr4V | 76 |
| 65Mn | 64 |
| 纯铁 | 67 |
| 球墨铸铁 | 68 |
| 铝 | 59 |
| 钛及其合金 | 62 |
采用本发明的方法生产的金属基纳米复合材料的拉伸性能，以钢材为例：
纳米颗粒进入钢材内部，在热处理的过程中，在细化晶粒的同时，大大提高了钢材的强度。出于纳米复合超级钢的强化模式不同于一般的强化手段，其拉伸曲线也与一般的钢材不同，表现出了优异的塑性变形强化特点。对于15Mn这种普通低合金钢，经纳米复合处理后其最高强度超过2000MPa，可以满足高合金高强度钢的断裂强度要求。
采用本发明方法生产的金属基纳米复合材料的耐摩擦磨损性能。
由于纳米复合超级钢超高的表面硬度，使其具有良好的耐摩擦磨损性能。同渗碳处理的样品相比，纳米复合超级钢具有低的摩擦系数，这来自于纳米颗粒的高硬度和自润滑性能。纳米复合处理后20Cr2Ni4A的摩擦系数为0.12，大大小于渗碳处理后的0.4，相对应的磨损深度为5和35微米。
纳米复合钢材的其他特点
纳米复合超级钢还具有其他普通钢材所缺乏的优良特性：
(a)经纳米复合技术处理后，合金元素的成份发生变化，如高速工具钢中W、Mn、Mo等元素发生迁移，与纳米颗粒形成新的结合方式，对材料的性能产生重大的影响。
(b)钢材经纳米复合技术处理后出现了现在还不为人知的新相和新的铁基合金。
(c)经纳米复合技术处理后的钢材热处理性能优良，无淬火裂纹倾向，经纳米复合技术处理后，各种合金钢、工具钢、合金工具钢等均可在1000℃以上用盐水淬火而不产生裂纹。
(d)纳米复合处理技术的处理深度可达几十至一百毫米，甚至更深，且渗透速度高达2mm/hr。
(f)纳米颗粒的性能会对纳米复合超级钢的性能带来巨大的影响，使纳米复合超级钢具有纳米颗粒的部分性能。这里选择的纳米颗粒具有耐酸、碱和盐腐蚀的性能，使纳米复合超级钢也具有耐酸、碱和盐腐蚀的性能。初步的试验表明，纳米复合超级钢与基本材料相比，耐酸、碱和盐腐蚀的性能大大提高。
(g)经过纳米复合技术处理可以使普通钢材成为高硬度、高强度、低弹性模量、抗冲击、耐磨损、抗腐蚀、无渗透界面、超细晶粒(小于100nm)梯度或非梯度的纳米超级钢。
采用本发明的冶炼方法冶炼的金属具有全新的微观结构和优良的机械性能。与未采用本发明的冶炼方法冶炼的同牌号金属材料相比，其硬度、强度、耐磨性、抗腐蚀性均大幅度提高，抗机械冲击和热冲击以及抗疲劳性能也大大增强。
具体实施方式
实施例一
金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法，是在冶炼15Mn过程中，将占15Mn总重量0.5‰至10％，粒度为1nm至10μm的金刚石粉或陶瓷粉加入到冶炼炉中冶炼，出炉即为成品。
实施例二
金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法，是铝(Al)冶炼过程中，将占铝总重量0.5‰至10％，粒度为1nm至10μm的金刚石粉或陶瓷粉(或其它金属粉)加入到冶炼炉中冶炼，出炉即为成品。
Claims (2)
1、金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法，其特征是在冶炼过程中，直接将异质纳米粉体加入到冶炼炉中进行复合的冶炼方法。
2、根据权利要求1所述的金属基纳米复合材料的冶炼方法，其特征是将占被冶炼的金属总量0.5‰至10％，粒度为1nm至10μm的金刚石粉或陶瓷粉加入到冶炼炉中冶炼即可。
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