CN1933184A - Electrolyte based on zinc iodide and application thereof - Google Patents

Electrolyte based on zinc iodide and application thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1933184A
CN1933184A CN 200510102967 CN200510102967A CN1933184A CN 1933184 A CN1933184 A CN 1933184A CN 200510102967 CN200510102967 CN 200510102967 CN 200510102967 A CN200510102967 A CN 200510102967A CN 1933184 A CN1933184 A CN 1933184A
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pyridine
lutidines
zinc iodide
picoline
methyl
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孟庆波
刘喜哲
薛勃飞
李冬梅
李泓
王兆祥
陈立泉
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Institute of Physics of CAS
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Institute of Physics of CAS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Abstract

This invention relates to an electrolyte based on ZnI2 with the following formula: ZnI2(L)n+mM+wI2+xG+yCP+zA, in which, ligand L is an organic material coordinated with ZnI2 in following number: 0<=n<=6, the solvent M includes amine, mellow, acid nitrile, aether and ester organic solvents and their mixtures or ionic solution, the mol ratio of which to the ZnI2 is 0<=m<=2000, the mol ratio of I simple substance to ZnI2 is 0<=w<=0.5, the gel G is an organic compound of small molecules or an organic compound of high molecules and the mol ratio of which to the ZnI2 is 0<=x<=1 and that of ceramic powder to ZnI2 is 0<=y<=5 and additive A is a compound capable of improving performance of electrolyte and the ratio to the ZnI2 is 0<=z<=2.

Description

A kind of electrolyte and application thereof based on zinc iodide
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of electrolyte, relate to a kind of electrolyte specifically based on zinc iodide, and the application in DSSC and other Conversion of energy and memory device.
Background technology
1991, the Gr  tzel Michael professor and the partner thereof of engineering college of Swiss Confederation publishes an article at " nature " magazine, and (natural, 353 rolled up, 737 pages, (Nature, Vol.353 in 1991,737,1991)), introduced a kind of novel solar cell---DSSC.This battery preparation technique is simple, expense is low, efficient is high, therefore is subjected to countries in the world scientist's extensive concern.The electrolyte that uses in the present this battery mainly is divided into three major types: the one, inorganic or organic iodide are dissolved in the organic solvents such as acetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, methoxypropionitrile, ionic liquid, and form liquid electrolyte; Two add gel or ceramic powders in the aforesaid liquid electrolyte, form gel electrolyte; The 3rd, solid electrolyte comprises hole transport conductor, polymer dielectric etc.The first kind and the used inorganic iodide of the second class electrolyte generally comprise alkali-metal salt compounded of iodine, as lithium iodide etc.Organic iodide comprises the salt compounded of iodine of imidazoles or pyridine derivate, as 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodine etc.Alkaline metal iodide in application process because and titanium dioxide (TiO 2) electrode interaction and have long term stability problem.Organic iodide then because of complex manufacturing technology, costing an arm and a leg is very limited.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome that alkaline metal iodide long-time stability in the existing iodide electrolyte are not good, the complex manufacturing technology of organic iodide, expensive defective, thereby the electrolyte based on zinc iodide that a kind of long-time stability are good, manufacture craft is simple, with low cost is provided, and uses thereof.
Purpose of the present invention can realize by the following technical solutions:
Electrolyte based on zinc iodide provided by the invention, its general formula is:
ZnI 2(L)n+mM+wI 2+xG+yCP+zA
Wherein, L represents ligand, and n is a ligancy; M represents organic solvent, and G represents gel, and CP represents ceramic powders, and A represents additive in electrolyte; M, w, x, y and z represent the mol ratio of organic solvent, elemental iodine, gel, ceramic powders and additive and zinc iodide respectively;
Described ligand L be various can with the organic substance of zinc iodide coordination, comprise organic substances such as amine, alcohols, nitrile, ethers, ester class; Described amine organic substance is: pyridine, 4-tert .-butylpyridine, 3-butyl-pyridinium, 2-pentyl pyridine, 2-propyl group pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidines, 2,6-lutidines, 3,5-lutidines, 2-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, 3-picoline, bipyridine, hexahydropyridine, quinoline, isoquinolin, ethamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, aniline, diphenylamines, dibutyl amine, acetamide, urea etc.; Described pure type organic is: methyl alcohol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butanols, octanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1, ammediol; Described nitrile organic substance is: acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzene nitrile, succinonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, methoxypropionitrile, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, acetaldehyde cyanhydrin etc.; Described ethers organic substance is: methyl ether, ether, propyl ether, methyl phenyl ethers anisole, phenoxy group benzene, oxolane, dioxane etc.; Described ester type organic is: dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propene carbonate, methyl formate, Ethyl formate, butyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, repefral, diethyl phthalate etc.;
Described ligancy is 0≤n≤6;
Described solvent M comprises amine, alcohols, nitrile, ethers, lipid organic solvent and their mixed solvent, or ionic liquid; Described amine organic solvent is: pyridine, 4-tert .-butylpyridine, 3-butyl-pyridinium, 2-pentyl pyridine, 2-propyl group pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidines, 2,6-lutidines, 3,5-lutidines, 2-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, 3-picoline, quinoline, isoquinolin, aniline etc.; Described alcohol organic solvent is: methyl alcohol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butanols, octanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1, ammediol; Described nitrile organic solvent is: acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzene nitrile, succinonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, methoxypropionitrile, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, acetaldehyde cyanhydrin etc.; Described ether organic solvent is: methyl ether, ether, propyl ether, methyl phenyl ethers anisole, phenoxy group benzene, oxolane, dioxane etc.; Described ester class organic solvent is: dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propene carbonate, methyl formate, Ethyl formate, butyl formate, ethyl acetate methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, repefral, O-phthalic diethylester etc.; Described ionic liquid is: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodine, 1-propyl group-3-methylimidazole iodine, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole iodine, 1-nonyl-3-methylimidazole iodine etc.;
The mol ratio of described organic solvent and zinc iodide is 0≤m≤2000;
Ligand can be identical with solvent, also can be different.
The mol ratio of described elemental iodine and zinc iodide is 0≤w≤0.5; Add elemental iodine, can form oxidation-reduction pair on the one hand, make electrolyte can carry out redox circular response; On the other hand, in solid electrolyte, add elemental iodine, can increase the defective of electrolyte crystal, help increasing electrolytical conductivity.
Described gel G can be an organic micromolecule compound, as contains the organic molecule of amido link and long aliphatic chain, comprising: C 6H 5CH 2OCONHCH (i-C 4H 9) CONHC 18H 37(being designated hereinafter simply as G1), C 6H 5CH 2OCONHCH (i-C 3H 7) CONHCH (i-C 3H 7) CONHC 18H 37(being designated hereinafter simply as G2), C 6H 5CH 2OCONHCH (i-C 3H 7) CONHC 12H 24NHCO (i-C 3H 7) CHNHOCOCH 2C 6H 5(being designated hereinafter simply as G3), C 11H 23CONHC 4H 8CH (COOCH 3) NHCONHC 18H 37(being designated hereinafter simply as G4) etc. can also be organic high molecular compound, comprising: the copolymer of vinylidene and hexafluoropropylene (being designated hereinafter simply as G5), polyethylene glycol (being designated hereinafter simply as G6), poly(ethylene oxide) (being designated hereinafter simply as G7) etc.
The mol ratio of described gel and zinc iodide is 0≤x≤1.Gel can make electrolyte form gel, reduces its flowability, volatility, helps DSSC and other store energy and the assembling and the long-term stability that transform device.
Described ceramic powders CP is TiO 2, ZnO, SiO 2, Al 2O 3, ZrO 2, SnO 2, CeO 2, MgO, La 2O 3, Y 2O 3, Ta 2O 5, Nb 2O 5Deng oxide;
The mol ratio of described ceramic powders and zinc iodide is 0≤y≤5.Adding ceramic powders CP can reduce the flowability and the volatility of liquid electrolyte, and this helps solving the volatilization and the leakage problem of liquid electrolyte in the chemical power source; In solid electrolyte, add ceramic powders and can increase electrolytical conductive capability, reduce electrolytical crystallizing power simultaneously, help it in DSSC and other store energy and the application that transforms on the device.
Described additive A is the compound that a class can be improved the electrolyte performance, comprise: pyridine, 4-tert .-butylpyridine, 3-butyl-pyridinium, 2-pentyl pyridine, 2-propyl group pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidines, 2,6-lutidines, 3,5-lutidines, 2-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, 3-picoline, bipyridine, hexahydropyridine, quinoline, isoquinolin, ethamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, aniline, diphenylamines, dibutyl amine, acetamide etc.;
The mol ratio of described additive and zinc iodide is 0≤z≤2.
Electrolyte based on zinc iodide provided by the invention be various components with aforementioned proportion 25～80 ℃ of heating, and stir or mode such as ultrasonic mixes and makes with 0～1500 rev/min speed.
Electrolyte based on zinc iodide provided by the invention can be applied to DSSC, also can be used for the device of other Conversion of energy and storage, as ultracapacitor etc.
Electrolytical main component based on zinc iodide provided by the invention is pure zinc iodide, or the complex of zinc iodide and the formation of various organic substance.This electrolyte can have various ways according to concrete needs: can be that zinc iodide and complex thereof are dissolved in the liquid electrolyte that organic solvent forms, also can add gel in the aforesaid liquid electrolyte or ceramic powders makes it become gel electrolyte.In addition, zinc iodide and complex thereof can also be added ceramic powders composition composite solid electrolyte as solid electrolyte or in this solid electrolyte.Compare with the electrolyte of prior art, its advantage is:
1) can be optimized electrolyte by regulating ligand, organic solvent, elemental iodine, gel, ceramic powders and content of additive, be liquid, solid or gel thereby can make electrolyte;
2) electrolytical conductivity height provided by the invention, fusing point is suitable;
3) because zinc ion and TiO 2The interaction of film is littler than lithium ion, helps the long-term stability of battery;
4) abundance of zinc in the earth's crust is far longer than lithium, helps large-scale production;
5) with respect to organic iodide, zinc iodide is a kind of simple inorganic matter, and synthetic ratio is easier to, and raw material is very cheap, helps the further reduction of this novel solar battery cost, also helps its commercialization.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1,
With ZnI 2, I 2Press the listed different proportion of table 1 with additive A and mix,, and stir or mode such as ultrasonic mixes, be prepared into the electrolyte 1～7 based on zinc iodide of the present invention with 0～1500 rev/min speed 25～80 ℃ of heating.
It is assembled into DSSC, assemble method such as JACS (Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society), vol.115, p.6382,1991 experimental section is described.On electro-conductive glass, pass through the method depositing Ti O of blade coating or silk screen printing 2Film was 450 ℃ of annealing 30 minutes.With the method depositing Ti O 2Film 2～5 times makes film thickness be about 10～20 microns.Again 450 ℃ of annealing 30 minutes, when being cooled to about 80 ℃, with TiO 2Film steeps into dyestuff RuL 2(NCS) 2.2 H 2O (wherein, L be 2,2 '-bipyridine-4,4 '-dicarboxylic acids) ethanolic solution in (concentration 0.3mM).After soaking 12 hours, slide is taken out, dry under nitrogen, this slide is as the light anode of DSSC.The platinum plating electro-conductive glass sheet of negative electrode for making by magnetically controlled sputter method.It between anode and the negative electrode electrolyte.On every square centimeter light anode, the electrolyte consumption generally is about 10 milligrams (solid electrolytes) or 30 microlitres (liquid electrolyte).The battery that assembles is measured the current-voltage curve of its electric current and voltage under simulated solar irradiation.Power taking stream and voltage maximum product are as the peak power output of battery.The ratio of the peak power output of battery and the light intensity of input is called the efficient of battery, and promptly luminous energy is converted into the efficient of electric energy, lists in table 1.
Table 1:ZnI 2+ I 2(0≤w≤0.5)+A (0≤z≤2)
Numbering ZnI 2 (mol) I 2Addition w (mol) Additive A Battery efficiency (%)
Kind z(mol)
1 1 0 - - 2.5
2 1 0.2 - - 4.2
3 1 0.5 - - 4.3
4 1 0 Pyridine 1 4.0
5 1 0 Pyridine 2 4.7
6 1 0.2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 4.8
7 1 0.5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 5.0
Prepare the electrolyte based on zinc iodide of different compositions by the method among the embodiment 1, and be assembled into DSSC, it is formed and battery efficiency is listed in table 2～table 4, ZnI in the table 2Addition be 1mol.
Table 2:ZnI 2(L) n+I 2(0≤w≤0.5)+A (0≤z≤2)
Numbering Ligand L I 2Addition w (mol) Additive A Battery efficiency (%)
Kind Ligancy n Kind z(mol)
8 Pyridine 1 0 - - 4.7
9 Pyridine 1 0.3 - - 5.0
10 Pyridine 1 0.5 - - 4.7
11 Pyridine 1 0.3 Acetamide 0.01 4.8
12 Pyridine 1 0.3 Acetamide 1.1 5.1
13 Pyridine 1 0.3 Acetamide 2 4.9
14 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 - - 5.0
15 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 Pyridine 1.2 4.5
16 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 Pyridine 2 4.7
17 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 - - 4.8
18 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 The 2-picoline 1.2 2.5
19 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 The 2-picoline 2 4.2
20 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 - - 4.5
21 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 3, the 5-lutidines 1.3 4.2
22 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 3, the 5-lutidines 2 4.1
23 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 - - 2.6
24 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 Pyridine 1.1 2.8
25 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 Pyridine 2 2.5
26 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 - - 2.1
27 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 Pyridine 1.3 4.5
28 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 Pyridine 2 4.8
29 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 - - 4.7
30 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 2-propyl group pyridine 1.1 5.0
31 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 2-propyl group pyridine 2 4.1
32 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 - - 4.5
33 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.1 5.4
34 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.9
35 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 - - 5.2
36 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.3 4.5
37 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.9
38 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 - - 4.7
39 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 The 2-picoline 1.5 5.1
40 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 The 2-picoline 2 5.3
41 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 - - 4.9
42 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.1 4.8
43 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 5.0
44 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0 - - 4.9
45 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0.25 Dibutyl amine 1.2 4.5
46 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0.5 Dibutyl amine 2 4.8
47 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 - - 4.7
48 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 Diphenylamines 1 4.8
49 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 Diphenylamines 2 4.7
50 Trimethylamine 2 0.5 - - 5.0
51 Trimethylamine 2 0.2 Aniline 1.5 4.5
52 Trimethylamine 2 0.1 Aniline 2 2.9
53 Ethamine 1 0 - - 4.5
54 Ethamine 1 0.3 Trimethylamine 0.9 4.1
55 Ethamine 1 0.5 Trimethylamine 2 2.5
56 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 - - 4.2
57 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 Triethylamine 1.3 2.7
58 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 Triethylamine 2 4.5
59 Methyl alcohol 5 0.2 - - 4.6
60 Methyl alcohol 5 0.1 Bipyridine 1.1 4.8
61 Methyl alcohol 5 0.5 Bipyridine 2 2.9
62 Ethanol 4 0.1 - - 4.6
63 Ethanol 4 0.1 Diethylamine 1.1 4.5
64 Ethanol 4 0.1 Diethylamine 2 4
65 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 - - 4.5
66 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 Ethamine 1 4.8
67 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 Ethamine 2 4.2
68 Octanol 2 0.2 - - 2.7
69 Octanol 2 0.3 Isoquinolin 1.1 4.6
70 Octanol 2 0.4 Isoquinolin 2 5.0
71 Ethylene glycol 2 0.1 - - 4.5
72 Ethylene glycol 2 0.3 Quinoline 0.8 5.0
73 Ethylene glycol 2 0.2 Quinoline 2 4.0
74 1, ammediol 2 0.1 - - 4.2
75 1, ammediol 2 0.05 Hexahydropyridine 0.9 4.0
76 1, ammediol 2 0.02 Hexahydropyridine 2 2.7
77 Glycerol 2 0.1 - - 4.2
78 Glycerol 2 0.1 The 3-picoline 1 4.0
79 Glycerol 2 0.15 The 3-picoline 2 4.0
80 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.05 - - 4.4
81 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.15 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.9 4.2
82 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.12 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.5
83 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 - - 4.3
84 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 2-propyl group pyridine 1.2 4.0
85 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 2-propyl group pyridine 2 4.5
86 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 - - 4.2
87 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 The 3-picoline 1.5 4.8
88 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 The 3-picoline 2 2.5
89 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 - - 4.1
90 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 Pyridine 1.15 4.2
91 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 Pyridine 2 4.1
92 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.01 - - 2.9
93 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.1 3-ethylpyridine 1.4 3
94 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.01 3-ethylpyridine 2 0.6
95 Propionitrile 1 0.1 - - 1.5
96 Propionitrile 1 0.1 The 2-picoline 1.1 0.6
97 Propionitrile 1 0.1 The 2-picoline 2 1.2
98 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 - - 0.9
99 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 3, the 5-lutidines 0.9 1.6
100 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 3, the 5-lutidines 2 1.8
101 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 - - 2
102 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 2, the 6-lutidines 0.9 1.9
103 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 2, the 6-lutidines 2 2
104 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 - - 1.8
105 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 2, the 4-lutidines 1 1.6
106 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 2, the 4-lutidines 2 1.8
107 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 - - 1.8
108 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 2, the 6-lutidines 1.2 1.7
109 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 2, the 6-lutidines 2 1.9
110 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 - - 1.5
111 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 2, the 6-lutidines 1.1 5.1
112 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 2, the 6-lutidines 2 4.9
113 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 - - 5.3
114 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 2-propyl group pyridine 1 4.6
115 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 2-propyl group pyridine 2 4.6
116 Methyl ether 2 0.01 - - 4.8
117 Methyl ether 2 0.01 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1.2 4.5
118 Methyl ether 2 0.01 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2 4.8
119 Ether 1 0.5 - - 4.9
120 Ether 1 0.5 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 5.1
121 Ether 1 0.5 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 2 4.5
122 Propyl ether 1 0.2 - - 4.2
123 Propyl ether 1 0.2 2-propyl group pyridine 1.2 4.6
124 Propyl ether 1 0.2 2-propyl group pyridine 2 2.1
125 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 - - 1.9
126 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 1.5
127 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 The 2-pentyl pyridine 2 1
128 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 - - 0.9
129 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 1.1 1
130 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 2 1.2
131 Oxolane 2 0.05 - - 4.6
132 Oxolane 2 0.05 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.5 4.8
133 Oxolane 2 0.05 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.5
134 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 - - 4.8
135 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 Pyridine 1.4 4.9
136 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 Pyridine 2 7.0
137 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 - - 4
138 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Pyridine 1 4
139 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Pyridine 2 5.2
140 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 - - 5.3
141 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 4.5
142 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.9
143 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 - - 5.1
144 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 1.3 2.3
145 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 2 2.1
146 Methyl formate 1 0.1 - - 2.3
147 Methyl formate 1 0.1 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1.2 4.6
148 Methyl formate 1 0.1 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 2 5.1
149 Methyl formate 1 0.1 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 3 4.1
150 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 - - 5.0
151 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 2.3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1.3 1.5
152 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2 5.1
153 Butyl formate 1 0.03 - - 4.8
154 Butyl formate 1 0.03 2, the 4-lutidines 1 4.9
155 Butyl formate 1 0.03 2, the 4-lutidines 2 4.8
156 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 - - 4.7
157 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 2, the 6-lutidines 1.4 5.0
158 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 2, the 6-lutidines 2 2.1
159 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 - - 2.4
160 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 3, the 5-lutidines 1.31 2.3
161 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 3, the 5-lutidines 2 4.7
162 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 - - 4.8
163 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 The 2-picoline 1.31 5.1
164 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 The 2-picoline 2 4.9
165 Repefral 2 0.16 - - 4.8
166 Repefral 2 0.16 3-ethylpyridine 1.5 4.9
167 Repefral 2 0.16 3-ethylpyridine 2 5.2
168 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 - - 5.1
169 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 The 3-picoline 1.5 5.1
170 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 The 3-picoline 2 4.5
Table 3:ZnI 2(L) n+I 2+ ceramic powders CP+A
Numbering Ligand I 2 Ceramic powders Additive Battery efficiency (%)
Kind n Kind y (mol) Kind z(mol)
171 Pyridine 1 0 - - - - 4.7
172 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 2.5 - - 3.6
173 Pyridine 1 0.5 TiO 2 5 - - 5.0
174 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 5 Acetamide 0.01 4.7
175 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 2 Acetamide 1.1 4.8
176 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 0.01 Acetamide 2 4.7
177 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 SiO 2 5 Pyridine 0 5.0
178 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 SiO 2 2.1 Pyridine 1.2 4.8
179 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 SiO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 4.7
180 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 ZnO 5 - - 4.9
181 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 ZnO 2.2 The 2-picoline 1.2 5.0
182 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 ZnO 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 5.0
183 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 Al 2O 3 5 - - 5.0
184 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 Al 2O 3 1.5 3, the 5-lutidines 1.3 4.7
185 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 Al 2O 3 0.01 3, the 5-lutidines 2 4.5
186 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 ZrO 2 5 - - 4.2
187 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 ZrO 2 0.9 Pyridine 1.1 2.8
188 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 ZrO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 4.3
189 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 SnO 2 5 - - 4.5
190 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 SnO 2 3 Pyridine 1.3 4.6
191 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 SnO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 4.1
192 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 CeO 2 5 - - 2.8
193 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 CeO 2 2.5 2-propyl group pyridine 1.1 2.8
194 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 CeO 2 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 2.5
195 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 MgO 5 - - 2.1
196 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 MgO 2.2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.1 4.5
197 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 MgO 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.5
198 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 La 2O 3 5 - - 5.0
199 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 La 2O 3 2.3 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.3 5.0
200 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 La 2O 3 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.1
201 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 Y 2O 3 5 - - 4.5
202 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 Y 2O 3 2 The 2-picoline 1.5 5.4
203 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 Y 2O 3 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 4.9
204 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 5.0
205 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 Ta 2O 5 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.1 4.5
206 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 Ta 2O 5 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.9
207 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0 Nb 2O 5 5 - - 5.2
208 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0.25 Nb 2O 5 1.9 Dibutyl amine 1.2 5.1
209 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0.5 Nb 2O 5 0.01 Dibutyl amine 2 5.3
210 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 TiO 2 0.01 - - 4.7
211 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 TiO 2 2.5 Diphenylamines 1 4.8
212 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 TiO 2 5 Diphenylamines 2 5.0
213 Trimethylamine 2 0.5 TiO 2 5 - - 4.9
214 Trimethylamine 2 0.2 TiO 2 2 Aniline 1.5 4.5
215 Trimethylamine 2 0.1 TiO 2 0.01 Aniline 2 4.2
216 Ethamine 1 0 SiO 2 5 - - 2.9
217 Ethamine 1 0.3 SiO 2 2.1 Trimethylamine 0.9 3
218 Ethamine 1 0.5 SiO 2 0.01 Trimethylamine 2 2.9
219 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 ZnO 5 - - 4.5
220 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 ZnO 2.2 Triethylamine 1.3 4.6
221 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 ZnO 0.01 Triethylamine 2 2.5
222 Methyl alcohol 5 0.2 Al 2O 3 5 - - 4.2
223 Methyl alcohol 5 0.1 Al 2O 3 1.5 Bipyridine 1.1 2.2
224 Methyl alcohol 5 0.5 Al 2O 3 0.01 Bipyridine 2 4.1
225 Ethanol 4 0.1 ZrO 2 5 - - 4.9
226 Ethanol 4 0.1 ZrO 2 0.9 Diethylamine 1.1 4.8
227 Ethanol 4 0.1 ZrO 2 0.01 Diethylamine 2 4.2
228 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 SnO 2 5 - - 4.6
229 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 SnO 2 3 Ethamine 1 4.7
230 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 SnO 2 0.01 Ethamine 2 4
231 Octanol 2 0.2 CeO 2 5 - - 4.5
232 Octanol 2 0.3 CeO 2 2.5 Isoquinolin 1.1 4.9
233 Octanol 2 0.4 CeO 2 0.01 Isoquinolin 2 4.2
234 Ethylene glycol 2 0.1 MgO 5 - - 2.7
235 Ethylene glycol 2 0.3 MgO 2.2 Quinoline 0.8 4.0
236 Ethylene glycol 2 0.2 MgO 0.01 Quinoline 2 4.3
237 1, ammediol 2 0.1 La 2O 3 5 - - 4.0
238 1, ammediol 2 0.05 La 2O 3 2.3 Hexahydropyridine 0.9 2.2
239 1, ammediol 2 0.02 La 2O 3 0.01 Hexahydropyridine 2 4.1
240 Glycerol 2 0.1 Y 2O 3 5 - - 4.0
241 Glycerol 2 0.1 Y 2O 3 2 The 3-picoline 1 4.2
242 Glycerol 2 0.15 Y 2O 3 0.01 The 3-picoline 2 4.4
243 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.05 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 4.6
244 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.15 Ta 2O 5 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.9 4.5
245 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.12 Ta 2O 5 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.4
246 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 Nb 2O 5 5 - - 4.0
247 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 Nb 2O 5 1.9 2-propyl group pyridine 1.2 4.7
248 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 Nb 2O 5 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 4.2
249 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 TiO 2 0 - - 4.9
250 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 TiO 2 2.5 The 3-picoline 1.5 2.5
251 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 TiO 2 5 The 3-picoline 2 4.2
252 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 TiO 2 5 - - 4.2
253 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 TiO 2 2 Pyridine 1.15 4.3
254 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 TiO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 4.6
255 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.01 SiO 2 5 - - 4.5
256 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.1 SiO 2 2.1 3-ethylpyridine 1.4 4.4
257 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.01 SiO 2 0.01 3-ethylpyridine 2 4.0
258 Propionitrile 1 0.1 ZnO 5 - - 1.2
259 Propionitrile 1 0.1 ZnO 2.2 The 2-picoline 1.1 0.9
260 Propionitrile 1 0.1 ZnO 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 1.9
261 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 Al 2O 3 5 - - 1.8
262 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 Al 2O 3 1.5 3, the 5-lutidines 0.9 2
263 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 Al 2O 3 0.01 3, the 5-lutidines 2 2.2
264 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 ZrO 2 5 - 2
265 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 ZrO 2 0.9 2, the 6-lutidines 0.9 1.8
266 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 ZrO 2 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 1.5
267 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 SnO 2 5 - - 1.2
268 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 SnO 2 3 2, the 4-lutidines 1 1.5
269 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 SnO 2 0.01 2, the 4-lutidines 2 1.9
270 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 CeO 2 5 - - 1.4
271 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 CeO 2 2.5 2, the 6-lutidines 1.2 1.2
272 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 CeO 2 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 4.1
273 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 MgO 5 - - 5.0
274 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 MgO 2.2 2, the 6-lutidines 1.1 4.6
275 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 MgO 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 4.6
276 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 La 2O 3 5 - - 4.8
277 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 La 2O 3 2.3 2-propyl group pyridine 1 4.8
278 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 La 2O 3 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 4.5
279 Methyl ether 2 0.01 Y 2O 3 5 - - 4.1
280 Methyl ether 2 0.01 Y 2O 3 2 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1.2 4.9
281 Methyl ether 2 0.01 Y 2O 3 0.01 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2 5.1
282 Ether 1 0.5 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 4.4
283 Ether 1 0.5 Ta 2O 5 2 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 4.2
284 Ether 1 0.5 Ta 2O 5 0.01 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 2 4.5
285 Propyl ether 1 0.2 Nb 2O 5 5 - 2.1
286 Propyl ether 1 0.2 Nb 2O 5 1.9 2-propyl group pyridine 1.2 1.9
287 Propyl ether 1 0.2 Nb 2O 5 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 1.8
288 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 TiO 2 0.01 - 1
289 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 TiO 2 2.5 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0.9
290 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 TiO 2 5 The 2-pentyl pyridine 2 1.3
291 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 TiO 2 5 - - 1.2
292 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 TiO 2 2 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 1.1 0.9
293 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 TiO 2 0.01 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 2 1.9
294 Oxolane 2 0.05 SiO 2 5 - - 1.8
295 Oxolane 2 0.05 SiO 2 2.1 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.5 2
296 Oxolane 2 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 2.6
297 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 ZnO 5 - - 2.1
298 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 ZnO 2.2 Pyridine 1.4 2.3
299 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 ZnO 0.01 Pyridine 2 2.3
300 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Al 2O 3 5 - - 4.2
301 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Al 2O 3 1.5 Pyridine 1 5.1
302 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Al 2O 3 0.01 Pyridine 2 4.8
303 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 ZrO 2 5 - - 4.9
304 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 ZrO 2 0.9 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 4.2
305 Diethyl carbonate 0.15 ZrO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.3
306 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 SnO 2 5 - - 4.5
307 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 SnO 2 3 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 1.3 4.7
308 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 SnO 2 0.01 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 2 4.9
309 Methyl formate 1 0.1 CeO 2 5 - - 2.5
310 Methyl formate 1 0.1 CeO 2 2.5 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1.2 2.1
311 Methyl formate 1 0.1 CeO 2 0.01 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 2 2.3
312 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 MgO 5 - - 2.3
313 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 MgO 2.2 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1.3 4.2
314 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 MgO 0.01 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2 5.1
315 Butyl formate 1 0.03 La 2O 3 5 - - 4.8
316 Butyl formate 1 0.03 La 2O 3 2.3 2, the 4-lutidines 1 3
317 Butyl formate 1 0.03 La 2O 3 0.01 2, the 4-lutidines 2 4.2
318 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 Y 2O 3 5 - - 5.0
319 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 Y 2O 3 2 2, the 6-lutidines 1.4 4.9
320 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 Y 2O 3 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 5.3
321 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 4.1
322 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 Ta 2O 5 2 3, the 5-lutidines 1.31 4.2
323 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 Ta 2O 5 0.01 3, the 5-lutidines 2 5.1
324 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 Nb 2O 5 5 - - 4.8
325 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 Nb 2O 5 1.9 The 2-picoline 1.31 4.9
326 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 Nb 2O 5 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 4.2
327 Repefral 2 0.16 ZnO 5 - - 4.3
328 Repefral 2 0.16 ZnO 2.2 3-ethylpyridine 1.5 4.5
329 Repefral 2 0.16 ZnO 0.01 3-ethylpyridine 2 4.7
330 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 Y 2O 3 5 - - 4.9
331 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 Y 2O 3 2 The 3-picoline 1.5 2.5
332 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 Y 2O 3 0.01 The 3-picoline 2 4.2
Table 4:ZnI 2(L) n+M+I 2+ ceramic powders CP or gel+A
Numbering Solvent M Complex w (mol) Ceramic powders or gel Additive Battery efficiency (%)
Kind m (mol) Kind n Kind X or y (mol) Kind z(mol)
333 Dimethyl carbonate 100 - - 0.1 - - - - 4.6
334 Dimethyl carbonate 100 - - 0.1 G1 0.01 - - 5.2
335 Dimethyl carbonate 10 Pyridine 1 0 - - - - 5.0
336 Dimethyl carbonate 1000 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 2.5 - - 5.1
337 Dimethyl carbonate 2000 Pyridine 1 0.5 TiO 2 5 - - 5.1
338 Diethyl carbonate 100 - - 0.1 - - - - 4.8
339 Diethyl carbonate 100 - - 0.1 G1 0.5 Pyridine 0.01 4.9
340 Diethyl carbonate 10 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 5 Acetamide 0.01 4.5
341 Diethyl carbonate 900 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 2 Acetamide 1.1 4.8
342 Diethyl carbonate 2000 Pyridine 1 0.3 TiO 2 0.01 Acetamide 2 4
343 Propene carbonate 100 - - 0.01 SiO 2 0.01 Pyridine 0.2 4.7
344 Propene carbonate 100 - - 0.01 G1 1 Pyridine 0.02 4.2
345 Propene carbonate 10 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 SiO 2 5 - - 4.3
346 Propene carbonate 1000 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 SiO 2 2.1 Pyridine 1.2 4.8
347 Propene carbonate 2000 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.2 SiO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 5.0
348 Methyl formate 100 - - 0.02 ZnO 0.02 The 2-picoline 0.02 4.2
349 Methyl formate 100 - - 0.02 G2 0.01 The 2-picoline 0.02 4.9
350 Methyl formate 10 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 ZnO 5 - - 4.8
351 Methyl formate 1200 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 ZnO 2.2 The 2-picoline 1.2 4.8
352 Methyl formate 2000 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 1 0.15 ZnO 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 5.1
353 Ethyl formate 10 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 Al 2O 3 5 - - 4.2
354 Ethyl formate 100 - - 0.05 Al 2O 3 0.05 3, the 5-lutidines 0.05 4.5
355 Ethyl formate 100 - - 0.05 G2 0.5 3, the 5-lutidines 0.01 4.6
356 Ethyl formate 1000 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 Al 2O 3 1.5 3, the 5-lutidines 1.3 5.1
357 Ethyl formate 2000 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 Al 2O 3 0.01 3, the 5-lutidines 2 4.5
358 Butyl formate 100 - - 0.05 ZrO 2 0.02 Pyridine 0.5 4.6
359 Butyl formate 20 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 ZrO 2 5 - - 1.2
360 Butyl formate 1000 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 G2 1 Pyridine 0.01 1.1
361 Butyl formate 1100 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 ZrO 2 0.9 Pyridine 1.1 0.8
362 Butyl formate 2000 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.09 ZrO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 2.5
363 Ethyl acetate 100 - - 0.02 SnO 2 0 Pyridine 0.05 2.6
364 Ethyl acetate 15 Ethyl acetate 1 0.2 SnO 2 5 Pyridine 0 5.1
365 Ethyl acetate 900 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 SnO 2 3 Pyridine 1.3 4.6
366 Ethyl acetate 1000 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 G3 0.01 Pyridine 0.5 5.2
367 Ethyl acetate 2000 2, the 4-lutidines 1 0.2 SnO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 5.0
368 Methyl benzoate 100 - - 0.02 CeO 2 0.05 2-propyl group pyridine 0.05 5.3
369 Methyl benzoate 100 - - 0.02 G3 0.5 2-propyl group pyridine 0.05 5.1
370 Methyl benzoate 25 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 CeO 2 5 - - 4.5
371 Methyl benzoate 1200 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 CeO 2 2.5 2-propyl group pyridine 1.1 4.9
372 Methyl benzoate 2000 2, the 6-lutidines 1 0.15 CeO 2 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 4
373 Ethyl benzoate 100 - - 0.02 - - The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.06 2.6
374 Ethyl benzoate 10 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 MgO 5 - - 2.3
375 Ethyl benzoate 100 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 G3 1 - - 2.5
376 Ethyl benzoate 1200 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 MgO 2.2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.1 2.3
377 Ethyl benzoate 2000 3, the 5-lutidines 1 0.2 MgO 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 5.5
378 Repefral 100 - - 0.02 - - The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.05 4.9
379 Repefral 18 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 La 2O 3 5 - - 5.2
380 Repefral 1300 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 La 2O 3 2.3 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.3 2.6
381 Repefral 2000 The 2-picoline 1 0.12 La 2O 3 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 2.8
382 Diethyl phthalate 100 - - 0.02 - - The 2-picoline 0.01 4.5
383 Diethyl phthalate 20 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 Y 2O 3 5 - - 4.9
384 Diethyl phthalate 800 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 Y 2O 3 2 The 2-picoline 1.5 4.7
385 Diethyl phthalate 2000 The 3-picoline 1 0.15 Y 2O 3 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 5.1
386 Ethanol 100 - - 0.01 Ta 2O 5 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.02 5.1
387 Ethanol 800 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 5.3
388 Ethanol 800 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 G4 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 4.9
389 Ethanol 1000 3-ethylpyridine 1 0.02 Ta 2O 5 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.1 5.0
390 Methyl alcohol 100 - - 0.01 - - The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.02 2.7
391 Methyl alcohol 100 - - 0.01 G4 0.5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.02 4.5
392 Methyl alcohol 15 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0 Nb 2O 5 5 - - 4.8
393 Methyl alcohol 1000 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0.25 Nb 2O 5 1.9 Dibutyl amine 1.2 4.7
394 Methyl alcohol 2000 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 0.5 Nb 2O 5 0.01 Dibutyl amine 2 4.2
395 Methyl alcohol 150 - - 0.02 - - - - 2.5
396 Methyl alcohol 150 - - 0.02 G4 1 - - 2.6
397 Methyl alcohol 20 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 TiO 2 0.01 - - 5.0
398 Methyl alcohol 1200 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 TiO 2 2.5 Diphenylamines 1 4.1
399 Methyl alcohol 1200 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 G4 1 Diphenylamines 1 4.5
400 Methyl alcohol 2000 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1 0.2 TiO 2 5 Diphenylamines 2 5.4
401 Ethanol 120 - - 0.02 - - - - 4.9
402 Ethanol 25 Trimethylamine 2 0.5 TiO 2 5 - - 5.0
403 Ethanol 850 Trimethylamine 2 0.2 TiO 2 2 Aniline 1.5 4.6
404 Ethanol 2000 Trimethylamine 2 0.1 TiO 2 0.01 Aniline 2 4.7
405 Ethanol 2000 Trimethylamine 2 0.1 G5 0.01 Pyridine 0.02 4.5
406 The tert-butyl alcohol 150 - - 0.08 - - Pyridine 0.02 4.7
407 The tert-butyl alcohol 150 - - 0.08 G5 0.5 Pyridine 0.02 4.8
408 The tert-butyl alcohol 30 Ethamine 1 0 SiO 2 5 - - 4.2
409 The tert-butyl alcohol 950 Ethamine 1 0.3 SiO 2 2.1 Trimethylamine 0.9 4.3
410 The tert-butyl alcohol 2000 Ethamine 1 0.5 SiO 2 0.01 Trimethylamine 2 2.5
411 Octanol 26 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 ZnO 5 - - 4.2
412 Octanol 200 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 G5 1 Pyridine 0.02 4.5
413 Octanol 960 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 ZnO 2.2 Triethylamine 1.3 4.2
414 Octanol 2000 Methyl alcohol 6 0.01 ZnO 0.01 Triethylamine 2 4.3
415 Ethylene glycol 150 - - 0.02 - - Pyridine 0.05 4.1
416 Ethylene glycol 150 - - 0.02 G6 0.01 Pyridine 0.05 2.6
417 Ethylene glycol 30 Methyl alcohol 5 0.2 Al 2O 3 5 - - 3
418 Ethylene glycol 1200 Methyl alcohol 5 0.1 Al 2O 3 1.5 Bipyridine 1.1 2.8
419 Ethylene glycol 2000 Methyl alcohol 5 0.5 Al 2O 3 0.01 Bipyridine 2 2.5
420 1,3-third 21 alcohol 30 Ethanol 4 0.1 G6 0.5 Pyridine 0.02 2.6
421 1,3-third 21 alcohol 30 Ethanol 4 0.1 ZrO 2 5 - - 2.1
422 1, ammediol 1255 Ethanol 4 0.1 ZrO 2 0.9 Diethylamine 1.1 4.8
423 1, ammediol 2000 Ethanol 4 0.1 ZrO 2 0.01 Diethylamine 2 5.0
424 Glycerol 18 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 G6 1 Pyridine 0.05 4.9
425 Glycerol 18 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 SnO 2 5 - - 4.5
426 Glycerol 1125 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 SnO 2 3 Ethamine 1 4.8
427 Glycerol 2000 The tert-butyl alcohol 3 0.5 SnO 2 0.01 Ethamine 2 4.7
428 1, the 2-propylene glycol 21 Octanol 2 0.2 CeO 2 5 - - 4.8
429 1, the 2-propylene glycol 1250 Octanol 2 0.3 CeO 2 2.5 Isoquinolin 1.1 4.7
430 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2000 Octanol 2 0.4 CeO 2 0.01 Isoquinolin 2 5.0
431 Ethylene glycol 23 Ethylene glycol 2 0.1 MgO 5 - - 4.5
432 Ethylene glycol 1150 Ethylene glycol 2 0.3 MgO 2.2 Quinoline 0.8 4.7
433 Ethylene glycol 2000 Ethylene glycol 2 0.2 MgO 0.01 Quinoline 2 4.8
434 Isopropyl alcohol 30 1, ammediol 2 0.1 La 2O 3 5 - - 5.1
435 Isopropyl alcohol 1230 1, ammediol 2 0.05 La 2O 3 2.3 Hexahydropyridine 0.9 4.5
436 Isopropyl alcohol 2000 1, ammediol 2 0.02 La 2O 3 0.01 Hexahydropyridine 2 4.3
437 Propyl alcohol 15 Glycerol 2 0.1 Y 2O 3 5 - - 4.0
438 Propyl alcohol 1200 Glycerol 2 0.1 Y 2O 3 2 The 3-picoline 1 4.1
439 Propyl alcohol 2000 Glycerol 2 0.15 Y 2O 3 0.01 The 3-picoline 2 4.8
440 Methyl ether 150 - - 0.02 Ta 2O 5 0.01 The 3-picoline 0.02 4.5
441 Methyl ether 150 - - 0.02 G7 0.01 The 3-picoline 0.02 4.2
442 Methyl ether 15 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.05 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 4.8
443 Methyl ether 980 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.15 Ta 2O 5 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.9 4.7
444 Methyl ether 2000 1, the 2-propylene glycol 2 0.12 Ta 2O 5 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 2.5
445 Ether 160 - - 0.03 - - The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.05 4.1
446 Ether 160 - - 0.03 G7 0.5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.05 4.2
447 Ether 25 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 Nb 2O 5 5 - - 4.6
448 Ether 1200 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 Nb 2O 5 1.9 2-propyl group pyridine 1.2 4.7
449 Ether 2000 Ethylene glycol 2 0.4 Nb 2O 5 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 5.0
450 Propyl ether 23 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 - - - - 4.2
451 Propyl ether 23 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 G7 1 - - 4.5
452 Propyl ether 1158 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 TiO 2 2.5 The 3-picoline 1.5 4.8
453 Propyl ether 2000 Isopropyl alcohol 2 0.1 TiO 2 5 The 3-picoline 2 5.0
454 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 160 - - 0.03 - - Pyridine 0.02 4.2
455 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 30 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 TiO 2 5 - - 4.3
456 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 900 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 TiO 2 2 Pyridine 1.15 4.0
457 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 900 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 G1 0.5 Pyridine 0.1 4.2
458 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 2000 Propyl alcohol 4 0.09 TiO 2 0.01 Pyridine 2 4.0
459 Phenoxy group benzene 25 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.01 SiO 2 5 - - 4.5
460 Phenoxy group benzene 1232 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.1 SiO 2 2.1 3-ethylpyridine 1.4 2.7
461 Phenoxy group benzene 2000 Acetonitrile 0.5 0.01 SiO 2 0.01 3-ethylpyridine 2 4.2
462 Oxolane 160 - - 0.02 SiO 2 0.01 3-ethylpyridine 0.05 4.3
463 Oxolane 160 - - 0.02 G2 0.5 3-ethylpyridine 0.05 4.0
464 Oxolane 32 Propionitrile 1 0.1 ZnO 5 - - 5.0
465 Oxolane 1252 Propionitrile 1 0.1 ZnO 2.2 The 2-picoline 1.1 4.0
466 Oxolane 2000 Propionitrile 1 0.1 ZnO 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 4.4
467 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 150 - - 0.01 - - Pyridine 0.1 4.2
468 1, the 4-dioxy 32 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 Al 2O 3 5 - - 4.3
Cyclohexane
469 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 859 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 Al 2O 3 1.5 3, the 5-lutidines 0.9 2.9
470 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 859 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 G3 0.5 3, the 5-lutidines 0.01 4.6
471 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2000 The benzene nitrile 2 0.2 Al 2O 3 0.01 3, the 5-lutidines 2 4.5
472 Pyridine 170 - - 0.01 ZrO 2 0.05 2, the 6-lutidines 0.02 4
473 Pyridine 10 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 ZrO 2 5 - - 4.5
474 Pyridine 1000 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 ZrO 2 0.9 2, the 6-lutidines 0.9 4.8
475 Pyridine 2000 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 ZrO 2 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 4.2
476 Pyridine 2000 Methoxyacetonitrile 2 0.1 G3 0.5 2, the 6-lutidines 0.05 2.7
477 Pyridine 12 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 SnO 2 5 - - 4.6
478 Pyridine 1000 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 SnO 2 3 2, the 4-lutidines 1 4.1
479 Pyridine 2000 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 SnO 2 0.01 2, the 4-lutidines 2 2.9
480 Pyridine 2000 The 3-hydroxypropionitrile 2 0.2 G4 0.5 2, the 4-lutidines 2 3
481 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 150 - - 0.02 CeO 2 0.02 2, the 6-lutidines 0.03 2.9
482 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 10 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 CeO 2 5 - - 4.5
483 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1000 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 CeO 2 2.5 2, the 6-lutidines 1.2 4.1
484 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2000 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 CeO 2 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 4.0
485 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2000 Acetaldehyde cyanhydrin 2 0.3 G5 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 2.5
486 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 15 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 MgO 5 - - 4.2
487 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1500 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 MgO 2.2 2, the 6-lutidines 1.1 2.7
488 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2000 Methoxypropionitrile 2 0.15 MgO 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 4.5
489 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 160 - - 0.05 La 2O 3 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 0.02 4.6
490 2-butyl pyrrole 160 - - 0.05 G6 0.5 2-propyl group pyridine 0.02 4.8
Pyridine
491 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 15 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 La 2O 3 5 - - 4.5
492 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 850 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 La 2O 3 2.3 2-propyl group pyridine 1 4.2
493 The 2-butyl-pyridinium 2000 Succinonitrile 2 0.12 La 2O 3 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 4.6
494 2-propyl group pyridine 20 Methyl ether 2 0.01 Y 2O 3 5 - - 4.6
495 2-propyl group pyridine 950 Methyl ether 2 0.01 Y 2O 3 2 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1.2 2.1
496 2-propyl group pyridine 2000 Methyl ether 2 0.01 Y 2O 3 0.01 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2 1.9
497 2-propyl group pyridine 2000 Methyl ether 2 0.01 G7 0.5 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2 1.5
498 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 15 Ether 1 0.5 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 1
499 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1000 Ether 1 0.5 Ta 2O 5 2 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1 0.9
500 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 2000 Ether 1 0.5 Ta 2O 5 0.01 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 2 1
501 2, the 4-lutidines 25 Propyl ether 1 0.2 Nb 2O 5 5 - - 1.2
502 2, the 4-lutidines 1000 Propyl ether 1 0.2 Nb 2O 5 1.9 2-propyl group pyridine 1.2 0.6
503 2, the 4-lutidines 2000 Propyl ether 1 0.2 Nb 2O 5 0.01 2-propyl group pyridine 2 1.5
504 2, the 6-lutidines 26 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 TiO 2 0.01 - - 5.0
505 2, the 6-lutidines 950 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 TiO 2 2.5 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1 4.5
506 2, the 6-lutidines 2000 Methyl phenyl ethers anisole 1 0.1 TiO 2 5 The 2-pentyl pyridine 2 4.6
507 3, the 5-lutidines 25 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 TiO 2 5 - - 4.6
508 3, the 5-lutidines 1000 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 TiO 2 2 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 1.1 4.8
509 3, the 5-lutidines 2000 Phenoxy group benzene 1 0.15 TiO 2 0.01 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 2 4.5
510 The 2-picoline 26 Oxolane 2 0.05 SiO 2 5 - - 4.8
511 The 2-picoline 1000 Oxolane 2 0.05 SiO 2 2.1 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1.5 4.9
512 The 2-picoline 2000 Oxolane 2 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 5.1
513 The 3-picoline 30 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 ZnO 5 - - 1.6
514 The 3-picoline 1000 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 ZnO 2.2 Pyridine 1.4 1.8
515 The 3-picoline 2000 1,4-dioxy cyclohexane 2 0.02 ZnO 0.01 Pyridine 2 1.8
516 The 2-pentyl pyridine 30 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Al 2O 3 5 - - 1.7
517 The 2-pentyl pyridine 1000 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Al 2O 3 1.5 Pyridine 1 1.9
518 The 2-pentyl pyridine 2000 Dimethyl carbonate 1 0.1 Al 2O 3 0.01 Pyridine 2 1.5
519 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 20 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 ZrO 2 5 - - 4
520 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1200 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 ZrO 2 0.9 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 5.5
521 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2000 Diethyl carbonate 1 0.15 ZrO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 7.1
522 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 30 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 SnO 2 5 - - 5.2
523 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1000 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 SnO 2 3 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 1.3 7.1
524 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2000 Propene carbonate 1 0.4 SnO 2 0.01 The 3-butyl-pyridinium 2 5
525 Acetonitrile 160 - - 0.01 - - Pyridine 0.02 5.8
526 Acetonitrile 15 Methyl formate 1 0.1 CeO 2 5 - - 0.6
527 Acetonitrile 1000 Methyl formate 1 0.1 CeO 2 2.5 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 1.2 1.2
528 Acetonitrile 2000 Methyl formate 1 0.1 CeO 2 0.01 2,4, the 6-trimethylpyridine 2 0.9
529 Propionitrile 20 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 MgO 5 - - 4.1
530 Propionitrile 980 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 MgO 2.2 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 1.3 1.6
531 Propionitrile 2000 Ethyl formate 1 0.05 MgO 0.01 2,3, the 5-trimethylpyridine 2 1.8
532 Pyridine 25 Butyl formate 1 0.03 La 2O 3 5 - - 2
533 Pyridine 1000 Butyl formate 1 0.03 La 2O 3 2.3 2, the 4-lutidines 1 2
534 Pyridine 2000 Butyl formate 1 0.03 La 2O 3 0.01 2, the 4-lutidines 2 1.9
535 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 32 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 Y 2O 3 5 - - 2
536 The 4-tert-butyl group 960 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 Y 2O 3 2 2, the 6-lutidines 1.4 1.8
Pyridine
537 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2000 Ethyl acetate 1 0.25 Y 2O 3 0.01 2, the 6-lutidines 2 5.2
538 Dimethyl carbonate 160 - - 0.02 - - Pyridine 0.01 5
539 Dimethyl carbonate 21 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 Ta 2O 5 5 - - 4.9
540 Dimethyl carbonate 1050 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 Ta 2O 5 2 3, the 5-lutidines 1.31 4.7
541 Dimethyl carbonate 2000 Methyl benzoate 1 0.06 Ta 2O 5 0.01 3, the 5-lutidines 2 4.7
542 Diethyl carbonate 120 - - 0.02 - - The 2-picoline 0.02 4.8
543 Diethyl carbonate 12 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 Nb 2O 5 5 - - 4.5
544 Diethyl carbonate 890 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 Nb 2O 5 1.9 The 2-picoline 1.31 5.2
545 Diethyl carbonate 2000 Ethyl benzoate 1 0.09 Nb 2O 5 0.01 The 2-picoline 2 4.8
546 Propene carbonate 20 Repefral 2 0.16 ZnO 5 - - 4
547 Propene carbonate 1020 Repefral 2 0.16 ZnO 2.2 3-ethylpyridine 1.5 5.5
548 Propene carbonate 2000 Repefral 2 0.16 ZnO 0.01 3-ethylpyridine 2 7.1
549 Propene carbonate 12 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 Y 2O 3 5 - - 5.2
550 Propene carbonate 1250 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 Y 2O 3 2 The 3-picoline 1.5 5.5
551 Propene carbonate 2000 Diethyl phthalate 2 0.21 Y 2O 3 0.01 The 3-picoline 2 6.8
552 Ethanol 120 - - 0.01 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 5.2
553 Ethanol 10 Pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 5.5
554 Ethanol 1005 Pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 6.6
555 Ethanol 2000 Pyridine 1 0.08 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 5.2
556 Ethanol 20 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 Pyridine 0.02 6.8
557 Ethanol 1200 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 2 Pyridine 1.2 5
558 Ethanol 2000 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 5 Pyridine 2 5.8
559 Ethanol 25 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 5.5
560 Ethanol 1100 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 6.7
561 Ethanol 2000 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 2.1
562 Dimethyl carbonate 10 Pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 2.3
563 Dimethyl carbonate 1005 Pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 2.3
564 Dimethyl carbonate 2000 Pyridine 1 0.08 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.7
565 Pyridine 20 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 Pyridine 0.02 4.8
566 Pyridine 1200 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 2 Pyridine 1.2 5.0
567 Pyridine 2000 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 5 Pyridine 2 4.9
568 Pyridine 25 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 4.9
569 Pyridine 1100 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 1 3.7
570 Pyridine 2000 2-propyl group pyridine 1 0.05 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 2 4.0
571 1-propyl group-3-methylimidazole iodine 10 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 3.9
572 1-propyl group-3-methylimidazole iodine 1000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 5.3
573 1-propyl group-3-methylimidazole iodine 2000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 5.1
574 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 10 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 4.8
575 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 1000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 4.9
576 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 2000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 4.5
577 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 10 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 4.7
578 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 1000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 4.9
579 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 2000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 4.8
580 1-nonyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 10 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 0.01 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.01 5.1
581 1-nonyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 1000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 2 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 5.2
582 1-nonyl-3-methylimidazole iodine 2000 Pyridine 1 0.1 SiO 2 5 The 4-tert .-butylpyridine 0.1 5.0
Prepare the electrolyte based on zinc iodide of different compositions by the method among the embodiment 1, solvent M wherein is the mixture of methoxypropionitrile and pyridine, and is assembled into DSSC, and it is formed and battery efficiency is listed in table 5, ZnI in the table 2Addition be 1mol.
Table 5:ZnI 2+ mixed solvent M+I 2+ ceramic powders CP+ gel G
Numbering The mixed solvent type The ratio of mixed solvent I 2Addition (g/mL) The gel kind Gel addition (mol/L) The kind of ceramic powders The addition of ceramic powders Battery efficiency (%)
583 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 1/2 0 - - - - 2.1
584 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 1/2 0.0005 - - - - 2.5
585 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 1/2 0.001 - - - - 2.0
586 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0 - - - - 3.1
587 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 - - - - 4.5
588 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.001 - - - - 3.3
589 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 4/1 0 - - - - 2.3
590 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 4/1 0.0005 - - - - 3.3
591 Methoxy propyl 4/1 0.001 - - - - 2.6
Nitrile/pyridine
592 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 - - SiO 2 0.02 4.5
593 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 - - SiO 2 0.05 4.5
594 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 - - SiO 2 0.1 4.2
595 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G1 1 - - 4.4
596 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G2 0.5 - - 4.5
597 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G3 0.5 - - 4.3
598 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G4 0.5 - - 4.4
599 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G5 0.01 - - 4.5
600 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G6 1 - - 4.4
601 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G7 0.5 - - 4.5
602 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 - - TiO 2 0.05 4.5
603 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 - - ZrO 2 0.05 4.5
604 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 - - Al 2O 3 0.05 4.5
605 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G1 1 ZnO 0.05 4.4
606 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G2 0.5 SnO 2 0.05 4.5
607 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G3 0.5 CeO 2 0.05 4.3
608 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G4 0.5 MgO 0.05 4.4
609 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G5 0.01 La 2O 3 0.05 4.5
610 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G6 1 Nb 2O 5 0.05 4.4
611 Methoxypropionitrile/pyridine 2/1 0.0005 G7 0.5 Ta 2O 5 0.05 4.5
Press the different electrolyte of forming based on zinc iodide of method preparation among the embodiment 1, wherein the complex of zinc iodide has two kinds, ceramic powders to have two kinds, is assembled into DSSC, and it is formed and battery efficiency is listed in table 6, ZnI in the table 2Addition be 0.1mol.
Table 6:ZnI 2(L1) n 1(L2) n 2+ mM+wI 2+ ceramic powders (y 1CP1+y 2CP2)
Numbering Solvent M Complex w (mol) Ceramic powders Battery efficiency (%)
Kind M (mol) L1/L2 n 1/n 2 CP1/CP2 y 1/y 2 (mol)
612 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Pyridine/methyl alcohol 2/2 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.05/0.05 4.0
613 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Pyridine/methyl alcohol 1/3 0.05 ZrO/SiO 2 0.05/0.05 4.4
614 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Pyridine/methyl alcohol 3/1 0.05 ZrO/Al 2O 3 0.05/0.05 3.7
615 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Pyridine/ethanol 2/2 0.05 ZrO/TiO 2 0.02/0.03 4.6
616 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Pyridine/ethanol 1/3 0.05 ZrO/SiO 2 0.05/0.02 4.9
617 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Pyridine/ethanol 3/1 0.05 ZrO/Al 2O 3 0.01/0.05 3.1
618 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethamine/ethanol 2/2 0.05 ZrO/TiO 2 0.02/0.03 5.O
619 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethamine/ethanol 1/3 0.05 ZrO/SiO 2 0.05/0.02 4.7
620 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethamine/ethanol 3/1 0.05 ZrO/Al 2O 3 0.01/0.05 4.1
621 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Methanol/ethanol 2/2 0.05 ZrO/TiO 2 0.02/0.03 3.1
622 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Methanol/ethanol 1/3 0.05 ZrO/SiO 2 0.05/0.02 5.2
623 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Methanol/ethanol 3/1 0.05 ZrO/Al 2O 3 0.01/0.05 4.6
624 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 3-hydroxypropionitrile/ethylene glycol 1/1 0.05 ZrO/MgO 0.02/0.03 5.0
625 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 3-hydroxypropionitrile/ethylene glycol 1/1 0.05 Nb 2O 5/SiO 2 0.05/0.02 4.7
626 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 3-hydroxypropionitrile/ethylene glycol 1/1 0.05 La 2O 3/Al 2O 3 0.01/0.05 4.1
627 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 3-hydroxypropionitrile/ethanol 1/2 0.05 CeO 2/MgO 0.02/0.03 5.6
628 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 3-hydroxypropionitrile/ethanol 1/2 0.05 Nb 2O 5/Y 2O 3 0.05/0.02 4.8
629 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 3-hydroxypropionitrile/ethanol 1/2 0.05 La 2O 3/SnO 2 0.01/0.05 4.9
630 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethylenediamine/methyl alcohol 1/2 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 4.1
631 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Methyl ether/methyl formate 1/3 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 4.7
632 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Methyl ether/methyl formate 2/2 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 5.3
633 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Methyl ether/methyl formate 3/1 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 3.9
634 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ether/methyl benzoate 1/3 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 5.9
635 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ether/methyl benzoate 2/2 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 5.3
636 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ether/methyl benzoate 3/1 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 4.8
634 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethanol/4-tert .-butylpyridine 1/3 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 5.5
635 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethanol/4-tert .-butylpyridine 2/2 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 5.1
636 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethanol/4-tert .-butylpyridine 3/1 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 4.5
634 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethanol/aniline 1/3 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 5.3
635 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethanol/aniline 2/2 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 4.1
636 Methoxyacetonitrile 100 Ethanol/aniline 3/1 0.05 ZnO/TiO 2 0.01/0.05 4.5

Claims (8)

1, a kind of electrolyte based on zinc iodide, its general formula is:
ZnI 2(L)n+mM+wI 2+xG+yCP+zA
Wherein, L represents ligand, and n is a ligancy; M represents organic solvent, and G represents gel, and CP represents that ceramic powders A represents additive in electrolyte; M, w, x, y and z represent the mol ratio of organic solvent, elemental iodine, gel, ceramic powders and additive and zinc iodide respectively;
Described ligand L be various can with the organic substance of zinc iodide coordination, comprise amine, alcohols, nitrile, ethers, ester type organic; Described ligancy is 0≤n≤6;
Described solvent M comprises amine, alcohols, nitrile, ethers, lipid organic solvent and their mixed solvent, or ionic liquid; The mol ratio of described organic solvent and zinc iodide is 0≤m≤2000;
The mol ratio of described elemental iodine and zinc iodide is 0≤w≤0.5;
Described gel G is the organic micromolecule compound that contains amido link and long aliphatic chain, or organic high molecular compound; The mol ratio of described gel and zinc iodide is 0≤x≤1;
The mol ratio of described ceramic powders CP and zinc iodide is 0≤y≤5;
Described additive A is to improve the compound of electrolyte performance; The mol ratio of described additive and zinc iodide is 0≤z≤2;
The various components of aforementioned proportion are mixed, obtain the electrolyte based on zinc iodide of the present invention.
2, the electrolyte based on zinc iodide as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
Amine organic substance among the described ligand L is: pyridine, 4-tert .-butylpyridine, 3-butyl-pyridinium, 2-pentyl pyridine, 2-propyl group pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidines, 2,6-lutidines, 3,5-lutidines, 2-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, 3-picoline, bipyridine, hexahydropyridine, quinoline, isoquinolin, ethamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, aniline, diphenylamines, dibutyl amine, acetamide, urea;
Pure type organic among the described ligand L is: methyl alcohol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butanols, octanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1, ammediol;
Nitrile organic substance among the described ligand L is: acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzene nitrile, succinonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, methoxypropionitrile, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, acetaldehyde cyanhydrin;
Ethers organic substance among the described ligand L is: methyl ether, ether, propyl ether, methyl phenyl ethers anisole, phenoxy group benzene, oxolane, dioxane;
Ester type organic among the described ligand L is: dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propene carbonate, methyl formate, Ethyl formate, butyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, repefral, diethyl phthalate.
3, the electrolyte based on zinc iodide as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
Amine organic solvent among the described solvent M is: pyridine, 4-tert .-butylpyridine, 3-butyl-pyridinium, 2-pentyl pyridine, 2-propyl group pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidines, 2,6-lutidines, 3,5-lutidines, 2-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, 3-picoline, quinoline, isoquinolin, aniline;
Alcohol organic solvent among the described solvent M is: methyl alcohol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butanols, octanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1, ammediol;
Nitrile organic solvent among the described solvent M is: acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzene nitrile, succinonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, methoxypropionitrile, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, acetaldehyde cyanhydrin;
Ether organic solvent among the described solvent M is: methyl ether, ether, propyl ether, methyl phenyl ethers anisole, phenoxy group benzene, oxolane, dioxane;
Ester class organic solvent among the described solvent M is: dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propene carbonate, methyl formate, Ethyl formate, butyl formate, ethyl acetate methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, repefral, diethyl phthalate;
Ionic liquid among the described solvent M is: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodine, 1-propyl group-3-methylimidazole iodine, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole iodine, 1-nonyl-3-methylimidazole iodine.
4, the electrolyte based on zinc iodide as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
The described organic micromolecule compound that contains amido link and long aliphatic chain is C 6H 5CH 2OCONHCH (i-C 4H 9) CONHC 18H 37, C 6H 5CH 2OCONHCH (i-C 3H 7) CONHCH (i-C 3H 7) CONHC 18H 37, C 6H 5CH 2OCONHCH (i-C 3H 7) CONHC 12H 24NHCO (i-C 3H 7) CHNHOCOCH 2C 6H 5, C 11H 23CONHC 4H 8CH (COOCH 3) NHCONHC 18H 37
Described organic high molecular compound is copolymer, polyethylene glycol, the poly(ethylene oxide) of vinylidene and hexafluoropropylene.
5, the electrolyte based on zinc iodide as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that: described ceramic powders CP is TiO 2, ZnO, SiO 2, Al 2O 3, ZrO 2, SnO 2, CeO 2, MgO, La 2O 3, Y 2O 3, Ta 2O 5, Nb 2O 5Or their mixture.
6, the electrolyte based on zinc iodide as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
The described compound that improves the electrolyte performance is: pyridine, 4-tert .-butylpyridine, 3-butyl-pyridinium, 2-pentyl pyridine, 2-propyl group pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-lutidines, 2,6-lutidines, 3,5-lutidines, 2-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, 3-picoline, bipyridine, hexahydropyridine, quinoline, isoquinolin, ethamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, aniline, diphenylamines, dibutyl amine, acetamide.
7, the described electrolyte based on zinc iodide of a kind of claim 1 is in DSSC, or the purposes of the device of other Conversion of energy and storage.
8, purposes as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that: the device of described other Conversion of energy and storage is a ultracapacitor.
CN 200510102967 2005-09-16 2005-09-16 Electrolyte based on zinc iodide and application thereof Pending CN1933184A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112803083A (en) * 2021-02-08 2021-05-14 江苏师范大学 Zinc ion battery containing zinc complex

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112803083A (en) * 2021-02-08 2021-05-14 江苏师范大学 Zinc ion battery containing zinc complex

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