CN1918593A - Systems and methods for trading emission reductions - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems and methods for facilitating trading of emission allowances and offsets among participants are described. In some embodiments, methods of facilitating such trading include establishing an emissions reduction schedule for certain participants based on emissions information provided by those participants and determining debits or credits for each participant in order to achieve the reduction schedule.

Description

Discharging reduces transaction system and method

Background technology

World environments owing to artificial or " mankind cause " greenhouse gases be discharged into atmosphere face significant threat.Greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, Tropospheric ozone, nitrogen monoxide and methane are transparent and be opaque to long-wave radiation to solar radiation usually, thereby have stoped the long-wave radiation energy to leave atmosphere.The net effect of atmosphere percent of greenhouse gases is to catch absorbed radiation, and is tending towards making planetary surface to warm.

Can be for example discharge greenhouse gases by release of carbon dioxide during fossil-fuel-fired.Therefore, the automobile of consume fuel, factory and other device are discharged into the atmosphere carbon dioxide.Yet, can also discharge greenhouse gases by more natural means.For example, the peasant cultivates the farmland, makes to be released in the air from the carbon dioxide that tills the land.The clear felling of woods section (forest stands) or disafforestation also can cause the release of greenhouse gases.

Usually, the quick growth of the earth atmosphere percent of greenhouse gases content that is caused by mankind's activity has increased the risk that fundamental sum costliness (costly) changes in the terrestrial climate system.This risk can comprise more serious arid/precipitation circulation; Longer and severeer heat wave; The propagation of tropical disease; The destruction of vegetation and agricultural system; And because higher sea level and storm tide and to the threat of shore line and property.

In the 1980's, the U.S. implements the discharging transaction system, to phase out the lead from motor fuel.After this effort, be the sulphuric dioxide (SO of very successful USEPA (EPA) ₂) discharging transaction plan.In order to reduce acid rain, SO is forced in the generating plant ₂Total upper limit (cap).

SO ₂Plan is success.The minimizing speed of discharging is faster than require need, and cost is under the great majority prediction.In the stable growth of Emission Right (allowance) transaction, from 700000 tons of nineteen ninety-five to calendar year 2001 nearly 1,200 ten thousand tons.Now, SO ₂Discharging market has reached the value of the annual nearly $2 1,000,000,000 of registering transaction.

The sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions power transaction plan of the minimizing acid rain of the U.S. and other similar market provide the evidence of the benefit of extensive discharging transaction in environment and success economically.The discharging transaction can be carried out extra reduction with the company of low cost reduction discharging by the restriction and the permission of setting up total emission limit set, designated company's level, lacks and introduce.Rule can be closed by buying the Emission Right that can conclude the business from the company that additionally cuts down by the company that faces expensive reduction discharging.Market in similar property instrument-discharge permit helps to guarantee effective use of limited resources (environment), and produces price, and this price indication society is to the value of environment for use.The economic returns that reduces the discharger is paid in this price indication, and shows that producing the innovation pollution reduces value of technology.

The discharge permit transaction system is known as " upper limit and transaction " system sometimes, can replenish by project-based " offsetting (offsets) ", and wherein project-based " counteracting " reacted the minimizing of greenhouse gases and/or catching and laying in of carbon dioxide.Counteracting can produce by the individual initiative that entity is born, and wherein this entity or be not important emission source perhaps has nature and merges in the market as the discharging overview of offsetting.For example, each farmer can absorb in soil and the deposit carbon dioxide by keeping using the cultivating practice of conservation tillage.Conservation tillage comprises the least interference of soil, thereby catches the carbon that is delivered to soil by the plant growth.

In conjunction with offsetting the additional source that reduction of greenhouse gas discharge just is provided for industrial emission source, simultaneously also for produce the home environment interests-as the improvement quality-activity, provide source of funds as conservation tillage.

Many major industrial countries sought can for legal person wait provide reduce economically global warming gas organized, based on the design of the greenhouse gas emission transaction plan of the mechanism in market.This effort provides and has successfully managed environmental change, provides the means of important commercial chance for its owner and member simultaneously.

Though greenhouse gas emission transaction plan has been studied for many years by country and continent government, the transaction that the leader of private sector in many countries has provided with funds for the reduction of discharging scheme and had unofficial " carbon credit ".World Bank's research is pointed out: this new life's overthecounter market has comprised a plurality of important transaction.This discovers that under without any the situation of adjusting framework, curbstone U.S. dollar amount is above 20,000 ten thousand dollars.And economic magazine is estimated the year trading volume from 600 hundred million dollars to 1,000,000,000,000 dollars.

The action of many governments has exceeded plan, and is realizing formal greenhouse gases market, comprises Britain, Denmark and Holland, and Ma Sazhusai state and new Hampshire.European Union has set up the framework of the CO2 emission transaction system of bringing into use in 2005.European union directive was set up primary stage market before beginning in its member state greenhouse gas emission transaction system wideer and more comprehensive between the energy and commercial unit in 2008.

Many states, province, exchange and multilateral agency have carried out detailed preparation for transaction.Recognizing the least cost response of serious environmental risk, expectation, increasing under the background of worldwide adjustment and shareholder's requirement, the invention provides for the solution of setting up and operating greenhouse gases transaction exchange.

The example that hinders the greenhouse gases transaction comprises the uncertainty of adjustment; Lack clear, the definition accepted extensively to commodity; The standard that lacks supervision, checking and transaction file; Lack project-based discharging and offset qualified standard; And lack the organized market and the market price clearly.Also there are other obstruction and challenge.These hinder and constitute very big processing cost, and it has stoped the employing greenhouse gases to reduce advancing of making a promise by improving the cost of realizing this promise (commitments).

Therefore, need a kind of improved discharging to reduce transaction system, it allows to realize that with lower reason cost greenhouse gases reduce target.Further, need a kind of organized transaction system, to promote the minimizing of greenhouse gas emission.Further again, measured, the organized trade market of a kind of greenhouse gases of needs.

Summary of the invention

The present invention relates to the transaction method of discharge permit and counteracting between a kind of participant of promotion, it comprises based on the emission information that is provided by these participants is that particular participant is set up discharging minimizing progress, and debt-credit or the credit of determining each particular participant, so that realize this minimizing progress.The participant comprises aspiration greenhouse gases (GHG) discharging minimizing person and environmentalist.

In one embodiment, particular participant comprises aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person, and this method also is included between the participant and concludes the business.Preferably, aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person comprises industrial bodies, and the environmentalist comprises non-industrial bodies, and aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person obtains at least some their debt-credits from the environmentalist.

Non-industrial bodies can comprise (a) forest officer, the farmer, perhaps other are for promoting to prevent the entity in greenhouse gas emission or seizure and deposit carbon or carbon dioxide preparation soil, perhaps (b) comprises that the industry in law office, advertisement agency, bank, shopping center or other can use the industry that applies control to public utilities or transportation, reducing or to save this use, thereby be reduced to the GHG discharging that this use is provided and causes by power or electrical production.

In an exemplary embodiments, the environmentalist that this method further is included as operative activities provides credit, and wherein activity comprises kind of a tree; The carbon that plant discharged is retained in the soil; Reduce power consumption; Reduce official travel; From river, lake, landfill waste site or the unfavorable zone of other environment, remove pollutant; The product that purchasing environment is favourable; Perhaps salvaging, thus this debt-credit that promotes environmentalist and aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person perhaps can transaction.

The invention further relates to the computer based system of discharge permit and offsets between a kind of participant of promotion, it comprises that the emission information that provides based on these participants sets up the device that the discharging of particular participant reduces progress, and determines that the debt-credit of each particular participant or credit are so that realize the device of minimizing progress.The participant comprises aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person and environmentalist.

Typically; particular participant comprises aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person; and this system also comprises debt-credit or the credit of (a) expression based on environmentalist's emission information or movable discharging reduction, and (b) between the participant, borrow or lend money or transaction with credit so that each particular participant can realize that it reduces the device of progress.

Also disclose based on energy consumption or the movable system and method that calculates greenhouse gases (GHG) discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent of protection (conservation).

In some embodiments; the method of calculating GHG discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent comprises provides energy consumption or protection active characteristics; wherein this feature is relevant with the type of energy activity, and is associated with selectable movable unit, and requires to have the activity data of selected movable unit.Determine activity data is converted to the factor of one of GHG discharging or GHG discharging minimizing equivalent.Factor is based on the type and the selected movable unit of energy activity.Based on activity data and discharging factor, calculating GHG discharging and GHG discharging reduce one of equivalent.Equivalent meets the standard value of concluding the business between the promotion participant.Factor is the position-based feature at least in part, and this position feature is relevant with the geographic position of energy activity, and is associated with selectable geographic position.

In some embodiments, the participant can comprise aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person and environmentalist, and this method further is included between the participant transaction GHG discharging or discharging reduces equivalent, so that aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person can reduce the GHG discharging.

Energy consumption or protection activity can comprise in power production activity, movement operation and the non-movement operation one or more.The energy that is consumed between each movement operation and delivery period is relevant, and be associated with selectable movable unit, wherein selectable movable unit comprises in the following unit one or more: the unit of the unit of the transport fuel that is consumed and the distance of during transportation advancing during transportation, and alternatively by the correction of fuel efficiency value.Each non-transport energy activity relates to the energy that irrespectively consumes with transportation, and be associated with selectable movable unit, wherein selectable movable unit comprises in the following unit one or more: the unit of the energy that is consumed during the production, the unit of the feed that is consumed during the production, the unit of the product of being produced, the unit of the product that is consumed, the unit of the energy that the office equipment duration of work is consumed and by the unit of the working space that office equipment occupied.

In some embodiments, provide the factor data storehouse, wherein each factor is associated with type, geographic position and the movable unit of energy activity.Whether comprise the factor that is associated with energy Activity Type and selected movable unit by Query Database with definite its, thereby determine factor.

Factor can comprise discharging factor and protection factor.Each discharging factor is associated with the energy Source Type and the movable unit that are consumed.Each protection factor is associated with energy preservation activity, geographic position and movable unit.

The system and method that the demand of the GHG discharging that can conclude the business or discharging equivalent is reduced pollution by producing is also disclosed.

In some embodiments, reduce the method for polluting and comprise the GHG discharging equivalent that calculates the first participant based on preceding method, and make the first participant can obtain to discharge with the GHG that is calculated at least the GHG discharging minimizing equivalent of equivalent equivalence, pollute to reduce.

This method comprises that further the GHG discharging by providing activity data movable based on second participant's protecting energy and that be associated with selectable movable unit to calculate the second participant reduces equivalent.Application converts activity data to factor that the GHG discharging reduces equivalent, and the GHG discharging of calculating the second participant reduces equivalent.Factor is based on the type and the selected movable unit of energy activity.The first participant can be aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person; the second participant can be the environmentalist; and this method may further include transaction GHG discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent between the participant, so that aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person can reduce the GHG discharging.

Also disclose managing transaction GHG discharging or discharging and reduced the system and method in the market of equivalent.

In some embodiments, the computer implemented method of managing this market comprises the request that the participant concludes the business that receives on market.As answer, the GHG discharging or the discharging that require the participant to provide will to conclude the business reduce the information of the amount of equivalent, and register this participant, so that transaction GHG discharging or discharging reduce equivalent on market.

Can receive activity data from the participant, wherein activity data is based on energy consumption or protection activity, and is associated with selectable movable unit.Can use the factor that activity data is converted to one of GHG discharging or GHG discharging minimizing equivalent, wherein factor is based on the type and the selected movable unit of energy activity, reduce equivalent so that calculate GHG discharging or discharging, thereby whether the information of the amount that reduces equivalent about the GHG discharging that will conclude the business or discharging of determining the participant is accurate.

Description of drawings

Accompanying drawing 1 is the block scheme that the discharging of the exemplary embodiment according to the present invention reduces transaction system.

Accompanying drawing 2 is expression diagrams according to the auction function in the system of the accompanying drawing 1 of an exemplary embodiment.

Accompanying drawing 3 is according to the discharging minimizing of another exemplary embodiment and the block scheme of transaction system.

Accompanying drawing 4 is to be described in the process flow diagram that produces example operation performed in baseline and the licence distribution.

Accompanying drawing 5 is exemplary discharge baseline, minimizing progress, economic growth regulation and the maximum curve map that reduces discharging quantity.

Accompanying drawing 6 is curve maps of exemplary growth regulation, maximum required purchase and permission sales volume.

Accompanying drawing 7 is the diagrams that are used to discharge baseline and regularly discharge multi-region emission monitoring, report and the audit of report.

Accompanying drawing 8 is diagrams of exemplary calibration process.

Accompanying drawing 9 is diagrams of exemplary offset items registration and report.

Accompanying drawing 10 is the diagrams that are used for the exemplary credit mechanism of methyl hydride combustion.

Accompanying drawing 11 is based on the curve map of the exemplary forestry counteracting of carbon storage.

Accompanying drawing 12 is based on the exemplary view of the agricultural soil counteracting of geographic area.

Accompanying drawing 13 is exemplary diagrams of sending the greenhouse gas emission permission when granting the increase of carbon reserves.

Accompanying drawing 14 is diagrams that proof procedure is offset in demonstration.

Accompanying drawing 15 schematically shows another exemplary embodiment that discharging reduces transaction system.

The demonstration that accompanying drawing 16 schematically shows graphic user interface shows that it promotes GHG discharging and the calculating of closing rule (compliance) CFIs.

Accompanying drawing 17 schematically shows the embodiment of method of the GHG discharging of the example system that is used for calculating accompanying drawing 15.

Accompanying drawing 18 schematically shows an embodiment of the method for closing rule CFIs of the example system that is used for calculating accompanying drawing 15.

Accompanying drawing 19 schematically show be used to register CFI, on market, to carry out an embodiment of transaction method by the example system support of accompanying drawing 15.

Embodiment

Exemplary embodiment is described now, so that the overall understanding to disclosed system and method to be provided.One or more examples of having represented exemplary embodiment in the accompanying drawings.Those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that: disclosed system and method can change and revise, to be provided for the system and method for other application, and under the situation of the scope that does not break away from this instructions, can carry out other interpolation and modification to disclosed system and method.For example, can be with characteristics combination, separation, exchange and/or the rearrangement of exemplary embodiment, to produce other embodiment.This modification and distortion are included in the scope of this instructions.

Get back to the accompanying drawing of expression exemplary embodiment of the present invention now, the diagram of accompanying drawing 1 expression discharging minimizing and transaction system 10.System 10 can comprise registration 12, guarantee mechanism 16 and transaction main frame or platform 18.System 10 can be connected to network 20, such as the public or private connection of internet or other calculation element.System 10 directly or by network 20 can be communicated to connect emissions data storehouse 22.

The proce's-verbal that registration 12 keeps as discharge permit and counteracting by each participant in the commodity market of system's 10 management.Have only when being converted on the account of transaction in registration 12, transaction is just admitted to be used to close the purpose of rule officially.Registration 12 maintenance can be carbon financial instrument (CFIs), and (XOs) and the early stage action of exchange credit (XEs) are offset in the exchange discharging that is produced as cross-licensing (XAs), by the reduction of discharging project.Each instrument is represented 100 tonnes of CO ₂, and preferably specify by specific annual output.When being advised to close by transference, each instrument is considered to (being subjected to some restriction described below) of equal value.Can use these CFIs on their designated output year or the rule of Nian Zhonghe subsequently ground.These equivalents have promoted standardized transaction.

In exemplary embodiment, design registration 12 is to have the secure network of being visited themselves account by the participant.Can configuration registry 12, so that the public's account access to be provided, but this visit is on the basis of only watching.Preferably, registration 12 is configured to have the ability that is connected with registration in other greenhouse gases market.To register 12 and be linked to transaction platform 18 and finance assurance mechanism 16.The combination of these three assemblies provides the clearing house system.

Guarantee that mechanism 16 strengthens the market performance in many ways.Guarantee that mechanism 16 guarantees to carry out the payment that people that CFIs sells receives next day on transaction platform 18, even the buyer fails to carry out payment step.This mechanism allows anonymous deal by the needs of eliminating handling buyer's credit value.Eliminate the nonpayment risk, thereby removed processing cost.This feature allows mobile provider's (comprising " market maker ") to participate in business, and the provider of wherein flowing can prepare purchase and sale promptly.Fixedly buyer and sellers' existence has increased transaction, and this has improved the business efficiency of price discovery process.In addition, the ability of anonymous deal makes the member can post bid, bid under the situation of the trading strategies that does not appear them and carries out transaction.The risk that the buyer can not pay has been eliminated by assurance mechanism 16.

When in return the member registers, divide the time stream of the original issue permission that is equipped with annual output appointment for the member.No matter use which kind of method of commerce, indicate registration 12 to permit the account who moves to the assignee from its account by making the grantor offsetting, all payment of (XOs) are offset in realization cross-licensing (XAs) and exchange.After the end of the year, emission source must be permitted the suitable output that equates with the total discharging of its previous year of some or offset to transfer to and scrap the account.Closing after rule year finish, each exchange member is necessary for to scrap and specifies a certain amount of exchange CFIs that concludes the business, and it equals to close the total discharging of participant during the rule year.

Transaction platform 18 is electronic mechanisms of sponsoring marketing.Transaction platform 18 provides the center that promotes transaction for the participant, and openly shows pricing information.The cost that transaction platform 18 has reduced the location counterpart and closed the trade, the important interests in the new markets.Can also be with transaction platform 18 as the platform of regularly auctioning.

10 performed the auctioning in exemplary year with reference to accompanying drawing 1 described system are used in accompanying drawing 2 expressions.Alternatively, auction can be held by last all year long off and on.In an exemplary embodiments, auction is operated by bid 30 is provided, and permission is provided to auction pond 32.Auction pond 32 can receive permission from auction deposit 34 and other bid 36.Auction deposit 34 comprises that cross-licensing (for example, XAs).Auction result comprises public pricing information 38, wins and submit a tender 40, and the income (proceeds) 42 of returning to the participant by ratio (rata).The permission of submitting a tender between 40 accounts that cause in the 1 described registration 12 of reference accompanying drawing of winning shifts 44.

Advantageously, the auction of greenhouse gas emission permission provides orderly mechanism, to help market.By openly showing price, auction to the participant key message is provided.Price helps the participant to set forth rational private placement placing's clause, and importantly, signal is provided, and which the inner reduction of greenhouse gas discharge behavior of this signal indicating is logical economically, and those behaviors are preferably carried out by the low participant who reduces discharging cost of other team of face team.

System 10 preferably carries out the regular auction (may comprise exchange discharging counteracting (XOs)) of cross-licensing (XAs), and purpose is to show the market price, encourage transaction and enlarge the market participation.In an exemplary embodiments, fill order's settlement price (single-clearing price) auction.Alternatively, use the price discrimination auction.The price discrimination method is used in the auction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions permissions of Chicago Board of Trade.For example, unijunction is calculated price auction and is understood as that all buyers pay the auction of lowest price in the bid of all acceptance.On the contrary, the price discrimination auction is understood as that such auction, and wherein successful buyer pays their tender price, and does not consider other received tender price.Like this, can in identical auction, have the different prices of accepting.

Accompanying drawing 3 expression dischargings reduce and transaction system 100.System 100 can comprise registration 12, transaction platform 104, clearing assembly 106, financial institution 108, Help Desk 110 and Help Desk supporting assembly 112.Usually, member 114 and/or participant 16 are mutual with transaction platform 104, to be engaged in the purchase and sale permission and to offset.For registering/keep 118 and general inquiry 120, member 114 and/or participant 116 are directly mutual with registration 102.In arbitrary situation, finish communication by technical standard 122.Technical standard 122 can comprise internet protocol standard, and other promotes the technology specific criteria of member 114 and/or participant's 116 communications.

Registration 102 can comprise about system product-as the information of XAs, XOs and XEs-, and reduce the information of making a promise about baseline and discharging.Can use database and computer software to realize registration 102.Registration 102 information of scrapping the account that can also comprise, and the early stage action credit of setting up activity before based on system about being used to permit and offset.

Transaction platform 104 is the provide support structure of discharge permit and offsets of member 114 and participant 116.Transaction platform 104 may be implemented as software program, and wherein software program provides support and carries out the user interface of various functions.Transaction platform 104 can comprise market surveillance monitor 130, market management control desk 132 and equipment 134.Equipment 134 can comprise hardware and/or software, as router, server, telephone wire or the like.Market management control desk 132 allows exchange of management, intervention and control accounts, and the account is adjusted (for example, member sell emission source position).Market surveillance monitor 130 carries out to using the supervision of the transaction that transaction platform 104 finishes, to follow system convention.

Transaction platform 104 is coupled to registration 102, to obtain and the communication information, as account information and transaction record.Carrying out member 114 and participant 116 on transaction platform 104 in the performed transaction, transaction platform 104 is also mutual with clearing assembly 106.Clearing assembly 106 can comprise that the book entry that constitutes official mission shifts 138, warehouse 140, register interface 142 and collection assembly 144, wherein by can the conclude the business transmission of CFIs of this official mission's realization.Financial institution 108 provides the solution of transaction, and the mechanism of the financial performance of can giving security.

Help Desk 110 provides transaction support for member 114 and the participant 116 who uses transaction platform 104 transaction.The auxiliary clients' inquiry of Help Desk supporting assembly 112, wherein client's inquiry is by direct inquiry system under the situation of transaction platform 104, and this can provide and keep by the third party.

Be conceived to make employed CFIs commercialization in the CFIs transaction and designed market (being implemented) in system 10 or system 100.Unified and complete replaceable CFIs (for example, cross-licensing, exchange are offset and the early stage action of exchange credit) allows to be easy between the participant shift and dirigibility.Unitarity has reduced processing cost, has increased predictability, and has increased the market liquidity.This feature is with respect to having some improvement with the current inconsistent and high processing cost that employed practice is relevant in the irregular market that greenhouse gas emission reduces.

Each market (being called " market " hereinafter jointly) by system 10 (describing with reference to accompanying drawing 1) or system 100 (describing with reference to accompanying drawing 3) management has the discharging baseline, its can be previous some year, as 1998 to 2001, during the mean value of discharging.

The discharging baseline preferably the reaction industry activity pattern and actual consider, as the data availability, detailed evaluation.Can adjust the discharging baseline, so that the acquisition of consersion unit or disposal.Preferably, set up with reference to emission level, so that can obtain emissions data, the variation of economical in reaction in the cycle, and executable operations.Can be according to reference emission level definition discharging minimizing progress.

Accompanying drawing 4 is illustrated in performed operation in the licence distribution in baseline generation and the market.In addition, according to embodiment, can carry out less or different operations.In an exemplary embodiments, executable operations 410 is wherein set up the emission monitoring rule.The emission monitoring rule can relate to included equipment, included gas, and/or the gas of being got rid of.These rules indicate counts discharging with which kind of activity.

In operation 420, use the emission monitoring rule to determine that the member discharges quantity.In some embodiments, discharge quantity based on the described computation schemes member of reference accompanying drawing 15-17.Discharging quantity can offer market by the member, perhaps obtains electronically from database by network.Application emission monitoring rule is accurate so that the member discharges quantity to the generation of baseline.Preferably, the definition of baseline comprises that management comprises the rule of equipment and is used to be defined in the explanation that " entitlement " is discharged at the equipment place that owns together, and the rule of handling baseline cycle emissions data intermediate gap.In case obtain discharging quantity, just in operation 430, set up member's baseline.Baseline can be the special time cycle, as 4 years, interior discharging quantity average.

Can in operation 440, carry out adjustment to baseline.The baseline adjustment can make progress, for example, and when the member obtains exhaust apparatus.Equally, the baseline adjustment can be downward, for example, and when the member handles exhaust apparatus.

After having set up baseline, can executable operations 450, so that produce licence distribution and to the contribution of auction.Application reduces progress by discharging that market produced, so that produce the discharging progress for each member.Preferably, discharging minimizing progress is utilized known regimes public in all participants.For example, progress can require for example reducing 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% during 2003,2004,2005 and 2006 under the baseline emission level respectively.The member surrenders a certain amount of CFIs (for example, cross-licensing, exchange discharging are offset, and work as where applicable, the early stage action of exchange credit) that equals their year discharging every year.Those with discharging reduce under these levels the member can with they extra CFIs or credit is sold or savings, and those are emitted on member on the minimizing progress debt that risen (run up), and must buy CFIs, so that realize closing rule.Debt comprises needs purchase CFIs, so that meet the minimizing progress.

Preferably, discharging minimizing progress is unified, and understands easily.Its simplification helps the participation of different business scopes or other entity, thereby has increased the environmental effect of plan and can reduce the entity registration potential that discharges with low cost.Shown in following table 1, discharging reduces the annual decline 1% of target, and it is 10% (1%+2%+3%+4%) that dischargings in 4 years of accumulation reduce relative baseline values.This simple value helps the simple analysis of potential involving (implications) of participating in and planning to make great efforts.

Year	Market discharging minimizing progress, cross-licensing is distributed
		2003	Under participant's baseline 1%
2004	Under participant's baseline 2%
		2005	Under participant's baseline 3%
2006	Under participant's baseline 4%

Table 1

Preferably, the discharge permit that distributes 4 years stream for each member.The system of the output of every kind of instrument of identification is used in registration 12 (perhaps being registration 102 under the situation of the system 100 of accompanying drawing 3).The market surveillance instrument shifts and keeps, and helps executing rule, sells the limit, required supervision as restriction and single manufacturer of bank.

The curve map of accompanying drawing 5 expression exemplary discharge baselines, minimizing progress, economic growth regulation and maximum CER.This curve map comprises that level is across 100% dotted line, so that indicate the discharging baseline of special member.Whenever advanced 1 year, and reduced emissions object by the minimizing progress.This curve description annual 1% year reduce progress.

Accompanying drawing 5 represents that also the maximum that required discharging reduces discharging rises with fixing speed in time.In an exemplary embodiments, market is configured, so that the CO that is approved in the year calibration of determining each member ₂The maximum of discharging of equal value is being 2% on participant's baseline emission level during the 1st year and the 2nd year, and is on baseline 3% during the 3rd year and the 4th year.Equally, the restriction that has foundation for pilot (pilot) risk exposure (exposure) that the participant in the market faced.Do not have this regulation, the maximum potential amount that the CFIs that each member can face buys will be unknown.This mechanism allows potential participant to know the purchase maximum that their possibility must be born with pre-determining, reduces promise so that observe the year discharging.This regulation refers to the economic growth regulation.

The curve map of the exemplary economic growth regulation of accompanying drawing 6 expression, maximum required purchase and the permission sales volume described with reference to accompanying drawing 5.Concerning the output of every kind of instrument, the maximum of the maximum of the discharge permit that existence can be sold and the necessary discharge permit of buying.These limited reactions the symmetry of economic growth regulation use.

Emission level may be unpredictable, and often is subjected to commercial external factor (for example, weather, economic condition, power plant's outage) influence.The economic growth regulation provides isolates this probabilistic tolerance.This risk reduces feature and allows potential member to set up the more reliable assessment that the highest possibility finance relevant with participation is exposed.Expect that the predictable of this growth causes participation bigger in the voluntary market, thereby produce better environmental development, and help to promote market infrastructure, develop the human capital in greenhouse gases (GHG) the discharging transaction simultaneously.The benefit of this regulation is a particular importance to the entity that increases (for example, because the population growth in their customer base) in the face of quick drain.The exploitation that has country that quick drain increases, reduces discharging the instrument of making great efforts as the nations of China and India, middle beginning GHG is considered to one of long-term whole world world's significant challenge in making great efforts, so that resist the threat of Global climate change effectively.

Simultaneously, has the restriction that is applied to the participant in the market to allowing to sell.In an exemplary embodiments, the discharging of maximum approval reduces the purchase that has reflected maximum demand.For example, sale is limited to 6% of baseline, and wherein required purchase is limited to 6%.

Some other member can be in the position of selling a large amount of cross-licensings.If should allow any single member or the hard-core sale of small part member, then market will become uneven, and be subject to the price obstruction.Equally, unrestricted ability of selling can make individual vendor realize the ascendancy of market sale side, and this can destroy market competition.Therefore, limit the sales volume that any individual vendor can carry out, unbalance to avoid market, price is blocked, and the potentiality of arranging market by the single sellers or the small part sellers of cross-licensing.This given application had 100000 tonnes of CO of surpassing in all ₂The member of the baseline discharging of equivalent.This exception has reflected such fact, and promptly little member's unrestricted sale can not cause undesirable market to impact, and the removal of this restriction increased such possibility, and promptly market member's fixed cost can be greater than sold the counteracting that produces by CFIs.

Preferably, progressively improve the clean permission of individual vendor and sell, if the discharging of intended scope is risen on baseline values.The mechanism that progressively rises has reflected the degree of discharging rising on the baseline emission level of intended scope of intended scope.Concerning specific output, allow each member will permit batch sales and/or savings, wherein should the permission amount be to stipulate less person (allowing in this respect, the clean sale of the trading statement person of being shown as) in determined amount and the individual vendor's sales restriction by symmetrical economic growth.If concerning the 1 output year, individual vendor's sales restriction then is placed on the difference between these two amounts in the special reserve that may discharge in the future less than stipulating determined amount by symmetrical economic growth.

Concerning output subsequently, allow each member will stipulate batch sales and/or the savings of less person in determined amount and the individual vendor's sales restriction by economic growth.Concerning these output, the member also can will be stipulated that by economic growth the quantity that determined amount surpasses individual vendor's sales restriction saves.

Equally, avoided allowing the member to carry down because the market that may occur under the situation of economic recession or other factors and the excessive cross-licensing that may occur is unbalance and price is blocked.

Accompanying drawing 7 expressions are applied to the market of many parts discharging, this many parts emission monitoring, report and audit discharging baseline and discharging report regularly.In the part of mass market any one-as electric power part 710, fabrication portion 720, electric power consumption part 730 and oil gas part 740-can give report information the emissions data storehouse 750 in system 10 or the system 100.For example, electric power part 710 can be used the quantization method of continuous blow-down supervision and/or the specific emission factor of fuel.Electric power part 710 can also be carried out the coal test of carbon content.To use the emission information that quantization method obtained of these types to pass to emissions data storehouse 750.

The information that can use emissions data storehouse 750 to be received from part 710-740 by market is to confirm CFIs in operation 760 and to adjust.Can in operation 760, use NASD discharging audit 770, to carry out these affirmations and adjustment.Can be below with reference to the discharging 780 of using final review in the accompanying drawing 8 described calibration processes.

In addition, some or different parts can be included in the market substituting or replenishing as part 710-740.In an exemplary embodiments, the member who mainly is engaged in electric power production they baseline and season discharging report in comprise CO from all rated power 25 megawatts or above power production equipment ₂Discharging.These members can be selected into from the discharging that has less than the equipment of 25 megawatt rated power, if but selected this option, just must comprise all this equipment.The electric power generation unit uses the CO from continuous blow-down monitor (CEMs) ₂Emissions data reports to USEPA.Under the disabled situation of CEM data, these members quantize CO by the rate of fuel consumption method that use is included in the government regulation ₂Discharging.

These regulations represent to be used for CO ₂The special rules of emission monitoring, and the entity of mainly being engaged in electric power production participates in, and organized GHG reduces and the equipment of transaction plan comprises.Preferably, this provides the GHG transaction plan of a plurality of parts for electric power production factory.

Market electric power part member can also be selected into the SF from electrical power transfer apparatus ₆Discharging.Can use the agreement that provides by USEPA to quantize discharging from this system.These members also have and the discharging of the vehicle operating or lease by using to be come initiatively to be selected into from them by the agreement of world commerce council (WRI/WBCSD) exploitation of world resource association/sustainable development.SF is adopted in these regulation expressions ₆The special rules of emission monitoring, and the entity of mainly being engaged in electric power production participates in, and organized GHG reduces and the equipment of transaction plan comprises.

Other members-comprise forestry products, chemistry, cement, manufacturing and municipal administration part-can report greenhouse gas emission as follows.Can use the agreement of researching and developing by WRI/WBCSD to quantize CO from the stationary source combustion of fossil fuel ₂Discharging.Can use available WRI/WBCSD agreement to come quantizing process discharging (for example, N ₂O, PFCs and CO ₂).Can be with CO from vehicle ₂Discharging is included in member's the baseline and season discharging report, if these discharge greater than 5% of total entity scope discharging, and the major part of expression member operation.Otherwise the member can select will be included in from the discharging of vehicle in their the baseline discharging and season discharging report.Can use the WRI/WBCSD agreement to quantize vehicular discharge.

Not mainly to engage in member source that electricity produces can select electricity (part 730 in the accompanying drawing 7) the minimizing target as a supplement bought.When having selected this option, the minimizing promise of the electricity of being bought and market discharging minimizing progress identical (for example, be positioned under the baseline 1%, 2004 year in 2003 and be positioned under the baseline 2%, 2005 year and be positioned under the baseline 3%, 2006 year be positioned under the baseline 4%).Select the member of this option when surpassing the minimizing target, to receive the greenhouse gas emission permission.Buy when the member selects their telephone order, and their telephone order of being unrealized buys when reducing target, this member must surrender greenhouse gas emission permission and/or XOs.

Method and a plurality of part and the movable credit permission activity of monitor emissions can be specified in market.The member who has the operation of trees results in the forestry products parts can quantize and report on the ground that remains on the soil that soil that the member has or member have the carbon right of retention that the net change of carbon deposit is (with a tonne CO in the biomass ₂Equivalent is represented).On the basis in year, with the long quantity that has a net increase of of the carbon of reflection the previous year deposit, (XAs) is distributed to these members with cross-licensing.These permissions have the output in the year that the growth of carbon deposit occurs.These members surrender XAs, XOs or the Xes of some on the basis in year, this quantity has reflected the clean minimizing of the carbon of being laid in the biomass on ground.

Preferably, the participant in the market basis can be expanded as the additional entities of seeking to register.Typically, the member comprises enterprise, industrial group, municipal government, and other produces CO ₂, SO ₂Perhaps from different neighboring countries-for example the entity of minimizing progress is discharged in other gas purgings and the submission of the U.S., Canada and Mexico-middle equipment.Yet, can be conceived to promote the exchange target and avoid price to block and the management expansion.The newcomer can be tied to clause and the obligation identical with original member.Utilize standardized, proportional discharging minimizing progress to simplify newcomer's increase, because when new participant adds exchange, each current member's discharging reduces target and does not change.The ability that potential participant adds exchange is constantly to change, and this is owing to the strategic interests of estimating adding preferably, and owing to has expanded required technical foundation.Member's expansion is based on pre-seting the expansion that formula causes the meeting of member's exchange automatically and offsets the supplier.

In an exemplary embodiments, the entity of condition can become the associate member below satisfying: this entity does not have direct discharging; And this entity has been submitted the reduction of discharging progress to or has been surpassed the reduction of discharging target of this progress.The associate member comprises commerce, individuality, family or other tissue.The associate member can be subjected to and the identical eternal review of calibration that the member is implemented.Member and associate member can be grouped into together " aspiration greenhouse gases minimizing person ", perhaps propose to make great efforts to reduce pollution reduces progress as the discharging of greenhouse gas emission participant.

In some embodiments, based on discharging quantity with respect to the described computation schemes associate member of accompanying drawing 15-17.Therefore, the invention provides simple effective method and the system of calculating discharging quantity.

The additional entities that can participate in this system comprises environmentalist and exchange participant.The environmentalist be needn't propose to discharge the minimizing progress, but stop or the participant of the action of pollution abatement.The environmentalist for example can be offset the supplier, flow the supplier and in system transaction but the go-between that do not have discharging minimizing progress.Offsetting the supplier is such entity, such as project owner, project implementation person, and the aggregate of registration (aggregators), the market maker, and sell the entity of offsetting by the exchange that offset items produced that quantizes registration.Mobile supplier is former thereby the entity or the individuality transaction in exchange of observing discharging minimizing progress in order to remove.They comprise such entity, as the market maker and entitlement transaction group.The exchange participant is entity or the nature person who sets up registering account in order to obtain CFIs.

Participate in market by the entity that allows wide region, comprise the entity that is not big industry or energy companies, market encourages to adopt greenhouse gases to reduce target widelyer, and adopt new and creationary reduction of discharging target (for example, entity may wish to become the carbon neutral of " indirectly " discharging relevant with the company of travelling on trade route).Therefore, do not limit and fail to realize that its member who reduces progress buys its debt from other members.The environmentalist can also provide and remove the required CFIs of this debt from the Member Accounts.For example, for forest officer or farmer issue the credit that participates in the favourable activity of environment, as kind of a tree or a pollution abatement from the river.The member who surpasses its emission level can buy these credit from forest officer or farmer, with the deficiency of the discharge permit that remedies himself.

Can alternatively, still preferably produce the annual report of discharging minimizing by system.This helps to promote that discharging reduces, and has described member's achievement, that is, if the member has satisfied its discharging minimizing progress.This report for example can announced to its shareholder in member's report, and during board of shareholders, distributed, and in the environmental consciousness practice of promoting the member, be used as tool of public relations.

System described here provides platform for member, associate member and other participants, with transaction CFIs, and promotes their transaction.It is fully voluntary participating in the native system, and provides many excitations for the participant in the market.System produces the market that the secondary participant can conclude the business and valuable commodity be offered other industrial participants that need.

Entity can be bought (for example, by improved " final use " efficient), minimizing travelling by reducing to purchase by telephone, and perhaps reduces CO ₂Generation activity-such as combustion residue or make up campfire-and the reduction of discharging of greenhouse gases is made contributions.This entity is given credit when reducing target exceeding, if perhaps be unrealized this standardized minimizing target then be responsible in market other and locally buy CFIs that reflection reduces discharging.10 further describe select to purchase by telephone and buy regulation with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Accompanying drawing 8 is illustrated in reference to accompanying drawing 1 described system 10 and/or with reference to the process flow diagram of employed exemplary calibration process in the accompanying drawing 3 described systems 100.According to embodiment, calibration process can comprise following operation, additional operation or less operation.Member's application apparatus in market and emission monitoring rule are so that produce emissions data in operation 810.In operation 820, emissions data is delivered to market, and is stored in the emissions data storehouse.

According to calibration procedure, provide the year notice of the outfit amount of surrendering for the member.After each closed rule year, each member must surrender cross-licensing, exchange is offset and any combination of the early stage action of exchange credit, and its quantity equals to close the CO that discharges from the included equipment of this member during the rule year ₂Equivalent discharging (being subjected to constraint) with reference to accompanying drawing 5 and 6 described economic growth regulations and use XOs and Xes.Allow to reduce discharging every dollar of activity of high effect that resource flows to them (for example reducing discharging) by the rule of closing of surrendering three kinds of multi-form CFIs by member or the discharging by offset items.This makes that also the approval and the credit of the specific reduction of discharging project of carrying out are exercisable before program begins.

In operation 830, the member is with the notice of tool types and realizing that the output that will scrap during closing rule makes a promise offers the registration in the system.In operation 840, be included in data in the registration and can be delivered to and scrap the CFIs archives.Equally, member's " calibration " or explanation permission, counteracting and other emissions datas.Market can also be offset and the permission use of action credit in early days based on all members' report emissions data adjustment.

Offset items registration in accompanying drawing 9 expression systems 10 (accompanying drawing 1) and/or the system 100 (accompanying drawing 3) and report operation.In addition, according to specific implementations, can carry out less or different operations.In an exemplary embodiments, has CO in small project 910,920 and 930 every year less than 10000 tonnes ₂In set operation 940, combination small project 910,920 and 930.

Can be in registration with qualified item record, and qualified item record is based on the exchange that the reduction of discharging tonnage realized between olympiad issued and offsets (XOs).Can after reduction of discharging occurring, issue XOs, and required file is offered market, perhaps it can be issued when this file is received in expection simultaneously.

Predetermined schedule according to the favourable activity of environment produces counteracting or credit, such as absorbing CO by plantation ₂Trees, by the carbon that plant discharged is remained in the soil, perhaps by from river, lake, made ground or the unfavorable zone of other environment destroy contaminants, such as CO, lead, NO ₂Or ozone.Can be by reducing the indirect minimizing that the dependence that fossil fuel is used obtain greenhouse gas emission, such as by reducing business travel or by the favourable product of purchasing environment, as those products by the process manufacturing that environment do not had a negative impact.Therefore, qualifiedly become that the first kind participant who offsets the supplier comprises forest officer, farmer and other are for promoting to reduce CO ₂The participant who discharges and prepare the soil.The type that may fall into the entity of second class comprises that lawyer's office, advertisement agency, bank, shopping center, supermarket or other comprise the entity or the place of a large amount of individualities.

Preferably include and be used for the system that individual authentication quantizes offset items.Individual authentication is that credit and permission provide the foundation, and guarantees that accurately calculating carbon detains activity.Can carry out individual authentication, for example, by independent couterparty, perhaps any group that is suitable for carrying out this assessment.Ideally, before calibration process, all carry out individual authentication at least every year.

Other qualified offset items kind comprises that the made ground methane in North America damages; The methane of cultivating in North America damages; Carbon in North America reafforestation project is detained; Carbon in U.S.'s cultivated soil is detained; And the conversion of the fuel in Brazil, the breaking-up of made ground methane, the renewable sources of energy and forestry project, utilizing again, optional travelling and other environment are harmonious movable.Concerning offset items, by using discount factor realize the to conclude the business standardization of counteracting amount,, limit specific activities, so that by per metric ton CO that each project reduced discharging so that the member can have high credit with uncertain emission reduction effect ₂Be of equal value.

As shown in Figure 9, the minimum that the exchange that is distributed to any project in the single classification or project team can be offset (XO) is arranged to annual 10000 tons of CO ₂Equivalent (for instance).By market registration project aggregate, will realize less than annual 10000 tons of CO ₂Each project of equivalent CER and other projects combo in the same project classification.Equally, transaction less than 10000 tons can appear.

The standard of 10000 tons of threshold rule as the counteracting pond scale of cost-effective management, checking and the counteracting issuing process of setting up the registration of consideration project can be used in market.This regulation allows to reduce discharging cheaply action, thinks that market provides minimizing, simultaneously also for implementing this project source of providing with funds.

In aggregate operation 940, inspection item 910,920 and 930 is to determine various features, as the project qualification based on type, position and timing; Suitably whether execution is concluded a bargin and/or is proved; And the estimation year tonnage of offsetting that produces.Other checks the description property that feature comprises the time promise and detains project, and annual report admits that entity name and equipment, and management issue are admitted in verifier's visit.The project set process of operation 940 allows a plurality of small projects to participate in market, and does not force exchange or participant in the market to bear high handling cost.

In operation 950, small project 910,920 and 930 set or registration of large project experience and reporting process.Exemplary registration and reporting process comprise sets up account file, sets up registering account, receives project report, defines qualified project verifier, from verifier's reception project checking report, receives the NASD report about the verifier, and counteracting is published to the account.

In another embodiment, set up carbon and detain the deposit pond, so that fetch the counteracting of earning from project set.These deposit ponds provide the counteracting pond of easy visit, discharge into the atmosphere if wherein will be stored in the carbon that credit detains in the project subsequently, just can cancel offsetting immediately.

The credit mechanism of accompanying drawing 10 expression methyl hydride combustions.Methane (CH ₄) source 1010 for example can be made ground or agricultural wastes.Methane can compare CO to the influence of environment ₂Senior Two ten.Yet, can use burner 1015 combustion of methane.Burning converts methane to CO ₂, produce survivor 1020 from electric power simultaneously and produce electric power.Each ton methyl hydride combustion discharges 2.75 tons of CO ₂Equally, the discharging minimizing clean of equal value of combustion of methane is 18.25 tonnes of CO ₂Therefore, can in market, issue the exchange made ground and offset (XLO).

For offset items effectively and accurately are described, can use two types calculation procedure.For example soil cultivation is preserved in practice or member or participant in commercial forestry part can use carbon stability Calculation method, so that quantize the variation of the carbon deposit on its commercial soil.Selection makes in this way member or participant must obtain reputable third-party authentication, represents that its commercial soil manages in continuable mode, and guarantees that the total carbon deposit can not reduce only on this soil.In commercial forestry part, in member or participant's commercial forest inventory, do not have under the clean condition that reduces of total carbon deposit, the member of the U.S. or participant can quantize the variation of laying in the report carbon related with the exchange forestry offset items of single registration.

Select to use each member of carbon stability Calculation method or participant to be required that in addition the annual evidence of submitting to shows that it has kept the proof of sustainable forest management in the commercial forestry part, and should provide the year of signing to prove, be illustrated in the total carbon deposit that keeps in member or participant's the commercial forestry inventory and can not reduce only by official.Be subjected to independently verifying and examining about the statement that does not have in the total carbon deposit that in member or participant's commercial forestry inventory, keeps to reduce.

Can use computing method from the member of for example commercial forestry part or participant based on model, so that quantize the variation of carbon deposit on its commercial forestry soil on the base of prediction of being undertaken by growth and yield model, this growth and yield model are estimated as arboreal growth with the volume of the biomass of variety classes trees on ground.Each selection is used based on issue cross-licensing or debt CFIs on the basis of the member of the computing method of model or corresponding year increase of participant's carbon deposit in its commercial inventory or minimizing.

Only on the basis of the timber of trees in the mobile jib of terminal bud, quantize the net change of carbon deposit, do not comprise the carbon that root system is unified and detained in the branch.The mobile jib that also only comprises trees by the amount of gathering in the carbon deposit that is reduced.

Under the situation of the adverse weather incident that does not reduce carbon storage level on a slice forest land or outburst fire and insect pest, member or participant need prove the amount of wood of being destroyed by fire, insect or adverse weather, and surrender the CFIs of equivalent amount.Member or participant need continue to quantize and report carbon deposit increase and minimizing subsequently on this soil, and it should be issued, and must correspondingly surrender CFIs.

Market member 1030 can send out survivor 1020 from electric power and buy electric power as discharging minimizing target.Market member 1030 selects power in the mode of returning " green power credit " by market.In an exemplary embodiments, place the made ground methane collection of operation and the methane tonnage that combustion system can for example be destroyed, the clean CO that burning discharges during 2003 to 2006 ₂The basis on issue exchange made ground offset.The benchmark that methane reduces helps to remove uncertainty, and on this uncertainty, the made ground gas projects can receive with certain speed and offset, and helps to guarantee suitable calculating, so that the electricity that is produced by the made ground gaseous combustion suitably can be processed into CO ₂Not " neutrality " (that is, not having the clean GHG discharging related) with its production.Equally, benchmark provides about determining whether the made ground gas gathering system can earn predictability and clarity that GHG offsets.

Use 18.25 tonnes of clean counteractings to issue the clean CO that rule (concerning the methane of burning per ton) illustrates spontaneous combustion made ground methane ₂The GHG benefit.This rule determines that concomitantly the electric power that is produced by burning made ground gas is CO ₂Neutral, because the CO that burning discharges ₂In offsetting issue calculating is to exceed clean (netted-out).Therefore this feature sets up the accurate computation process of complete sum, and this computation process allows the electricity of this purchase is thought " zero-emission ".

Market allows electric user to select to comprise and purchases by telephone the minimizing promise of buying as a supplement.If the market member who selects this option buys the level of its target under reducing that reduce to its telephone order, then buy and fall every megawatt hour of reducing under the target and issue 0.61 discharge permit of can concluding the business for the member for member's actual electrical.This is not need complicated calculations to determine the simple transformation of permission or credit.Simultaneously, this electricity produces the survivor and has realized that also discharging reduces (other all constant), and this is because the electric demand of a part of member's minimizing.The generating plant discharging reduces can have the effect that discharges the sale discharge permit.Equally, this feature is also introduced such possibility: single ton of actual discharge minimizing can cause being worth two tons discharging CO ₂Right is discharged in the market system, and the entitlement of this right is sent out between the survivor shared in the same manner electric user and electricity.This pre-established equating the related discharging of electricity consumption that provides normalized form, this normalized form to eliminate discussing and reducing is provided reduced the needs that right is shared.

Select telephone order to buy regulation and set up such mechanism, it makes the standard of electricity consumption final use reduce the progress conduct can be by the additional reduction of discharging target of member's selection.This regulation is also set up known, predictable amount, and the electric power minimizing that exceeds (or not enough) thus is published (maybe must surrender) greenhouse gas emission permission.This predictability has promoted the participation of this reduction of discharging option, and can encourage the electric minimizing technology that adopts, because by earn the finance repayment that the ability that can sell the greenhouse gas emission permission has improved this technology in market.

Baseline electricity purchase volume can be defined as formerly in the year before last, during 1998 to calendar year 2001, purchase by telephone the mean value of buying.Can adjust this baseline, obtain or disposal with the equipment of reflection consumption by power that the member is bought.The definition that baseline is bought in telephone order also comprises the rule that management equipment comprises; The explanation of the equipment place discharging " entitlement " that definition is owned together; And handle baseline and regularly purchase by telephone the rule of buying the data intermediate gap.

In an exemplary embodiments, U.S.'s telephone order is bought and the member who reduces to the level that is lower than the amount corresponding with market minimizing progress is bought in their telephone order in order to be selected into, and is lower than 0.61 tonne of CO of every megawatt hour under the minimizing progress with the real power of buying ₂Ratio issue greenhouse gas emission permission.Only 0.61 tonne of ratio is applied to the electricity bought by U.S. equipment, this is because U.S.'s average emission rate that electricity is produced during its reflection 1998-2001.Preferably, be selected into to purchase by telephone and buy and be implemented in the real power of buying to buy and be positioned at 0.61 tonne of CO of every megawatt hour on the minimizing progress with the telephone order of measuring on the corresponding amount of progress is reduced in market ₂Ratio surrender greenhouse gas emission permission and/or exchange is offset.The telephone order respective standard value of buying is respectively every megawatt hour 0.20 and 0.59 tonne in Canada and the Mexico.

By with every megawatt hour buy single, the stationary value that the credit minimizing is set in the related GHG of the electricity discharging, market provides standardized reference value, this reference value makes a large amount of electric users participate in the GHG reduction of discharging fairly simplely, and with known, predictable ratio award.Carried out selecting the member of this option to know accurately that in advance standardization reduces progress if they can surpass (or failing to realize), then they receive the CO of (maybe must surrender) how many tons ₂Discharge permit.

This standardized, predictable system has improved the test electricity and has reduced the machine-processed ability of making a promise.Thus, this regulation allows the more entity participation GHG reduction of discharging of wide region, even they directly do not pass through themselves fuel combustion or the huge GHGs of industrial process burst size.This mechanism provides modular system, and large-scale commerce buildings (for example, office building, shopping mall, government buildings, the manufacturing operation that electricity is intensive, and the group of conceivable petty trade government utility and family) can participate in GHG and reduces and the transaction plan thus.

Another demonstration embodiment comprises proves the renewable sources of energy (RECs) market incorporates the method for greenhouse gas emission trade market into.RECs market appears in a plurality of states, province and the country, improves the means of the amount of electrical power that is produced by the environmental optimization method effectively as cost.Legal requiremnt in many states (for example, Texas and Nevada) increase use low or Zero discharging system, as wind energy, the electric weight that produced.The RECs law typically is the general objective that regenerated energy production is provided with quantification (for example all electricity in 2003 produce 5%), and allows to represent that with those people's earnings that regenerative energy system produces electricity they have surpassed the concluded the business proof of adjusting target with the amount on the authorization level.If other the electric producer can not realize legal target, then it can keep observing legal order by obtain RECs from the electric producer who surpasses legal order.For example, legal order can require the A of company and the B of company all to use specific regenerative energy system to produce 1000 megawatt hours.If in fact the A of company uses regenerative system to produce the electricity of 1200 megawatt hours, then it will obtain to be worth the RECs of 200 megawatt hours.If the B of company use regenerative system produces 800 megawatt hours, then it must obtain the RECs that is worth 200 megawatt hours, to realize that observing legal order (produces the renewable sources of energy of 800mw by oneself, and by obtaining the RECs that is worth 200mw, with the entitlement of proof) to other 200mw renewable sources of energy production.

Market can allow its member to comprise to purchase by telephone to buy to reduce target as a supplement.For example, market rules can be stipulated as follows: " electricity that uses the specific regeneration energy to be produced can be selected into and purchase by telephone the member that buys as the zero-emission electric treatment.Each selection is selected into purchases by telephone the member buy and can buy baseline and regularly purchase by telephone from its telephone order and buy the electricity that will be obtained from the regeneration electricity generation system of market appointment the report and get rid of, suppose the member witness representation of file should electricity only for this member's production or otherwise be exclusively used in the member.The electricity that is produced by following regeneration electricity generation system should meet this regulation: the sun; Hydro electric; Wind; For market is timber, waste wood and timber derivatived fuel; Agricultural residue and grass; Made ground and agriculture methane; And ethanol (biological alcohol) is generative fuel.Show that electricity only produces for this member or otherwise the documentary evidence that is exclusively used in this member can comprise that generating plant document of title, power are bought concludes a bargin, and the copy that proves by the specific regeneration energy of market executive committee appointment ".

Is the means that obtain from regeneration energy resource system by allowing the member to use renewable sources of energy proof as proving that its part telephone order is bought, and the connection between greenhouse gases and the RECs market is introduced in market clearly.This introduces additional dirigibility source to member, permits to realize purchasing by telephone buying to reduce by the system growth of being obtained by the member and represent to be proved to RECs market with regeneration energy resource system generation electricity.This mechanism is introduced in the market system also for the potential source of another kind of financing is provided based on the new electricity generation system of the renewable sources of energy.

Consistent with reference accompanying drawing 5 and 6 described economic growth regulation, the maximum approval growth of buying power for example is in 2003 and 2004 on the baseline 2%, and in 2005 and 2006 on the baseline 3%.Do not limit under the situation of maximum demand purchase in the economic growth regulation, the maximum debt that is associated with participation market is unknown.This mechanism allows potential participant to know the permission maximum that they may buy with pre-determining, make a promise to realize observing purchasing by telephone in year to buy to reduce, and the discharge permit that they may be able to bear is sold maximum.

During uncertain electric power is bought how and how much credit money reduce just to have hindered to adopt and reduce target and final use efficiency techniques and discharging reduces discharging the management method of contributing to GHG.Purchase by telephone the standard greenhouse gas emission permission amount of buying minimizing in the U.S., Canada and the Mexico by adopting, market encourages to participate in this mechanism, and expanded can by reduce purchase by telephone buy in and the basis that GHG reduced discharging the entity of doing contribution.

The member is subjected to following exception to being responsible in the ratio of member's entitlement property share from the discharging of owning equipment together.The member who does not mainly engage in electric power production can select from their discharging baseline and discharging report will be from the discharging less than 20% equipment of this member's property right share.If member's entitlement share is less than 50%, and this member can not influence from the emissions data of owning equipment together, then can get rid of by situation.

The entity of mainly engaging in electric power production can select from their discharging baseline and discharging report, to get rid of from this member's property right share less than 20% and expression less than the discharging of the equipment of 25 megawatt generation capacity.

Many big industry and energy device are owned by a plurality of entities.Equipment of the usually common investment of these a plurality of owners is as the means of the position advantage of disperseing financial risks or exploitation particular business ability or being provided by one of coowner.Be used for distributing the particular provisions of GHG discharging to consider in market: use the logic of entitlement method in proportion to owning equipment together; Expectation comprises the vast scale of each manufacturer's discharging, comprises the importance of main emission source as main target; The minority owner of equipment can not easily visit the fact of computing equipment discharging action required data.

Simultaneously, have the discharging of lacking the equipment of property share relatively by impliedly allowing the member to be selected into from it, these regulations encourage the member to check the possibility that this equipment can provide low-cost discharging to reduce.This dirigibility encourages the member to discern this low-cost GHG minimizing option, realizes them, and they are provided to market that this will improve the total cost efficient of the GHG discharging minimizing that realizes by market.

Can allow every year each exchange member to exempt a certain amount of discharging, it is equivalent to the discharging of 500 megawatt capacity rock gases, in conjunction with 55% capacity and have the circulation electricity generation factory of 7000btu/mwh thermal ratio operation.Exempt and discharge the discharging that can not exceed from new equipment.All new unit dischargings that are higher than this level are included as the part of the annual discharging of member.Equally, in view of the following fact is not punished the member who builds new equipment, promptly new equipment is typically than existing equipment more efficient (promptly producing the less GHG of electricity discharging of per unit).

This regulation has reflected the environment ultimate principle and has put into practice the consideration of equity.New, the exploitation of production equipment efficiently provides satisfied production needs, per unit production simultaneously to produce the still less means of GHG discharging.In addition, the member may build this factory before the market design phase begins.This regulation has been set up the limited release from the discharging of new equipment, if be required under the market rules to reduce discharging from being emitted on of this equipment thus, then remove or has reduced punishment that may be suitable.

The curve map of offsetting (XFOs) based on the exchange forestry of carbon storage is described in accompanying drawing 11 expressions.Be similar to the methyl hydride combustion project, based on storing CO of equal value with the carbon of being realized ₂The increase of tonnage makes qualified can being sent to of reafforestation and afforestation project exchange the forestry counteracting.Can use that the market technical routine is qualified, project baseline, quantification, monitor and indentification protocol.In this curve map, because the end of the year, the carbon deposit increased, and annual+1 the XFOs that obtains.

The figure that accompanying drawing 12 expressions are offset based on the agricultural soil of geographic area.Agrological counteracting issue amount can be detained and the participation of standardization GHG discharging reduction of discharging by soil carbon.When farmer or other individuality seriously do not disturb soil surface by farming, and when being released in the carbon of wherein accumulation, realize that soil carbon detains.In an exemplary embodiments, can annually detain the movable soil of issuing proof and offset for the agricultural soil carbon in Middle West and middle finger Dingzhou, Delta Region, Mississippi, county and the parish.For example, if the farmer make a promise assigned address make continuous nothing cultivate or low cultivate qualified, then with every acre of 0.5 tonne of CO in every year ₂Ratio issue exchange soil offset.If the farmer makes a promise to keep detain related with grass planting at assigned address, then can be with every acre of 0.75 tonne of CO in every year ₂Ratio issue exchange soil offset.

Market considers that the poor efficiency that a large amount of agricultural producers' carbon detains merges, and detains expensive that ratio and measured soil carbon change no matter uncertain place is specific.

The issue of greenhouse gas emission permission when accompanying drawing 13 is illustrated in and grants the qualified increase of carbon deposit by market member in the forest product part.The annual carbon deposit of curve 1310 expressions changes.Curve 1310 represents that the growth of carbon deposit in 2003 is 10 tonnes of CO ₂, and 8 tonnes of CO ₂Results and other loss.Equally, there are+2 tons of net change, and XAs is distributed to the member.

Curve 8 tonnes of CO in 1320 expression years ₂The carbon deposit increase and 11 tonnes of CO ₂Results and other loss.In this case, right-3 net change of member are responsible for, and must surrender 3 tons of CFIs.

To remaining on quantification that carbon deposit in the biomass of ground changes based on by employed standardized model of all members and sampling routine in the forest product part.Can adjust the calculating that the carbon deposit is changed, with the acquisition or the disposal in reflection forest land.

In an exemplary embodiments, with the maximum of clean minimizing of the carbon of on company's soil upper ground surface, being stored in the biomass of approval be limited to 1 year, as 2003 during each member discharge 3% of baseline, during 2004 during 4%, 2005 of its baseline year during 6% and 2006 year of its baseline 7% of its baseline.The long maximum approval amount that has a net increase of of the carbon stored in the biomass of ground is limited to 1 year, discharges 7% of its baseline during 6% and 2006 year of its baseline during 4%, 2005 year of its baseline during 3%, 2004 year of baseline as member during 2004.The clean sale of member's cross-licensing and savings also can be subjected to restriction described below.

The carbon that changes the growth that is associated with the carbon deposit that is caused owing to the forest management activity is detained the GHG reduction of discharging option that provides important, and should be approved and be designated as credit (perhaps charging to loaning bill, if this variation causes the minimizing of the carbon of storing).Preferably, the greenhouse gas emission permission of issue some, the carbon of being stored during this quantitaes 1-4 have a net increase of length.These members must surrender XAs, XOs or the XEs of some on annual basis, the clean minimizing of the carbon of being stored between this quantity reflection olympiad.Can adjust the calculating that the carbon deposit changes, with the acquisition or the disposal in reflection forest land.

Accompanying drawing 14 expression offset items proof procedures.In addition, can carry out less or different operations in this process, this depends on specific embodiment.In operation 1410, can use agreement carry out the NASD audit.Can be in operation 1415 reafforestation and methyl hydride combustion project 1420 be carried out and independently measure and verify.

In operation 1425, soil carbon project 1430 is carried out the individual authentication of the practice of concluding a bargin about bearing.Assigned references value in 1435 can operated.Can confirm the offset items tonnage, and report is not enough in operation 1440.In operation 1445, the counteracting of being confirmed is passed to the registering account and the aggregate of each project.

Market is can technical routine qualified, project baseline, quantification, supervision and indentification protocol.This feature helps to satisfy to needs predictable, reduction process cost agreement, and wherein this agreement provides the carbon service of detaining to provide about their annual every acre of precise information of detaining the counteracting amount of practice earning for qualified soil carbon for the farmer before concluding a bargin in farmer's decision.

As another example, exchange discharging can be reduced the qualified project of in Brazil or other are national, carrying out that be distributed to.Qualified project comprises: reafforestation and/or auxiliary forest regeneration; The disafforestation of avoiding with reafforestation and/or auxiliary forest regeneration; The fuel conversion; Made ground methane damages; And from the sun, wind, the renewable sources of energy production of small power station and biomass system.

The specific project that carries out before exchange early stage action credit (XEs) can being distributed to.For qualified, project must be: idle systems (off-system); Bear or subsidize by the member at first; Directly discharging reduces or comprises and detaining; Have by the member significantly; Measure; And it is verifiable.By setting up the explanation of this regulation, can be limited to its GHG city field activation is qualified to carry out for what action before earning early stage action credit.This standard is a particular value, proposes as many worldwide legislations, proposes that wherein the GHG restriction approved the importance that comprises early stage action credit regulation (according to the fair and regulation of the motivation of early stage action).

For example, the early stage action of exchange credit can be offered the following item types that meets criterion of acceptability: reafforestation, afforestation and the disafforestation of being avoided; Made ground methane destroys in the U.S.; Fuel conversion and other energy-related U.S.I.J.I project.On by the basis of the reduction of discharging tonnage that qualified project realized, issue the early stage action of exchange credit.

Propose to have proposed the universal of credit " early stage action " in the multiple legislation in the U.S. and other place.The ultimate principle of this conception of species is to encourage to reduce discharging GHGs by removing the motivation of postponing action.Sometimes arguement: in fact the entity that can reduce the GHG discharging is in the recent period avoided doing like this, because if realized them before the formulation of making laws or other action that causes GHG minimizing and transaction system to occur, then they can lose the chance to the credit of this minimizing.Show the precedent that credit can be provided " in early days " action effectively by foundation in organized GHG minimizing and transaction system, this regulation can encourage otherwise may be postponed or move from unaccepted GHG reduction of discharging.

Use the Market Constraint of limited quantity, so as to guarantee that discharging that discharging under the market reduces discharging the reflection member device reduces and reduce from the idle systems project between balance, and prevent that market unsettled and price from blocking.Market is not supported in forces in the extensive GHG transaction system that the market that produced by government regulation may occur to transaction or to using the restriction of offsetting.

The clean sales restriction of any single member's cross-licensing to 0.5% of the discharging baseline of intended scope, is distributed on 2003-2006 according to the progress in the following table 2.

Table 2

XA output	Clean cross-licensing (XA) sales restriction: concerning each XA output, the number percent of the baseline discharging of the intended scope that can sell by single company
		2003	0.05％
2004	0.10％
		2005	0.15％
2006	0.20％
			Amount to: 0.50% of intended scope baseline discharging

In an exemplary embodiments, market can comprise " super minimizing ", and it can be sold to the non-member who seeks to buy the discharging minimizing that is registered in the environment of rule-based plan.These " super minimizings " have reflected such situation, and wherein the member reduces and to exceed the discharging that the maximum that is considered to conclude the business reduces, as each market rules.In addition, " super minimizing " can be available in the pilot market that can set up after 2006.

For example, during 1 year, the amount that allows the exchange discharging to offset the use of the intended scope of closing rule equals 0.5% of general plan scope baseline discharging.The early stage action of exchange credit can be used for the rule of closing beginning in 1 year.After 1 year during subsequently year, the amount that allows the exchange discharging to offset to add the intended scope of the early stage action of exchange credit to use equals 4.5% of general plan scope baseline discharging.Equally, adjust the restriction of exchange being offset the use add early stage action credit in predictable mode, and with because new entrant's market expand into ratio (and because contraction of the disposal of member's emission source).

Such regulation guarantees: most of GHG reduce discharging and appear at member device in the market, keep market balance, diversity and environment credibility, and allow exploitation simultaneously and use project-based counteracting, and the method for implementing the early stage action of credit.By restriction allow to use the exchange discharging to offset to add the early stage action of exchange credit, this regulation determine by total GHG that the member realized reduce discharging half must come themselves the minimizing of the discharging that equipment discharged of freedom at least.

Be not more than 25% of intended scope discharging minimizing by being restricted to by the CFIs ratio that employed existing discharging reduction of discharging project in city's occasion rule produces, market effective ground require to reduce 75% from simultaneously or the reduction of discharging that occurs in the future action (perhaps occur recently, for example, the reduction of discharging project by after the specific date, occurring).This regulation also helps to keep the market balance and reduce discharging the diversity of making great efforts.

The exchange of closing rule during being used for after 1 year year is moved the general plan scope amount of credit in early days and preferably is no more than the exchange that is used to close rule and offsets 50% of the total amount that adds the early stage action of exchange credit.If the discharging of intended scope is risen on baseline values, total close rule and offset the permission that adds the early stage action of exchange credit with the exchange discharging in the year after next and increase between using for what exchange during 1 year was offset.Ratio rising mechanism has reflected that the discharging of intended scope surpasses the degree of the baseline emission level of intended scope.Preferably, this mechanism is set up the predictable process of formula, and it loosens the market efficiency regulation automatically along with increase in demand.

For each member, allow to be not more than 0.5% of general plan scope baseline discharging for the total clean amount that adds use of selling of closing rule of offsetting (for example, made ground is offset) by the exchange that it is had and/or apparatus operating produced, on some year, distribute.For example, restriction can be as shown in table 3.

Table 3

XO output	Add use for total clean sale of closing rule that has the XOs that is produced with apparatus operating from the member, by XO output
		2003	0.05％
2004	0.10％
		2005	0.15％
2006	0.20％
			Amount to: 0.05% of the baseline discharging of intended scope

This feature avoids by the sales volume that retrains any single company and can carry out that market is unbalance, price is blocked, and the single sellers that offset of exchange or minority sellers are to the potential of market dominance.Some single member can sell a large amount of exchanges and offset.With the same under the situation in market with any limited proportion and limited covering, should allow any single member or the hard-core sale of minority member, it is unbalance that market can become, and stand price and block.Equally, unconfined sales force can make single company obtain the ascendancy of market sale side, and this can destroy market competition.

If the intended scope discharging is risen on baseline values, the word order sale that then is used to have single member to close rule under this regulation adds that use can progressively increase.Progressively increase mechanism and reflected that the intended scope discharging surpasses the degree of intended scope discharging baseline values.Preferably, this mechanism is set up the predictable process of formula, rises and to unclamp the market efficiency regulation along with increase in demand automatically.

As summary, system 10 (accompanying drawing 1) and/or system 100 (accompanying drawing 3) (being called " market " once more again jointly) provide electronic mechanism, are used to preside over the greenhouse gases commodity transaction.It provides the center for the participant, and this center promotes transaction, openly shows pricing information, and the broad object of discharging minimizing plan is made contributions.Market reduced the location counterpart and close the trade, the cost of important benefits in the new markets.Market can also be as the platform of regularly auctioning.The transaction of standardization in concluding a bargin can be presided in market, and for example, this is concluded a bargin provides unified transaction size, price terms and payment requirement.Market can have following core feature: user's low cost; The participant is used easily, allow real-time deal and pricing information, and participant's registering account is mutual in easy and the commodity market.

Market has overcome the many shortcomings and the adverse condition of conventional exhaust transaction plan.For example, lack and be used to limit and complete, standardized system that the greenhouse gases of concluding the business reduce are introduced high processing cost, and stoped and extensively begin action, to reduce the greenhouse gas emission between individual, the non-profit and public part entity.Market provides the method that reduces by the greenhouse gases based on the transaction plan of commodity.Be different from discharging transaction plan special or nonstandardized technique; market provides the exchange based on commodity; it promotes capital to flow into environmental protection by use center electron mechanism of exchange, even wherein should mechanism be coupled with the means of submitting that the other side fails to carry out the carbon financial instrument of also guaranteeing payment reception and concluding the business.

Another shortcoming of legacy system is how to promote that a plurality of subparticipations reduce in the effort to greenhouse gases in a plurality of countries, therefore, has advanced the environment progress, and occurs reducing in the wide region tissue strengthening cost-efficient prospect by permission.

Applied effluent standard minimizing progress is set up public, proportional system in the described here upper limit transaction system, under this system, all exchange members know their discharging minimizing target and the maximum liability that they face in order to realize this target.

Another shortcoming of legacy system is to lack public rule, standard, agreement and method, and this stops participation GHG reduction of discharging effort on a large scale, and restriction realizes the ability of reduction of discharging with low cost.Preferably, market comprises design of structuring market and standardized environment target, and this target allows many participants with public progress GHG emissions mitigation.This has reduced processing cost, has promoted alleviating of wideer action and processing, and introduces the mechanism that allows source of fund to flow into reduction of greenhouse gas discharge effectively.

Use standardization, proportional discharging minimizing progress to simplify newcomer's interpolation, because when new participant adds exchange, each existing member's discharging reduces target and does not change.The ability that potential participant adds exchange changes continuously, because understood the strategic benefit that adds better, and owing to has expanded required technical foundation.Begin just to allow the recent demonstration of exchange with the pilot market of limited size.In addition, by having limited size, strengthened the ability of test and method of refining and system.

Member's expansion also provides the mechanism that keeps the market balance simultaneously based on presetting the expansion that formula causes the member automatically and offsets supplier's exchange meeting.

Be different from any other existing discharging transaction plan, use " living ", electronic trade platform to allow member and participant to observe bid, bid and knockdown price and trading volume continuously.Continuous price discovery has improved member's identification to reduce the least cost means ability of making a promise to realize closing rule.Preferably, the individual of GHG emissions mitigation and the development of legislation action have been informed in public price discovery.At present, there is not the systems approach that from greenhouse gas emission minimizing transaction, obtains public price.Therefore, information private and the legislation action faces and sets up economical rationality and move the shortage of required key message.Do not have pricing information, hindered exploitation GHG to reduce the ability of behavior plan, this is because the analysis of cost benefit is by implementing about the strict limited information that reduces discharging cost.

Lack public, rule-based framework in the legacy system and hindered the cost-effective use that discharging reduces discharging resource.The market of realizing in system 10 and/or system 100 allows discharging minimizing method, position and dirigibility regularly, makes and can reduce greenhouse gas emission effectively by cost.

By legacy system, high processing cost has greatly stoped the action of reduction and transaction greenhouse gases.System 10 and/or system 100 have promoted the transaction of reduction process cost.The reduction process cost that rule-based plan, center transaction platform, transmission and payment guarantee and realize in system 10 and/or system 100 has greatly reduced the obstruction to transaction, thereby allows all participants in the market to utilize the chance that realizes the exchange economy profit.This feature helps to guarantee: carry out greenhouse gas emission more widely and reduce, and may realize that greenhouse gas emission reduces by cost with minimum.

This detailed description has outline the exemplary embodiment of discharging minimizing and transaction system.In the description in front,, stated multiple detail, the present invention has been understood completely so that provide in order to explain.Yet, for those skilled in the art, obviously can not have to put into practice this exemplary embodiment under the situation of these details.In other cases, represent construction and device, so that promote the description of exemplary embodiment with block diagram form.

System can be included in the market of carrying out multiple function.For example, can comprise system, with each employee of designated market member, associate member and participate in the authorized transactions people of member as this member.Can comprise another system, to screen all entities of wishing to become market member, associate member and participation member based on screening financial situation and commercial stability.Another system allows the negotiator that transaction negotiation and the clearing mechanism of utilizing market to provide is provided, and perhaps, alternatively, confers transaction with private, bilateral mode.

Preferably, system and method described here can be realized the generation and the operation in gaseous exhaust market, greenhouse with the processing cost that reduces.Minimizing of processing cost can be one or more result in the multiple different factor.These factors comprise comprise discharging and be selected into the standardization of the qualification of regulation; The proprietorial distribution of discharging under the public situation that has equipment; Limit the discharging baseline; The carbon financial instrument that qualification can be concluded the business; Limit early stage action credit; The emission monitoring method; Offset items definition (comprising formula) and size and set; The market restriction; Registration; Transaction platform; And settlement system.

In some embodiments, the system of using a computer realizes these systems and market, and wherein computer system comprises CPU (central processing unit) (CPU), carries out the instruction sequence that is included in the storer.More particularly, the execution of instruction sequence causes CPU to carry out step described below.Instruction can be loaded into random-access memory (ram) from ROM (read-only memory) (ROM), mass storage device or some other long-time memorys, so that carry out by CPU.In other embodiment, can use hardwired circuit to replace software instruction or combine, so that implement described function with software instruction.Therefore, embodiment described here is not limited to any particular combinations of hardware circuit and software, also is not limited to the particular source by the performed instruction of computer system.

Accompanying drawing 15 schematically shows another exemplary embodiment that discharging reduces transaction system.As shown in figure 15, system 1500 comprises one or more client Digital Data Processing Equipments 1506 (" client "), one or more server Digital Data Processing Equipments 1510 (" server "), and one or more database 1534 shown in.Client 1506, server 1510 and database 1534 use one or more data communication networks 1512 (" network ") to communicate by letter.In accompanying drawing 15, the feature in the Digital Data Processing Equipment is represented as and resides in the client 1506.It will be understood by those of skill in the art that one or more may reside in the server 1510 in the feature of client 1506.

As this further as described in, discharging reduces transaction system 1500 and can discharge quantity (that is, GHG discharging or discharging reduce the quantity of equivalent), close other correlation parameter of rule CFIs and/or member and associate member's (being called " member " hereinafter jointly) based on member's energy source consumption calculations.In addition, discharging minimizing system 1500 can manage the mechanism of guaranteeing (for example, 16 in the accompanying drawing 1), transaction main frame/platform (for example, 18 in the accompanying drawing 1), settlement system is (for example, in the accompanying drawing 3 16), and before with respect to described other mechanism of accompanying drawing 1-14 and system.

Usually, at this quoting of " client " and " server " is used to distinguish two communicators and/or two groups of processor instructions.Therefore, quoting of client and/or server is appreciated that quoting of the communication that originates from client and/or server in pairs, understands because these terms are those skilled in the art at this.This communication can based on or otherwise start from one or more input medias (for example, keyboard, input pen, mouse or the like) by user control.Equally, can one or more processor control devices of working will be understood to include to quoting of client and/or server in client-server (i.e. request-response) model, wherein client and server can reside on the same processor control device, and based on viewpoint, client can be used as server, and server can be used as client.

Shown in the system 1500 of accompanying drawing 15; the user 1502 of hope calculating GHG discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent (for example; member or environmentalist) can the one or more software applications 1504 of executive resident on client 1506 (for example; the application program of the interface that can be provided to GHG discharging calculation procedure of Internet-browser and/or other type); the data-message that is routed with generation; and/or receive the data-message that is produced by the one or more software applications 1508 (for example, GHG discharging or discharging reduce the equivalent calculation procedure) that reside on the server 1510 by network 1512.Data-message comprises one or more packets, and packet comprises that control information (for example, client and server 1506,1510 address, name/identifier of software application 1504,1508 or the like), and effective load data (for example, discharge relevant data, as comprise the output data 1562 of request 1548 with the GHG discharging that comprises so calculate of consumption data) with calculating GHG.

Software application 1504 is included in one or more software process (for example, calculation procedure/engine) of carrying out in one or more storeies 1518 of client 1506.Similarly, software application 1508 is included in one or more software process of carrying out in one or more storeies of server 1510.Software application 1508 comprises one or more groups instruction and/or makes server 1510 can calculate GHG discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent, close the further feature of advising CFIs and/or other correlation parameter.For example, as described herein, software application 1508 comprises handles consumption data 1536a to produce the instruction of GHG emissions data 1536b and CFI data 1536c.In addition, in some embodiments, software application 1508 comprises one or more groups instruction and/or makes server 1510 (for example can manage the mechanism of assurance, in the accompanying drawing 1 16), transaction main frame/platform (for example, in the accompanying drawing 1 18), settlement system (for example, 106 in the accompanying drawing 3) and other are before with respect to the further feature of described mechanism of accompanying drawing 1-14 and system.Can use the available software application of one or more commerce built-in feature combination and/or provide software application 1504,1508 in conjunction with one or more Custom Design software modules.Though the feature and/or the operation of software application 1504,1508 described herein with distribution mode (for example are, the operation of on networking client and server 1506,1510, carrying out) carries out, but those skilled in the art is to be understood that, at least some operations of software application 1504,1508 can one or more can be (for example by the numerical data path of wishing, point-to-point, network, data bus or the like) carries out in the Digital Data Processing Equipment that links to each other.

Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510 (for example comprises personal computer, computer workstation, Sun, Hewlett-Packard), laptop computer, server computer, mainframe computer, handheld devices are (for example, personal digital assistant, pocket personal computers (PC), mobile phone or the like), the device of general or special purpose, the processor control that can receive, handle and/or transmit numerical data of information appliance and/or other type.Processor 1514 refers to logical circuit, and its response and processing drive the instruction of Digital Data Processing Equipment, and include but not limited to CPU (central processing unit), ALU, special IC, task engine and/or its combination, arrangement or parallel connection.

In rudimentary expression " 0 " and " 1 " sequence, it has described one or more physical operationss of Digital Data Processing Equipment by the performed instruction of processor 1514.These instructions (for example can be pre-loaded to programmable storage, electric erasable becomes ROM (read-only memory) (EEPROM)), it can be by processor 1514 visit and/or can dynamically be loaded into/from one or more communicate to connect processor 1514 permanent (for example, random-access memory (ram), high-speed cache or the like) and/or permanent (for example, hard disk drive or the like) memory element load.Instruction for example can be corresponding to the initialization of hardware in the Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510, hardware element is communicated by letter under software control and make the operating system 1516 of other computer program communication, and/or be designed to carry out the operation that is used for other computer program, for example with calculate the GHG discharging and close the software application 1504,1508 of the relevant operation of rule CFIs.Operating system 1516 can be supported single-threaded mode and/or multithreading, and wherein thread refers to the independent stream of the execution that moves in multitask environment.Single-threaded system can once be carried out a thread, and multi-threaded system can be supported a plurality of while execution threads, and can carry out a plurality of tasks simultaneously.

Local user 1502 can be mutual with client 1506, for example by the viewing command row, uses figure and/or other user interface and by input media-as mouse, keyboard, touch sensitive screen, trace ball, keypad or the like-input command.Can produce user interface by the graphics subsystem 1522 of client 1506, it offers interface at screen or from screen surface (for example, on display device 1526 and/or in video memory).Input from user 1502 can receive by I/O (I/O) subsystem 1524, and is routed to processor 1514 by internal bus (for example, system bus), so that carry out under the control of operating system 1516.

Equally, long-distance user's (not shown) can be mutual by network 1512 and Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510.Can be completely or partially receive and handle from long-distance user's output by the digital remote data processing equipment that fits together with the long-distance user.Alternatively and/or in combination, input can be transferred back to and be handled by local client 1506, perhaps for example uses thin (thin) client-side technology to send another Digital Data Processing Equipment to via one or more networks.At least a portion interface is presented and be shown to the long-distance user by the graphics subsystem that graphical information is sent to remote-control device and indication remote-control device, can also be completely or partially reproduce the user interface of local client 1506 at the digital remote data processing equipment place that fits together with the long-distance user.Network service between two or more Digital Data Processing Equipments can comprise network subsystem 1520 (for example, network interface unit), to set up communication link between these devices.Make the communication link of Digital Data Processing Equipment interconnection can comprise the element of data communication network, point-to-point connects, bus, and/or other type can the transport processor readable data the numerical data path.

In an illustrative operation, the processor 1514 of client 1506 is carried out the instruction related with software application 1504 (for example comprise at least in part by local user 1502 and/or by another software application-as the operation of batch-type program-specified time instruct), its can instruction processorunit 1514 control at least in part graphics subsystem 1522 on display device 1526, present with display graphics user interface (comprising for example one or more menus, window and/or other visual objects) in operation.

Network 1512 can comprise can be by the network enabled node communication network equipment and wired and/or wireless communication line (for example, common carrier circuit, dedicated line, satellite circuit or the like) Hu Lian a series of network nodes (for example, client and server 1506,1610).Can be by can be (for example regardless of network topology, bus, star, token ring), space length (for example, LAN (Local Area Network), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), wide area network), transmission technology (for example, transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), system network architecture), data type (for example, data, sound, video, multimedia), the character of connection (for example, is switched, non-switching, dialing, special-purpose or virtual), and/or the physical link between original and the server network node (for example, optical fiber, concentric cable, twisted-pair feeder, wireless or the like) difference and server node is handled and/or be routed to data from ancestor node, and network equipment-such as router, switch, multiplexer, bridge, data between gateway or the like-promotion network node (for example, message) shift.

Accompanying drawing 15 expression processes 1528,1530,1532 and 1550.Process refers to operating parameter, message data/parameter, network and is connected parameter/data, variable, constant, the execution of the instruction of other element interactionses in the storer of software library and/or Digital Data Processing Equipment in the execution environment wherein makes processor according to the hope feature of the universal or special application program (or its subdivision) of operating system, software application and/or other type and/or operation and the operation of control figure data processing equipment.For example, network connection process 1528,1530 refers to one group of instruction and/or other element, and it can make Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510 set up communication link respectively, and communicates by letter with other Digital Data Processing Equipment during one or more sessions.Session refers to during single network connects span a series of affairs of communicating by letter between two network nodes, and wherein session connects when setting up at network, stops and connect when finishing at this.Database interface process 1532 refers to and can make server 1510 accessing databases 1534 and/or other categorical data warehouse, to obtain one group of instruction and other element to the visit of for example user account data 1536, computation rule 1542 and calculating parameter 1544.The information of visit can be provided to software application 1508, so that further handle and handle.Managing process 1550 refers to and can make one group of server 1510 supervision, control and/or the calculation of managed fund flowmeter to instruct and further feature.For example, managing process 1550 can a) be one or more Digital Data Processing Equipments 1506,1510 and/or the device 1506, the software application 1504 of operation on 1510,1508 keep and the renewal configuration, working time and/or session data, b) provide buffer management, multithreading service and/or data structure managing, c) be Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510 and/or software application 1504,1508 provide initiation parameter, d) the management object group (for example, be stored in Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510 and/or storage or remain on data sheet tuple in the database 1534, software application 1504,1508 groups, granted access software application 1504, member's group of 1508, permissions group or the like), e) in response to one or more Digital Data Processing Equipments 1506, the message of communication between 1510 and relation between the management object, f) (for example with one or more support services, encrypt/decrypt, compression, the path route, message analysis, message format manipulation or the like) offers Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510, and/or g) based on for example processor use/availability, network use/availability, storer use/availability, software application use/availability, message-length and/or size of message provide load balance.

Though process shown in one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that 1528,1530,1532 and 1550 and feature be described separately, can with shown in process and/or their feature merge in one or more processes.Can use the available software application of one or more commerce built-in feature combination and/or provide in conjunction with the software module of one or more Custom Design shown in one or more in the process 1528,1530,1532 and 1550.

Database 1534 (for example can be stored in non-volatile memory medium or device well known by persons skilled in the art, CD (CD), digital video disk (DVD), disk, internal hard disk drive, external fixed disk drive, random-access memory (ram), the redundant array of independent disk (RAID), or mobile storage means).As shown in Figure 15, can be provided with database 1534 away from client 1506.In some embodiments, database 1534 can be positioned near the client 1506, and/or can be integrated in the client 1506.Database 1534 can comprise distributed data base.Database 1534 can comprise the data of different types content, and/or the different-format of the data content of storing.For example, database 1534 can comprise the data structure of form and other type.

Member Accounts's data 1536 comprise the member's of recognition system 1500 data, the data relevant with member's energy resource consumption, and with the member by the relevant data of occupying on the market of system 1500 management.Identification member's data can comprise the information of member's name, contact details, log-on message (for example, user name and/or password) and/or other similar types well known by persons skilled in the art.The data relevant with member's energy resource consumption comprise consumption data 1536a, GHG emissions data 1536b and CFI data 1536c.In most cases, this data and their output-be of identification they belong to the time interval-time identifier related (for example, consumption data in 2000).In some this embodiments, this data can be for example by the member, and member's exchange and/or other mechanisms that the member participated in use, to follow the trail of or to monitor member's energy resource consumption in time, GHG discharging or the like.On market, occupy occupying of CFIs that relevant data can comprise the member and other related tool with the member, as preceding with respect to as described in the accompanying drawing 1-14.

Consumption data 1536a has quantized member's energy resource consumption.As described further herein, determine consumption data 1536a and/or it is provided to system 1500 by the member.Because source that the energy can comprise between the delivery period to be consumed and the source that is independent of transport point consumption, thereby consumption data 1536a comprises transportation data and non-transportation data.

When transportation data appears in member (for example, the employee of member company) when a position row enters another position in the vehicles.The vehicles based on the vehicles of air (for example can comprise, aircraft, helicopter and hot air balloon), based on the vehicles on ground (for example, train, motorbus, car and motorcycle), based on the vehicles of water (for example, ship and submarine) or the vehicles (for example, hovermarine and water route convertible car) of blending agent.In some embodiments, represent transportation data with the vehicle fuel that is consumed between the delivery period.Can be based on fuel receipt and/or the definite amount of fuel that is consumed of its its indicator that those skilled in the art will know that.Alternatively and/or in combination, in some embodiments, represent transportation data with the distance that the vehicles are advanced.Revise transportation data based on fuel efficiency, can convert this transportation data to consumed fuel by the vehicles.The fuel efficiency of the vehicles can be the acquiescence fuel efficiency (for example, by the vehicle manufacturer efficiency of publishing) of the vehicles or the customization fuel efficiency of the vehicles (for example, by the member, as associate member, definite efficient).

Non-transportation data appears during consumes energy in the activity of member outside transportation.Some examples of these activities include but not limited to produce in manufacturing plant the operation of product and office building.In some embodiments, use the energy (for example, the coal that during production, is consumed, electricity, or rock gas) that is consumed to represent non-transportation data.Can be based on energy receipt and/or the definite energy quantity that is consumed of other indicators well known by persons skilled in the art.Alternatively and/or in combination, in some embodiments, with the quantity of the product of movable specific media-for example produce or consume, the feed that during production, is consumed and by the non-transportation data of the quantity of the shared working space of office equipment-determine.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that based on by revising non-transportation data, can convert this non-transportation data to consumed the energy with the similar efficient of the fuel efficiency in the transportation data situation.For example, based on the quantity of working space and amassing of weight (being called dissipation factor sometimes at this), the quantity of working space can be converted to the quantity of the electricity that is consumed, wherein weight is represented the statistical measures of the quantity of the electricity that per unit working space typical case consumes.Statistical measures can be associated with geographic position (for example, country (as the U.S., Mexico, Britain and Canada), state, area or the like), and can determine with respect to the discharging described information of factor as following based on open information available.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that consumption data 1536a may not be that the member obtains easily.For example, because lease agreement, hiring agreement and/or other factors, the consumption data 1536a relevant with the buildings operation may not be that the member (for example, lessee) who occupies some working spaces in this buildings obtains easily.Preferably, therefore, as described herein, disclosed system and method provides and/or utilizes discharging factor, weight and other statistical factor, it is with the addressable unit of member assessment energy consumption, such as but not limited to the unit of occupying of working space, parasang of in Transportation Model, advancing (for example, the parasang of in aircraft or jet plane, advancing) or the like.

GHG emissions data 1536b comprises the GHG discharging of being calculated based on consumption data 1536a by system 1500.Usually, the GHG that is calculated discharges with traditional unit representation, for example ton or metric ton CO ₂Yet in some embodiments, the GHG that calculated discharging is with unconventional unit, the unit representation for example being selected and/or provided by the member.Usually can use the standard handovers factor to convert these unconventional units to traditional unit.

GHG emissions data 1536b also comprises the baseline amount of GHG discharging, and the aim parameter of the baseline discharging of being calculated based on consumption data 1536a by system 1500.As preceding described with respect to accompanying drawing 1-14, rule (for example average) can be applied to the GHG that the very first time goes up the member at interval discharges, to determine member's GHG discharging baseline amount, and another rule (for example number percent minimizing) can be applied to the baseline amount, with the aim parameter of the GHG discharging of determining second time interval subsequently.

Discharging minimizing equivalent also preferably calculates by using as participant and particularly environmentalist's conversion factor in system.This feature helps the member to determine whether to need to buy additional CFIs to realize the minimizing progress.After calculating GHG discharging and discharging minimizing equivalent, the member can also surpass the aim parameter of its GHG discharging.Therefore, may need to buy the debt of borrowing money, to observe its minimizing progress from other member or environmentalist.In addition; system allows any entity to earn credit and perhaps can by implementing the environment activity that is benefited; as the environmentalist; perhaps even comprise aspiration discharging minimizing person; specific discharging with the favourable activity of computing environment reduces equivalent; as kind of a tree or a reafforestation, do not disturb the soil in particular area soil in the ad-hoc location, perhaps even remove or reduce pollution in other zone.Then, these credits can be bought by the member, thereby further promote the transaction between the participant, realize the pollution minimizing target that they wish and illustrate can make aspiration discharging minimizing person.

GHG data 1536c comprises and closes rule CFIs that it is definite based on the GHG that calculated discharging and target GHG discharging by system 1500 that this closes rule CFIs.

Computation rule 1542 comprises the rule of calculating the GHG discharging, calculates the rule of GHG discharging baseline amount, calculates the rule of GHG emissions object amount and calculates the rule of closing rule CFIs.Usually, as described further herein, based on discharging of member for the consumption data 1536a of each the type energy that is consumed and the GHG that calculates the member that amasss of corresponding discharging factor.Preceding based on being applied in respect to the described scheme of accompanying drawing 1-14, calculate baseline amount and aim parameter.

Calculating parameter 1544 comprises the discharging factor of various energy resources.Usually, the discharging of each in the calculating parameter 1544 factor is relevant with the energy Source Type; Each discharging factor is also relevant with geographic position and/or energy supply person.The discharging factor depends on how energy Source Type and its supplier of consumption produce the energy.For example, the discharging factor that automobile is advanced depends on whether the energy is gasoline, diesel oil or electric, and automobile uses the efficient of the energy.And the discharging factor of non-fossil energy (for example, not being coal for example, the energy of gasoline or rock gas) depends on how to produce the energy.For example, the discharging factor of the electricity that produces by coal is different from the discharging factor of the electricity that produces by rock gas.In addition, the discharging factor of fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel depends on the technology (for example, the technology of generating plant use) that energy supply person uses.Because different energy supply persons tends to use different technology, and owing to different suppliers tends to serve different geographic position, thereby the discharging factor of the energy tends to change between supplier and geographic position.By multiple entity; as government bodies (for example; USEPA (EPA)); non-governmental organization (for example; the generating plant) and intergovernmental office (for example) about the intergovernmental tissue of climate change announce country, geographical son therebetween (is for example divided; economize Hezhou, district) and energy supplier's discharging factor.For example, U.S. EPA provides the database of discharging factor and other american energy supplier's information, and it generally is called E-GRID.

As is known to persons skilled in the art, the most local discharging factor of the energy tends to the most accurate measurement by the GHG discharging of energy resource consumption generation.Preferably, therefore, disclosed system and method calculates energy resource consumption based on the most local available discharging factor and produces the GHG discharging, and wherein the most local discharging factor is the discharging factor relevant with energy supply person.

And for example well known by persons skilled in the art, the discharging factor of fossil fuel is constant, but not the discharging factor of fossil fuel is time dependent.Equally, in some embodiments of disclosed system and method, with one or more software applications be configured to based on the network 1512 in other source with one or more databases (for example, E-GRID database) and/or discharging factor with the discharging factor in the time interval upgrading calculating parameter 1544.

In some embodiments, disclosed system and method provides and/or utilize discharging factor and other factor relevant with energy resource consumption of one or more following types: the office building in (1) U.S.: (a) the zone leveling electric consumption factor of unit working space (for example, one or more factor in 50 U.S. states), (b) the zone leveling gas consumption factor of unit working space, and (c) zone electricity discharging factor; (2) Canada, the office building in Mexico and the Britain: (a) the national average electrical and the gas consumption factor of the unit working space of occupying, and (b) state's household electrical appliances discharging factor.

As mentioned above, can comprise the energy unit of consumption and the parasang of advancing with multiple unit representation consumption data.For example, the data-measuring consumption of the transportation energy can comprise the gallon of consume fuel, the litre of consume fuel, mile of advancing and the kilometer of advancing.Equally, in some embodiments, calculating parameter 1544 comprises (for example, the CO of the energy of unit consumption generation of acquiescence unit ₂Tonnage) discharging factor, and computation rule 1542 comprises the rule of one or more modifications acquiescence unit, so that the unit compatibility of they and consumption data (perhaps, alternatively, the rule of the unit of one or more modification consumption datas is so that them and acquiescence unit compatibility), that is to say, so that the long-pending unit of discharging factor and consumption data is the unit of GHG discharging, for example, the CO of generation ₂Tonnage.For example, computation rule 1542 can comprise one or more in the metric system unit and the unit in the non-metric system between the conversion (for example, the litre convert to the gallon) rule, the rule of changing between the unit in system (for example, kilowatt convert megawatt to), and/or the rule of between the unit of the intermediate of energy unit that consumes and specific activities, changing (rice of for example, advancing converts the gallon of the gasoline of consumption to).The rule of changing between the unit of the intermediate of energy unit that consumes and specific activities can be based on one or more efficient, for example, and fuel efficiency.

Accompanying drawing 16 is that the illustrative of graphic user interface shows, the calculating that this graphic user interface helps the GHG discharging and closes rule CFIs.As is known to persons skilled in the art, this illustrative demonstration is to explain in exemplary mode, and can use the demonstration that is different from this expression and description in the scope of the present disclosure.For example, characteristics combination, the separation that illustrative can be shown are exchanged and/or are rearranged so that produce other demonstration.Equally, for example, demonstration in disclosure scope can comprise one or more check boxes, one or more response frame, one or more OptionButton, one or more drop-down menu, and one or more icons and/or one or more other visual object are calculated so that promote.And for example well known by persons skilled in the art, in system 1500, can pass through server (for example, be present on the server 1510 software application 1508) shows this illustrative and is provided to client (for example, be present on the client 1506 software application 1504).Under the situation of the reciprocation in system 1500 between client 1506 and the server 1510 (for example, requirement and response) this illustrative demonstration is described.

As shown in figure 16, show that 1600 (also being called discharging calculator window 1600 at this) comprised identified region 1602, validation region 1604, the band of position 1605, consumption data zone 1606, zoning 1608 and selected zone 1609.Identified region 1602 comprises the query frame 1610 that member's name is provided and selects to close the rule drop-down menu 1612 in year that for example, the member seeks to calculate its GHG discharging and/or closes rule CFIs, so that observe the adjustment by the market of system's 1500 management.Validation region 1604 comprises the query frame 1614 that user's signature and markers 1616 are provided.The band of position 1605 comprises the drop-down menu in the geographic position of selecting energy resource consumption.Consumption data zone 1606 comprises the query frame 1622 of selecting to consume the drop-down menu 1620 (mark in accompanying drawing 16 " reporting unit ") of unit and consumption data being provided with the consumption unit of selecting.Consumption data zone 1606 also is included in consumption data, for example, and actual fuel receipt, the drop-down menu 1620a of the method for reporting of selection automobile between the fuel efficiency of the distance of advancing and the fuel efficiency of acquiescence or the distance of advancing and special use.Zoning 1608 comprises the response frame, and wherein system 1500 is from the GHG discharging (mark " CO accompanying drawing 16 of calculating parameter 1644, calculating ₂Discharging "), close the rule CFIs parameter relevant discharging factor (mark in accompanying drawing 16 " conversion factor ") is provided with other.Select zone 1609 to comprise query frame, wherein the member can provide and the relevant additional data of GHG discharging, for example the GHG discharging that is produced by the energy outside shown in the computational data zone 1606.As shown in figure 16, show the CO of 1600 expression calculating from the energy of certain limit ₂The single demonstration " screen " of discharging, this energy includes but not limited to the energy of handling official business.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that can go up expression in two or more demonstrations " screen " shows one or more features of 1600.

In a declarative operation with reference to accompanying drawing 15, the software application of in the deposit device 1518 of client 1506, carrying out can test example as the requirement of discharging by the GHG that receives from the index gauge person of being counted as 1502 of I/O subsystem 1524, this subsystem detects the mouse-click of user's 1502 beginnings, keyboard input and/or other incoming event.Response requires 1548, software application 1504 indicating graphic subsystems 1522 (by processor 1514) display calculator window 1600.Member's 1502 selections and parameter and the consumption data that provides can be kept in the deposit device 1518 of client 1506, before being sent to server 1510 by network 1512.Software application 1504 can be with one or more data validation rule application in parameter and/or consumption data, so that reduce the appearance of wrong input.Alternatively and/or in combination, software application 1504 can be by network 1512 from one or more these rules of database 1534 visits.

Continuation is with reference to accompanying drawing 15, software application 1504 can indicate parameter that the network connection procedure 1528 of client 1506 will provide by user 1502 and consumption data to send the related software process of computation process or other and the software application carried out 1508 on server 1510, for example by coding, encrypt and/or will select require 1548 to be compressed into data packet stream, this stream can transmit between the network subsystem 1520 of Digital Data Processing Equipment 1506,1510.The network connection procedure of carrying out on server 1,510 1530 can receive, decompress(ion), and deciphering and/or decoding are included in the information in the packet, and can be with this element deposit in can the deposit device near software application 1508.Software application 1508 can be handled the data of reception, the data reserve of for example passing through to receive is in computational data 1536a, one or more computation rules 1542 are applied to computational data 1536, so that calculate GHG emissions data 1536b and/or CFI data 1536c, and the GHG emissions data 1536 that calculates and/or the CFI data 1536c of calculating be provided to member 1502.

Accompanying drawing 17 schematically shows the embodiment of method of computing system 1500 members' GHG discharging.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that disclosed system and method is not limited to the embodiment shown in the accompanying drawing 17, and based on be different from and/or accompanying drawing 17 shown in outside feature calculation member's GHG discharging.

As shown in figure 17, in system 1500 (1710 in the accompanying drawing 17), receive and calculate the requirement that GHG discharges based on energy resource consumption from client (for example, the client 1506 of communicate by letter) with member 1502 at server (for example, server 1510).Receiving on the basis that requires, server 1510 (for example, be present in the software application on the server 1510) position feature is provided, this position feature is relevant with the geographic position of the energy and/or GHG discharging as a result, and related with the location options of client 1506 (1720 in the accompanying drawing 3) selection.For example, in the calculator window 1600 of accompanying drawing 16, server 1510 can provide position feature by the band of position 1605.Location options comprises the geographic position, divides (for example, province, state, district or the like) as the son in country and the country.Selectively and/or in combination, in some embodiments, server 1510 provides position feature, and this position feature is relevant with the energy of consumption, and energy supply person's option of selecting with client 1506 is related.Supplier's option can comprise energy supply person's identifier, for example based on the identifier of E-GRID database.

Continuation is with reference to accompanying drawing 17, on the basis that receives this requirement, server 1510 provides energy feature, wherein the energy Source Type of each energy feature and consumption (for example, coal, electricity, rock gas or vehicle fuel) relevant, and related with the consumption unit of client 1506 (1730 in the accompanying drawing 3) selection.For example, in the calculator window 1600 of accompanying drawing 16, server 1510 can provide energy feature by consumption data zone 1606.Usually, server 1510 provides the energy feature relevant with the energy of at least two types.The energy can comprise the resource that during transportation consumes and/or be independent of the resource that transportation consumes.The unit that consumes can comprise multiple unit, for example the unit of the intermediate of unit of the energy quantity of Xiao Haoing (for example, Dian watt-hour) and specific activities (kilometer of for example, advancing in the vehicles).In some embodiments, the unit of the intermediate of specific activities can revise by efficient.For example, the unit of the transportation sources that consumes can comprise the quantity of buying the resource of receipt consumption based on resource, the quantity of the resource that consumes based on the quantity of the resource of the acquiescence fuel efficiency consumption of the distance of in the vehicles, advancing and these vehicles and based on the special fuel efficient (for example, the fuel efficiency of determining and/or providing by the member) of the distance of in the vehicles, advancing and these vehicles.

Continuation is with reference to accompanying drawing 17, and the consumption unit that server 1510 requires and/or inquiring client terminal 1506 is selected with the energy (1740 in the accompanying drawing 17) provides consumption data for each energy.For example, in the calculator window 1600 of accompanying drawing 16, server 1510 can provide consumption data by consumption data zone 1606 by inquiring client terminal 1506.Can obtain consumption data by member 1502, and based on being provided to client 1506 preceding with respect to the described progress of accompanying drawing 1-14.

Subsequently, server 1510 is determined the discharging factor for each energy, based on energy Source Type, the geographic position of selection and the consumption unit of selection (1750 in the accompanying drawing 17).Usually, server 1510 carries out this decision (for example, calculating parameter 1544) on the basis of Query Database 1534, so as to determine they whether comprise with can Source Type and the discharging factor of the location association of selection.On the basis of finding the discharging factor, server 1510 sets about calculating GHG discharging (1760 in the accompanying drawing 17).

In some cases, the combination of the position of energy Source Type and selection discharging factor can not obtain in database 1534.In some embodiments, therefore, server 1510 is sought the discharging factor.For example, server 1510 can be from the Database Requirements discharging factor of communicating by letter with network 1512, as the database that keeps by government bodies, for example, by the U.S. EPA person in charge's E-GRID database, and/or can seek one or more networks of communicating by letter for the discharging factor based on scheme well known by persons skilled in the art with network 1512.Alternatively and/or ground capable of being combined, in some embodiments, server 1510 requires database 1534 to determine whether that they comprise and the discharging factor of energy resource relating and the position special not as good as chosen position (for example, country, rather than the geographical son division of country).On the basis of finding this discharging factor, server 1510 sets about calculating GHG discharging (1760 in the accompanying drawing 17).

In some embodiments, embodiment as shown in Figure 16, in the calculator window 1600 of accompanying drawing 16, the discharging factor that server 1510 will be determined by zoning 1608 is provided to client 1506.

As mentioned above, can be with the consumption data of the different consumption unit representation energy.In some embodiments, therefore, server 1510 is used the one or more rules from computation rule 1542 so that revise the acquiescence unit of discharging factor, thereby they can with the unit compatibility of consumption data.In some this embodiments, be provided to the embodiment of client 1506 as the discharging factor that will determine, server 1510 was used one or more rules before calculating the GHG discharging.Alternatively, server 1510 is used one or more rules in the computing interval of GHG discharging.

Continuation is with reference to accompanying drawing 17, and server 1510 is that each can calculate GHG discharging by Source Type, on consumption data and long-pending basis corresponding to discharging factor (1760 in the accompanying drawing 17) that can Source Type.As previously mentioned, server 1510 can with from one or more rule application of computation rule 1542 in discharging factor and/or consumption data, so that their long-pending unit, for example CO with GHG discharging ₂Tonnage or other unit, as the unit of selecting and/or providing by the member.In some embodiments, server 1510 calculates total GHG discharging of members, each that consumes can Source Type the GHG discharging and the basis on.In addition, server 1510 can calculate the part of total GHG discharging, and it is owing to the consumption of each energy Source Type.In some embodiments, embodiment as shown in Figure 16, in calculator window 1600, with the GHG emissions data that calculates, for example the GHG that calculates for each energy Source Type discharges server 1510 and total GHG discharging of member is provided to client 1506 by zoning 1608.

With respect to as described in the accompanying drawing 1-14, the member can offset their GHG discharging by exchange and/or resignation CFIs as preceding.(as described in hereinafter, term CFI is appreciated that becoming is the set of offsetting with reference to the GHG discharging, includes but not limited to offset with respect to the described GHG discharging of accompanying drawing 1-14 preceding).Accompanying drawing 18 schematically shows the calculating member and closes the embodiment that rule CFIs measures the method for the CFIs amount of promptly offsetting member GHG discharging.As is known to persons skilled in the art, disclosed system and method is not limited to the embodiment shown in the accompanying drawing 18, and can based on be different from and/or accompanying drawing 18 shown in outside feature calculation close rule CFIs.

As shown in figure 18, in system 1500 (1810 in the accompanying drawing 18), receive the requirement of closing rule CFIs from the calculating of client (for example, the client 1506 of communicating by letter) at server (for example server 1510) with member 1502.On the basis that receives this requirement, server 1510 requires and/or inquiring client terminal 1506, so that the geodata in the geographic position of representing member's energy resource consumption and the consumption data that quantizes member's energy resource consumption (1820 in the accompanying drawing 18) are provided.Usually, the position and the consumption data of server 1510 requirements and/or inquiring client terminal 1506 are formerly on the basis with respect to the described feature of 1720-1740 in the accompanying drawing 17.Subsequently, server 1510 result of calculation GHG discharging is formerly on the basis with respect to the described feature of the 1760-1770 in the accompanying drawing 17 (1830 in the accompanying drawing 18).

Continuation is with reference to accompanying drawing 18, and server 1510 calculates for client and closes rule CFIs, (i) the 1830 GHG dischargings of calculating and (ii) target GHG discharge on the difference based measurement between (1840 in the accompanying drawing 18).Difference measure can comprise difference, difference square, root mean square difference and/or other difference well known by persons skilled in the art are measured.In some embodiments, embodiment as shown in Figure 16, in calculator window 1600, the rule CFIs that closes that server 1510 will be determined by zoning 1608 is provided to client 1506.

As previously mentioned, server 1510 determines to close rule CFIs on the basis of the GHG discharging of calculating and member's target GHG discharging.In some embodiments, determine by client 1506 (i.e. the member 1502 who communicates by letter with client 1506) and/or target GHG discharging is provided to server 1510.Alternatively, in some embodiments, server 1510 is formerly with respect to calculating target GHG discharging on the basis of the described scheme of accompanying drawing 1-14.For example, in a this embodiment, server 1510 calculates target GHG discharging, and rule (promptly reducing rule) is being applied on the basis of member GHG discharging baseline amount.Can determine and/or GHG is discharged the baseline amount to be provided to server 1510 by client 1506.Alternatively, server 1510 can be formerly with respect to calculating the baseline amount on the basis of the described scheme of accompanying drawing 1-14.For example, in a this embodiment, server 1510 calculates the baseline discharging, at the consumption data that rule (promptly average or weighted mean) is applied to the time interval.

In some embodiments, at 1820 of accompanying drawing 18, server 1510 is provided to client 1506 with time interval feature.The time interval of time interval feature and member's energy consumption (for example, closing rule year), and related with optional time interval option.For example, in the calculator window 1600 of accompanying drawing 16, server 1510 can provide time interval feature by identified region 1602.In a this embodiment, server 1510 provides time interval feature, so that obtain consumption data in the different time intervals from client 1506.Use this consumption data, server 1510 can calculate the GHG discharging at interval of each different time, based on the GHG discharging baseline amount of the GHG discharging of calculating, the aim parameter of the GHG in time interval discharging subsequently, and close rule CFIs based on time interval subsequently of aforementioned schemes.

Preferably, the member can represent with respect to accompanying drawing 15-18 and the system and method described calculates its GHG discharging and closes rule CFIs at this, manage the consumption of its energy thus.For example, the associate member can use these embodiments (for example to calculate its direct GHG discharging, have for commercial purposes with the discharging of the operative association of its office equipment and with it, the discharging of the operative association of the vehicles of hiring out or leasing), its indirect GHG discharging (for example, be used for the related discharging of non-transportation sources of business goal with the purchase of its electricity with other, and advance (by for example aircraft with commerce, urban bus, exchange (commuter) track and intercity track) related discharging, it (for example selects the GHG discharging, (as withdraw with its store of business events, the party of annual meeting and holiday) related discharging and with its employee's non-commercial activity (as exchanging, home energy source is used, travelling and material consumption) related discharging), with and offset closing of these GHG discharging and advise CFIs.

With respect to as described in the accompanying drawing 1-14, the member CFIs that can conclude the business on market is so that the CFIs amount of closing rule CFIs (and/or other relevant instrument) that reduces their GHG discharging and obtain to be equivalent at least them as preceding.Accompanying drawing 19 schematically shows accredited members so that the embodiment of the method for the CFIs that concludes the business on market.As is known to persons skilled in the art, disclosed system and method is not limited to the embodiment shown in the accompanying drawing 18, and can accredited members so that on market, conclude the business CFIs, be different from and/or accompanying drawing 19 shown in outside the basis of feature on.

As shown in figure 19, in system 1500 (1910 in the accompanying drawing 19), in the requirement of server (for example server 1510) reception from the transaction CFIs of client (for example client 1506 of communicating by letter) with member 1502.On the basis that receives this requirement, server 1510 determines whether for the member calculates the GHG discharging and closes rule CFIs, on the basis with respect to accompanying drawing 17 and 18 described schemes (1920 in the accompanying drawing 19).Usually, server 1510 is made this decision by seeking database 134, so that find consumption data 1536a, and GHG emissions data 1536b and the CFI data 1536c related with member 1502.On the basis that definite GHG that has calculated the member discharges, server 1510 accredited members are so that the closing of 1840 (1940 in the accompanying drawings 19) calculating of concluding the business at least on market in accompanying drawing 18 advised CFIs.

On the basis that definite GHG that has calculated the member discharges, server 1510 requires and/or inquiring client terminal 1506 data, calculates these dischargings (1930 in the accompanying drawing 19) based on this.Server 1510 can require and/or inquiring client terminal 1506, formerly on the basis with respect to 1820 described features in 1720-1740 in the accompanying drawing 17 and/or the accompanying drawing 18.Subsequently, server 1510 calculates closing of GHG discharging and member and advises CFIs (1935 in the accompanying drawing 19), and sets about 1940 in the accompanying drawing 19.

Preferably, can will be used to monitor member GHG discharging and their the rule of closing at this system and method with respect to accompanying drawing 19 expressions and description by market readjustment.For example, market management person can use the embodiment of disclosed system and method to determine that whether the member observes the obligation that they reduce the GHG discharging, and forbids rascal (rogue) member unregistered CFIs that concludes the business on market.And, require the member to pass through signature and dated son discharging (son as shown in accompanying drawing 16 discharges) and their consumption data is provided to market can improves the responsibility that the member implements on market.

System and method described here is not limited to hardware or software construction; They can find applicability in many calculating or processing environment.This system and method can be implemented in the combination of hardware or software or hardware and software.This system and method can be implemented in one or more computer programs, wherein computer program can be understood to include the executable instruction of one or more processors.This computer program can be carried out on one or more programmable processors, and can lay on one or more deposit media that can read by this processor, and it comprises impermanency and permanent deposit device and/or storage element.

Computer program can be implemented with high level program or OO program language, so that communicate by letter with computer system.This computer program can also be implemented with compilation or machine language.This language can compile or explain.

In some embodiments, computer program can be implemented in one or more spreadsheets.For example, this computer program can be implemented in the one or more spreadsheets based on Microsoft  Excel, and can comprise one or more grand and/or other functions.

This computer program deposit (for example can laid in medium or device, CD (CD), digital video disk (DVD), tape or dish, internal hard drive device, external hard drive, lay in device (RAM), Redundant Array of Independent Disks or storage device movably at random) on, this device can read by the programmable computing machine of general or specific purposes, so that configuration and operational computations machine, when the deposit medium or install by computing machine and read so that when carrying out described method.

Unless provide, can comprise readable and come-at-able storage element of one or more processors and/or assembly in this reference to the deposit device, this assembly can be in the inside of processor controllable device, the outside of processor controllable device, and/or can use one or more communication protocols by wired or wireless access to netwoks, unless and provide, it can be arranged in and comprise one or more outsides and/or one or more inner reserve device, wherein this deposit device can be on the basis of using in abutting connection with and/or cut apart.

Unless provide, can comprise one or more processors in this reference to processor and microprocessor, this processor can be communicated by letter in independent and/or distributed environment, and can be arranged to by wired and/or radio communication and one or more other processor communication, wherein this one or more processors can be arranged to operate the device of one or more processor controls, this device can comprise similar or different devices.The use of sort processor and microprocessor technology can be understood to include CPU (central processing unit), ALU, the integrated circuit of application-specific and/or task engine are in this explanation and under the situation of nonrestrictive example.

Unless provide, the article " " that is used herein to modification noun is appreciated that the noun that becomes to comprise one or more modification.

Though represent and described this system and method that with reference to illustrative embodiment those skilled in the art will be appreciated that or can determine many equivalents of embodiment described here, by only using normal experiment at this.This equivalent is included in the scope of the disclosure and the claim of adding.

For example, other embodiment can comprise different additional or less market rules, so that promote the operation and the acceptance of GHG trade market.

Therefore, system and method described herein is not limited to embodiment described here, and it can comprise the practice outside the description, and allows as far as possible broadly to explain under current law.

Claims (17)

1. transaction method of carrying out discharge permit and counteracting between the participant comprises:

Based on by the emission information that these participants provided, be particular participant foundation discharging minimizing progress; And

Determine the debt or the credit of each particular participant, so that realize described minimizing progress,

Wherein said participant comprises aspiration greenhouse gases (GHG) discharging minimizing person and environmentalist.

2. the method for claim 1, wherein said particular participant comprise described aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person, and described method further is included between the described participant and concludes the business.

3. method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person comprises industrial bodies, described environmentalist comprises non-industrial bodies, and described aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person obtains at least some their debts from described environmentalist.

4. method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said non-industrial bodies comprises (a) forest officer, farmer or other are for stoping greenhouse gas emission or preparing the entity in soil for catching and store carbon or carbon dioxide, perhaps (b) comprise the industry in law office, advertisement agency, bank, shopping center or other can use public utilities or transportation apply control, reducing or to save this use, thereby be reduced to the industry that this use is provided and discharges by the GHG that the generation of power or electricity causes.

5. method as claimed in claim 3 further is included as the environmentalist who implements following activity credit is provided, and described activity comprises kind of a tree; The carbon that is discharged by plant is retained in the soil; Reduce electric consumption; Reduce travel for commercial purpose; From river, lake, made ground or the unfavorable zone of other environment, remove pollutant; The product that purchasing environment is favourable; Perhaps repeated application, thus by described environmentalist and described aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person carry out this credit perhaps can transaction.

6. computer based system that is used for carrying out the transaction of discharge permit and counteracting between the participant comprises:

Reduce the device of progress based on the discharging of setting up particular participant by the emission information that these participants provided; And

Determine the debt of each particular participant or credit so that realize the device of described minimizing progress,

Wherein said participant comprises aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person and environmentalist.

7. system as claimed in claim 6; wherein said particular participant comprises aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person; and described system comprises debt or the credit of (a) expression based on environmentalist's emission information or movable discharging reduction, and (b) carries out the transaction of described debt or credit so that can make each particular participant realize that it reduces the device of progress between described participant.

8. a calculating is based on greenhouse gases (GHG) discharging of energy consumption or movement for practicing economy or the method for discharging minimizing equivalent, and described method comprises:

Energy resource consumption or movement for practicing economy feature are provided, and wherein said feature is relevant with the type of energy activity, and is associated with selectable movable unit;

Request has the activity data of selected movable unit;

Be identified for converting described activity data to factor that GHG discharging or GHG discharging reduce one of equivalent, wherein said factor is based on the type of energy activity and selected movable unit; And

Calculate one of described GHG discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent based on described activity data or discharging factor,

Wherein said equivalent meets the standard value of concluding the business between the promotion participant.

9. method as claimed in claim 8, wherein said factor is the position-based feature at least in part, and wherein said position feature is relevant with the geographic position of energy activity, and is associated with selectable geographic position.

10. method as claimed in claim 8; wherein said participant comprises aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person and environmentalist; and described method further is included in transaction GHG discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent between the described participant, so that aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person can reduce the GHG discharging.

11. method as claimed in claim 8, wherein said energy resource consumption or the activity of saving source comprise power generation activity at least, one of movement operation and non-movement operation, wherein the energy that is consumed between each movement operation and delivery period is relevant, and be associated with selectable movable unit, described selectable movable unit comprises in the following unit one or more: the unit of the unit of the transport fuel that is consumed and the distance of during transportation advancing during transportation, alternatively by the correction of fuel efficiency value, and wherein each non-transportation energy is movable relevant with the energy that is irrespectively consumed with transportation, and be associated with selectable movable unit, described selectable movable unit comprises in the following unit one or more: the unit of the energy that is consumed during the production, the unit of the feed that is consumed during the production, the unit of the product of being produced, the unit of the product that is consumed, the unit of the energy that office equipment operating period is consumed and by the unit of the working space that office equipment occupied.

12. method as claimed in claim 8 further comprises:

The factor data storehouse is provided, wherein each factor is associated with type, geographic position and the movable unit of energy activity, described factor comprises the discharging factor and saves factor, wherein each discharging factor is associated with the energy Source Type and the movable unit that are consumed, and wherein each saving factor is associated with energy conservation activity, geographic position and movable unit.

13. whether method as claimed in claim 12 wherein comprises the factor that is associated with the type and the selected movable unit of energy activity by inquiring about described database with definite its, thereby determines described factor.

14. one kind by producing the method that the requirement that the GHG discharging that can conclude the business or discharging are reduced equivalent reduces pollution, described method comprises:

Method according to claim 8 is calculated first participant's GHG discharging equivalent; And

The GHG discharging that makes described first participant can obtain the GHG discharging equivalent that quantity equals to be calculated at least reduces equivalent, pollutes so that reduce.

15. method as claimed in claim 14 further comprises:

By providing based on energy conservation activity and the activity data that is associated with selectable movable unit, the GHG discharging of calculating the second participant reduces equivalent; And

Application converts described activity data to factor that described GHG discharging reduces equivalent, and wherein said factor reduces equivalent based on the type and the selected movable unit of energy activity to calculate described GHG discharging,

Wherein said first participant is aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person; described second participant is the environmentalist; and described method further is included in transaction GHG discharging or discharging minimizing equivalent between described first and second participants, makes described aspiration GHG discharging minimizing person can reduce the GHG discharging.

16. management greenhouse gases (GHG) discharging or discharging reduce the method for equivalent trade market, described method comprises:

At server:

The request that reception will be concluded the business on described market from the participant,

Based on described request, the information that GHG discharging of asking described participant to provide will to conclude the business or discharging reduce the amount of equivalent; And

Register described participant, so that the described GHG of transaction discharges or discharging minimizing equivalent on described market.

17., further comprise as method as described in the claim 16:

At server:

From described participant, receive activity data explicitly based on energy resource consumption or movement for practicing economy and with selectable movable unit; And

Application converts described activity data to the factor of one of GHG discharging or GHG discharging minimizing equivalent, wherein said factor is based on the type and the selected movable unit of energy activity, reduce equivalent to calculate GHG discharging or discharging, thereby whether the information of the amount that reduces equivalent about the GHG discharging that will conclude the business or discharging of determining described participant is accurate.

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