CN1874969B - Tempered glass for thermal insulation - Google Patents
Tempered glass for thermal insulation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1874969B CN1874969B CN2004800320714A CN200480032071A CN1874969B CN 1874969 B CN1874969 B CN 1874969B CN 2004800320714 A CN2004800320714 A CN 2004800320714A CN 200480032071 A CN200480032071 A CN 200480032071A CN 1874969 B CN1874969 B CN 1874969B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- aforesaid right
- window glass
- door
- right requirement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C23/00—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments
- C03C23/007—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments by thermal treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
- C03C21/001—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions
- C03C21/002—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions to perform ion-exchange between alkali ions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F24C15/00—Details
- F24C15/02—Doors specially adapted for stoves or ranges
- F24C15/04—Doors specially adapted for stoves or ranges with transparent panels
Abstract
The invention relates to glass which has undergone chemical tempering such as to have an alkaline ion concentration gradient from the surface thereof over an exchange depth of at least 100 m, a surface stress of at least 200 MPa and a core viscosity point of at least 550 DEG C. The inventive glass can be used, for example, in the field of domestic cooking as a pyrolytic oven door, frying pan, range, fireguard, chimney insert and, more generally, in order to separate two gaseous atmospheres at different temperatures. The glass is particularly resistant to thermal shocks.
Description
The present invention relates to especially aspect family cooking, as fire door (more particularly described " pyrolysis " stove), stove, cooking stove, fire door, chimney pin (insert de chemin é e), more generally spendablely in the gaseous medium that separately two kinds have a differing temps stand glass or the window glass that chemical tempering (trempe) is handled.
The glass that in the field that will describe, uses usually should be able to:
-the most high temperature resistant as far as possible, particularly up to 530 ℃,
-at the heat-resisting medium of window glass plate one side (especially up to 530 ℃), and in the cold-resistant medium of opposite side (envrionment temperature particularly, promptly generally speaking 18-40 ℃),
-heat shock resistance, for example according to the described heat shock resistance of standard EN 60335-2-6, particularly spraying cold water (for example 20 ℃) produces these thermal shockings on one of them interarea, even contact with thermal medium at another face under the situation of (for example 530 ℃) and also produce these thermal shockings by spilling cold water (for example 20 ℃)
-Nai mechanical shock,
-consider that it uses, when especially door is installed in expectation with this window glass when not using the door of doorframe, have enough physical strengths.
May provide or reach this performance group, for example some borosilicate glass or some glass-ceramic at least in part by specific glass or ceramic composition.But these specific composition costs are very high.
Adopt the glass of heat or chemical process tempering to obtain excellent mechanical intensity, but think their decay apace, consider the application of being planned, this means the very fast forfeiture of advantage that tempering brings.In addition, consider that the related ionic diffusion coefficient of chemical tempering is low, the chemical tempering of some glass is handled and is difficult to carry out, and should not consider really.
According to the present invention, for reaching ion-exchange (alkalimetal ion) degree of depth at least 100 μ m, surface stress is 200Mpa and stand the particular glass (or window glass) that enough strong chemical tempering handles and be suitable for above-mentioned Application Areas at least.Within the scope of the invention, pristine glass, the glass before promptly chemical tempering is handled should have following characteristics:
(English is strain point (strain point) to-viscosity points (point de viscosit é), and this is 10 corresponding to glass viscosity
14.5The temperature of pool) at least 550 ℃, preferably at least 570 ℃.
-preferably, the interdiffustion coefficient of exchange alkalimetal ion is 9.10 at the most under 400 ℃ of temperature
-17m
2.s
-1,
-preferably, the exchange alkalimetal ion is at least 20 with the exchange alkalimetal ion at the ratio of 400 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient at 490 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient.
Therefore, the present invention utilizes exchange ion at the low glass of 400 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient.According to the present invention, even can use exchange ion to be lower than 2.10 at 490 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient at 490 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient low glass, particularly exchange ion
-15m
2.s
-1Glass.According to this viewpoint, the present invention relates to the chemical tempering field with going against the tide, because utilization of the present invention has the glass of low ion interdiffustion coefficient, yet when adopting chemical process to make this glass tempering, just shows low chemical tempering ability.
The principle of chemical tempering operation itself is known.Not too can carry out this fact of pristine glass that chemical tempering is handled by the chemical tempering technology being changed using on the one hand, on the other hand by the sufficiently long operating time to reach the desired ion-exchange degree of depth and surface stress value, the chemical tempering technology of classics can be applied to the present invention like this.
This chemical tempering is handled can make Glass Surface Modification.But this core is not exchange still, and the result is after chemical tempering is handled, and the viscosity points of core is the viscosity points of glass before its chemical tempering.
Before adopting chemical tempering to handle, pristine glass should contain alkalimetal oxide.This oxide compound can be Na
2O or Li
2O, and the content in this glass for example is 1-20 weight %.It is the alkalimetal ion that exists in raw material glass with other bigger alkalimetal ion displacement that this chemical tempering is handled.If the oxide compound of beginning is Na
2O then passes through KNO
3Handle the applied chemistry toughening method, thereby use K at least in part
+Ion exchange Na
+Ion.If the oxide compound of beginning is Li
2O then passes through NaNO
3Or KNO
3Handle the applied chemistry toughening method, thereby according to this situation Na
+Or K
+Ion to small part is replaced Li
+Ion.This tempering reaches K
+Or Na
+Ion concentration gradient begins to reduce perpendicular at least one interarea and from described interarea.
Raw material glass (before the chemical tempering) and final glass (behind the chemical tempering) are the silicon dioxide base unorganic glasses.
Final glass is basic metal-blended, promptly contains (particularly because glass stands the chemical tempering processing) glass of at least two kinds of Different Alkali metal oxides.Generally speaking, it contains 50-80% silicon-dioxide SiO
2, contain 5-30% formula M here usually
2The O alkalimetal oxide, M is a basic metal in the formula, for example Na, K or Li.Before chemical tempering, the glass of use contains the silicon-dioxide of same amount and the alkalimetal oxide of basic same total amount, with the final glass difference be that raw material glass may only contain single alkalimetal oxide.This chemical tempering is handled the exchange interaction of alkalimetal ion has been taken place, but does not change total molar content of alkalimetal oxide.
Generally speaking, pending sheet glass being immersed selected hot salt bath (generally is NaNO
3Or KNO
3) in carry out this chemical tempering and handle.This salt bath contains concentrated salt.Generally under 380 ℃-520 ℃ of temperature, carry out this chemical tempering and handle, in any case carry out this chemical tempering under the temperature of pending glass transition temperature and handle being lower than.This chemical tempering is handled on the glass surface of handling and is produced ion-exchange, and its degree of depth for example can be up to 300 μ m.This ion-exchange is the root that causes the alkalimetal ion concentration gradient.Generally speaking, this gradient is characterised in that from interarea and begins and towards the direction of sheet glass core, being brought ionic concentration to reduce by this chemical tempering (generally is K
+Or Na
+).This gradient for example is present in this surface and the degree of depth at the most between the 300 μ m.
Can determine ion-exchange degree of depth Pe as follows:
A) use formula
In the formula:
α represents and begins alkalimetal oxide (Na for example in this glass
2O or Li
2O) mole %,
The initial total mass of glass (before the tempering) that the mi representative is represented with gram,
The glass molar mass that the Mv representative is represented with gram/mole,
Δ m representative is increased weight with the glass during tempering of gram expression,
The thickness of glass that the ev representative is represented with micron,
So obtain the Pe that represents with micron,
B) or adopt the microprobe sectional view, in this case, the degree of depth in the time of will equaling about 0.5% glass basis content by the ion content that tempering brings is defined as ion-exchange degree of depth Pe.
Should also be noted that in addition this chemical tempering makes the physical strength of this window glass be improved.This just makes it be particularly suitable for using the hinge (charniere) (as door) that directly connects together with this window glass, does not need doorframe (cadre porteur).For example use metal sealing-ring (not needing handling machinery (porteur)) but can expect also to be to use, for example the sealing-ring made from aluminium or stainless steel prevents that this window glass edge is subjected to mechanical shock.A kind of like this sealing-ring is placed in this window glass edge.
Glass of the present invention or window glass mainly are used as the outer wall (constituting the part of door usually) of pyrolysis oven, stove, chimney pin.Under the situation of pyrolysis oven, this window glass generally constitutes the part (this comprises these doors) of wall, comprising at least two parallel window glasss, generally speaking five parallel window glasss at the most, three parallel window glasss in most of the cases, described parallel window glass separates with thin gas cloud.The wall that comprises window glass of the present invention can be an at least one this window glass, and more particularly it directly contacts with the interior medium of stove, and this medium can be warmed up to 460-530 ℃.The wall that comprises window glass of the present invention can generally be raised to medium temperature 460-530 ℃ pyrolysis oven stove outside inner and with the contact environment air to be separated.Under the situation of stove and chimney pin, generally speaking, this window glass is just in order to separate stove or chimney pin inside with this parts medium.In this case, the realization of window glass of the present invention own will be raised to temperature 300-530 ℃ thermal medium and separate with the cold medium that is made of this parts ambient air.Can think that in the application's scope ambient air is that these parts are raised to 18-40 ℃, about especially 20 ℃ medial temperature.
Consider desired application, window glass of the present invention can bear at least one following condition usually especially and be not broken:
-a) in air 500 ℃ of heating at least 300 hours, then 300 ℃ of heating 1 hour, (this means do not allow this window glass cooling) sprays 20 ℃ of water more at once,
-b) in air under 400 ℃ at least 3 years, (this means do not allow this window glass cooling) sprayed 20 ℃ of water in this window glass one side then at once,
-c) one of them interarea (is being a neutral to this window glass chemically temperature 350-530 ℃ of following the contact with first kind of gaseous media, concrete example such as air), another face is hanging down at least 50 ℃ than first kind of gas medium temperature, even to contact with second kind of gaseous media under at least 100 ℃ the temperature (be neutral to this window glass chemically, concrete example such as air), these conditions kept 2 hours at least, then sprayed 20 ℃ of water toward this edge-on quarter that contacts with thermal medium.The temperature of second kind of gaseous media can be the ambient air temp of parts.
-d) in the window glass that comprises the polylith parallel glass (for example 2,3,4 or 5 blocks of glass), window glass of the present invention with its other parallel glass in conjunction with the time, these different window glasss separate with thin layer of air, and this be for described window glass (be neutral chemically with first kind of gaseous media under temperature 350-530 ℃ to this window glass, concrete example such as air), with lower at least 50 ℃ than first kind of gas medium temperature, even second kind of gaseous media under at least 100 ℃ the temperature (is being neutral to this window glass chemically, concrete example such as air) separately, these conditions kept 2 hours at least, then at once toward the 20 ℃ of water of this side sprinkling that contacts with thermal medium.In this application, window glass of the present invention can contact with the hottest medium.In this application, all these glass can be glass of the present invention.The temperature of second kind of gaseous media can be the ambient air temp of parts.
The thickness of window glass of the present invention can be 2-7mm.More particularly, the present invention can be applicable to thickness 2.8-5mm, especially the window glass of about 3mm.This window glass is sheet glass normally.
In door, glass of the present invention or window glass can be installed, particularly including the hinge that directly fuses with described window glass.Glass of the present invention, window glass or door can be installed in cooking stove, fire door, chimney pin, stove or stove, particularly pyrolysis oven.More generally, two kinds of gaseous medias that glass of the present invention or window glass can be used for having differing temps separate, the temperature of first kind of medium is 300-530 ℃, the temperature of second kind of medium is than low 50 ℃ at least in first kind of medium, even low 100 ℃ at least, the temperature of second kind of medium or even room temperature reduce owing to good thermal shock strength makes broken danger like this.
Allow have the present invention at the stand-by glass of purposes 500 ℃ or 400 ℃ of heating, then spray 20 ℃ of water 400 ℃ of thermal shockings toward this window glass one side, so carry out a plurality of circulations up to this glass breakage, the special like this performance that can determine this glass.It is many more that this window glass bears circulation, it just can be fit to more at purposes.Window glass of the present invention can bear at least 50 these circulations, even at least 100 circulations, even at least 200 circulations.
When some minutes are long especially like this, can estimate this time by calculating according to for quicken the result that this test measures under comparatively high temps.For example, can estimate steady time from 500 ℃ of tests of carrying out at 400 ℃.For this reason, the inventor has found following formula to estimate:
400 ℃ evaluation time=at 500 ℃ minutes.CD5
00/ CD
400, CD wherein
500Be the exchange alkalimetal ion at 500 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient, and CD
400Be that the exchange alkalimetal ion is at 400 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient.Embodiment 2 has adopted this approximation method.
Among the embodiment, adopted following title or abbreviation below:
-Pe: the exchange degree of depth of alkalimetal ion behind this chemical tempering,
-Cs: surface stress,
-SP: viscosity points,
-CD: the interdiffustion coefficient of exchange alkalimetal ion,
-CD
490: the exchange alkalimetal ion is at 490 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient,
-CD
400: the exchange alkalimetal ion is at 400 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient,
-Tt: the temperature of this chemical tempering,
-Dt: the time of this chemical tempering,
-cycle number: when reaching window glass and breaking 500 ℃/in the cycle number of 20 ℃ of spray water.
For these embodiment, adopted following measuring technology:
-exchange the degree of depth: the mensuration by taking by weighing weight before and after the chemical tempering (, likes a)
-surface stress: adopt layer refractometer to measure (particularly at the paper " These de Docteur Ing é nieur " of C.Guillemet, academy of sciences, instrument of describing in Paris (1968)).
Embodiment
Trade mark Solidion, Planilux and CS77 glass that use is sold by Saint-Gobain Glass France.
Table 1 is listed viscosity points SP (strain point (strain the point)) value of these glass when these embodiment adopt temperature, and interdiffustion coefficient CD value.
Table 1
| SP | CD | CD 490/CD 400 | |
| Solidion | 500℃ | 400℃：4.5.10 -15m 2.s -1 460℃：2.3.10 -14m 2.s -1 490℃：4.5.1 -14m 2.s -1 500℃：5.8.1 -14m 2.s -1 | 10.5 |
| Planilux | 505℃ | 400℃：1.0.1 -15m 2.s -1 460℃：1.3.1 -15m 2.s -1 490℃：3.4.10 -15m 2.s -1 500℃：4.5.10 -15m 2.s -1 | 38.0 |
| CS77 | 585℃ | 400℃：3.8.10 -17m 2.s -1 460℃：4.3.10 -16m 2.s -1 490℃：9.35.10 -16m 2.s -1 500℃：1.4.10 -15m 2.s -1 | 24.5 |
The specimen preparation of these embodiment:
Get the window glass of being made by every kind of glass in these glass, its size 300 * 200 * e, e are the thickness of test window glass.Use is by the rib of the roasting limit of belt these glass of machining of the standard P 180Y of 3M sale.At the KNO that is raised to temperature T t
3Make these window glass tempering reach time D t in the bath.This processing makes surface layer of glass be in the compression shape, and they have been strengthened.
The enhancing rate that surface compression stress Cs that can be by measuring them and their exchange degree of depth Pe can characterize window glass.These two parameters are high more, and its enhancement is also big more.
All these window glasss have carried out chemical tempering, equal 150 μ m so that reach the exchange thickness Pe of every kind of window glass, and this is corresponding to the processing of listing in first three hurdle of table 2.The Cs that used the refractometer opticmeasurement has measured Pe by weight difference before and after the tempering.Use CS77 to carry out two tests, CS77 (A) and CS77 (B) determine the influence of chemical tempering time, therefore determine the influence of the exchange degree of depth.
Table 2
| e | Tt | Dt | Cs | Pe | |
| Solidion | 3mm | 460℃ | 17 hours | 450MPa | 178μm |
| Planilux | 2.8mm | 460℃ | 300 hours | 370MPa | 180μm |
| CS77(A) | 2.8mm | 490℃ | 360 hours | 350MPa | 176μm |
| CS77(B) | 2.8mm | 490℃ | 24 hours | 345Mpa | 45μm |
After these chemical temperings are handled, the poorest with the window glass enhancing that CS77 makes.
Embodiment 1: earlier after 500 ℃ at 400 ℃ stove
Chemical process enhanced sample carries out following circulation again to be repeated: 500 ℃ of heating 2 hours, then 400 ℃ of heating 1 hour, then at once toward this window glass one side spraying cold water (20 ℃).Repeat these circulations up to the glass fragmentation.Table 3 is listed the minimum cycle number of bearing before these glass fragmentations.
Table 3
| Cycle number | |
| Solidion | 4 |
| Planilux | 7 |
| CS77(A) | 250 |
| CS77(B) | 35 |
Embodiment 2: simulate 400 ℃ of family expenses stoves
From the result of front embodiment, simulation (adopting the formula that provides previously) is 400 ℃ of performances of moving window glass that stove is equipped with continuously.Table 4 is listed with cold water (20 ℃) and is sprayed the minimum heat-up time of hot window glass (400 ℃) when causing fragmentation.
Table 4
| Heat-up time before the thermal shocking fragmentation (400 ℃ time estimated value) | |
| Solidion | 103 hours (promptly 4.3 days) |
| Planilux | 630 hours (promptly 26 days) |
| CS77(A) | 18421 hours (promptly 2.1 years) |
Claims (22)
1. the glass that has the alkalimetal ion concentration gradient that begins from the surface, the exchange degree of depth at least 100 μ m of this alkalimetal ion, surface stress is at least 550 ℃ of the viscosity points of 200MPa and core at least, and wherein exchange ion is selected from Na
+, Li
+, K
+
Before adopting chemical tempering to handle, pristine glass should contain alkalimetal oxide, and this oxide compound is Na
2O or Li
2O, and the content in this glass is 1-20 weight %;
Final glass is basic metal-blended, contains the glass of at least two kinds of Different Alkali metal oxides, and it contains 50-80% silicon-dioxide SiO
2, contain 5-30% formula M
2The O alkalimetal oxide, M is Na, K or Li in the formula.
2. require described glass according to aforesaid right, it is characterized in that it is at the interdiffustion coefficient of 400 ℃ exchange alkalimetal ion at the most 9.10
-17m
2.s
-1
3. the described glass of each claim in requiring according to aforesaid right, it is characterized in that exchanging alkalimetal ion is at least 20 with the exchange alkalimetal ion at the ratio of 400 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient at 490 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient.
4. glass according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that exchanging alkalimetal ion and is lower than 2.10 at 490 ℃ interdiffustion coefficient
-15m
2s
-1
5. glass according to claim 1 and 2, the viscosity points that it is characterized in that core is at least 570 ℃.
6. glass according to claim 1 and 2, the exchange degree of depth that it is characterized in that alkalimetal ion are 300 μ m at the most.
7. require 1 or 2 described glass according to aforesaid right, it is characterized in that its conformance with standard EN60335-2-6.
8. comprise window glass according to the described glass of each claim in the aforesaid right requirement.
9. require 8 described window glasss according to aforesaid right, the thickness that it is characterized in that it is 2-7mm.
10. window glass according to claim 9, the thickness that it is characterized in that it is 2.8-5mm.
11. comprise the door of the described window glass of each claim among described glass of each claim among the aforesaid right requirement 1-7 or the aforesaid right requirement 8-10.
12. require 11 described doors according to aforesaid right, it comprises the hinge that directly fuses with described window glass.
13., it is characterized in that protecting the edge of this window glass with sealing-ring according to the described door of each claim in the claim of above-mentioned door.
14. comprise cooking stove according to the described door of each claim among described window glass of each claim or the aforesaid right requirement 11-13 among the described glass of each claim, the aforesaid right requirement 8-10 among the aforesaid right requirement 1-7.
15. comprise fire door according to the described door of each claim among described window glass of each claim or the aforesaid right requirement 11-13 among the described glass of each claim, the aforesaid right requirement 8-10 among the aforesaid right requirement 1-7.
16. comprise chimney pin according to the described door of each claim among described window glass of each claim or the aforesaid right requirement 11-13 among the described glass of each claim, the aforesaid right requirement 8-10 among the aforesaid right requirement 1-7.
17. comprise the stove of the described door of each claim in the claim of above-mentioned door.
18. require 17 described stoves according to aforesaid right, it is characterized in that it is the pyrolysis type.
19. comprise the stove of the described door of each claim in the claim of above-mentioned door.
20. according to the purposes of the described window glass of each claim in the claim of above-mentioned window glass in two kinds of gaseous medias that will have differing temps separate, the temperature of first kind of gaseous media is 300-530 ℃, and the temperature of second kind of gaseous media is than first kind low at least 50 ℃.
21. require 20 described purposes according to aforesaid right, the temperature that it is characterized in that second kind of gaseous media is than first kind low at least 100 ℃.
22. purposes according to claim 21 is characterized in that second kind of medium is room temperature.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0312648A FR2861720B1 (en) | 2003-10-29 | 2003-10-29 | TEMPERED GLASS FOR THERMAL INSULATION |
| FR0312648 | 2003-10-29 | ||
| FR0400596 | 2004-01-22 | ||
| FR0400596A FR2865471A1 (en) | 2004-01-22 | 2004-01-22 | Glass material, for thermal insulation applications, is hardened chemically to give a structured depth of alkaline ion concentrations from the surface with a given surface stress and core viscosity point |
| PCT/FR2004/050486 WO2005042428A2 (en) | 2003-10-29 | 2004-10-05 | Tempered glass for thermal insulation |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1874969A CN1874969A (en) | 2006-12-06 |
| CN1874969B true CN1874969B (en) | 2011-09-14 |
Family
ID=34429713
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2004800320714A Expired - Fee Related CN1874969B (en) | 2003-10-29 | 2004-10-05 | Tempered glass for thermal insulation |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1874969B (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2861720B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5622069B2 (en) * | 2009-01-21 | 2014-11-12 | 日本電気硝子株式会社 | Tempered glass, tempered glass and method for producing tempered glass |
| FR2951715A1 (en) * | 2009-10-22 | 2011-04-29 | Saint Gobain | TEMPERED GLASS SPACEUR |
| FR2969460B1 (en) * | 2010-12-17 | 2012-12-28 | Eurokera | INDUCTION COOKING DEVICE |
| FR3015470B1 (en) | 2013-12-20 | 2018-03-16 | Eurokera S.N.C. | INDUCTION COOKTOP AND METHOD OF OBTAINING |
| CN106273105A (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2017-01-04 | 天津市富利达橡胶制品有限公司 | A kind of high security vulcanizing press |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3356477A (en) * | 1963-12-04 | 1967-12-05 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Method of increasing stain resistance of a glass body subjected to an ion exchange strengthening set-up |
| GB2171990B (en) * | 1985-03-08 | 1988-12-07 | Central Glass Co Ltd | Method of strengthening glass article formed of float glass by ion exchange and strengthened glass article |
| DD235864A1 (en) * | 1985-04-02 | 1986-05-21 | Univ Schiller Jena | OPTICAL GLASS WITH HIGH CATION DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS |
| JP2837005B2 (en) * | 1991-05-20 | 1998-12-14 | ホーヤ株式会社 | Glass for chemical strengthening |
| US6128926A (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2000-10-10 | Dicon Fiberoptics, Inc. | Graded index lens for fiber optic applications and technique of fabrication |
| US6436859B1 (en) * | 1999-03-25 | 2002-08-20 | Central Glass Company, Limited | Glass composition and ion exchange strengthened glass article produced from same |
| FR2801302B1 (en) * | 1999-11-22 | 2001-12-21 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | PROCESS FOR PROCESSING GLASS SUBSTRATES AND GLASS SUBSTRATES FOR PRODUCING VISUALIZATION SCREENS |
-
2003
- 2003-10-29 FR FR0312648A patent/FR2861720B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-10-05 CN CN2004800320714A patent/CN1874969B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1874969A (en) | 2006-12-06 |
| FR2861720B1 (en) | 2006-01-27 |
| FR2861720A1 (en) | 2005-05-06 |
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