CN1852832B - 气体卸载系统 - Google Patents
气体卸载系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1852832B CN1852832B CN2004800269205A CN200480026920A CN1852832B CN 1852832 B CN1852832 B CN 1852832B CN 2004800269205 A CN2004800269205 A CN 2004800269205A CN 200480026920 A CN200480026920 A CN 200480026920A CN 1852832 B CN1852832 B CN 1852832B
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Abstract
一种用于从油船(13)卸载LNG、即液化天然气,以最终输送至岸上气体分配站(42)的系统(10)。该系统包括在海面处浮动且与油船连接以使它们一起随风向改变方位的浮式结构(12)。该浮式结构装载用于加热LNG以生成气体的再气化单元(22),并经由立管(32)输送该气体至存储该气体的地下洞穴(30)。来自洞穴的气体经由海底管道(40)输送至岸上气体分配站。再气化单元包括水泵和其它用电的设备。电力可自浮式结构上的发电机(200)获得,剩余电力经由至少部分地沿着海底延伸的海底电力线(194)输送至岸上电力分配设备(192)。电力也可通过经由向上延伸至浮式结构和再气化单元的海底电力线从岸上设备输送获得。
Description
背景技术
在大气压力和室温(例如,20℃)下处于气态的碳氢化合物通常作为呈液态的冷碳氢化合物例如LNG(液化天然气)利用船舶在大气压力和-160℃下运输。用船舶运输的另一冷气态碳氢化合物形式是水合物(夹在冰内的气体)。在船舶的目的地,LNG(或者其它气体)被加热并流至岸上分配设备。已提出的现有卸载站包括从海底起向上延伸至海面上方高度的固定平台和该平台上用于加热LNG的再气化单元。因为处理LNG的火灾危险,先前已提出使用挠性连接件尽可能少的刚性平台来从油船卸载LNG并加热LNG以使其气化。
即便在中等深度处,固定平台的成本也较高,在更大深度(例如,超过50米)处,固定平台的成本会急剧增大。另外,如果平台位于远海,则难以把油船系泊在平台上,因为油船会随着风、波浪以及水流的变化而移动位置和船首方向。避免采用固定平台且提供LNG卸载、加热和储存所需要的高可靠性的海上LNG卸载及再气化站将降低此站的成本,并允许它们用在它们先前不实用的场合。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种海上气体卸载系统,所述系统位于具有海面和海底的海中,其中,油船卸载室温下为气态的液化冷碳氢化合物,该系统包括:浮式结构,位于所述海面处且被系泊以使其随风向改变方位;再气化单元,位于所述浮式结构上,所述再气化单元加热自所述油船接收的所述冷碳氢化合物中的至少一些,所述再气化单元是用电供给能量的;海底平台,位于所述海底处;立管,从所述浮式结构延伸至所述海底平台以从其中一方至另一方输送所述碳氢化合物;所述浮式结构与所述油船连接以形成一种共同随风向改变方位的所述浮式结构与所述油船的组合;至少一个系泊线,从所述海底延伸至所述组合以系泊所述组合并允许所述组合随风向改变方位;和安装在所述浮式结构上的发电装置,利用来自所述再气化单元的气体来给所述发电装置提供燃料,且所述发电装置产生用于给所述再气化单元提供能量的电力。
本发明还提供了一种用于操纵与海岸保持一段距离且从油船卸载冷碳氢化合物的海上设备以在加热之后把所述碳氢化合物输送至所述海岸上的海岸站的方法,包括:从所述油船卸载所述冷碳氢化合物至一具有再气化单元和注射单元的浮式结构,使所述冷碳氢化合物流经所述再气化单元以生成经加热的气态碳氢化合物以及使所述气态碳氢化合物流经所述注射单元以给其加压;使所述气态碳氢化合物流至所述海岸站;所述浮式结构具有转动架,且包括利用从所述转动架延伸至所述海底的多条系泊线把所述浮式结构系泊到所述海底;连接所述油船与所述浮式结构以形成一种共同随风向改变方位的组合,用电力给所述再气化单元和所述注射单元供能,以及自所述浮式结构上的发电机获取电力。
本发明还提供了一种海上气体卸载系统,所述系统位于具有海底和海面的海中,位于海岸的大约五十公里内,且用于从油船卸载冷碳氢化合物,该系统包括:浮式结构,位于所述海面处且具有用于从所述油船接收所述液态冷碳氢化合物的流体连接件;存储气体的洞穴;海底平台和至少一根从所述海底平台延伸至所述洞穴的管;至少一根立管,从所述浮式结构延伸至所述海底平台且与所述管相连接以在所述海面结构与所述洞穴之间输送所述碳氢化合物;所述浮式结构装载包括再气化单元在内的用电供给能量的设备;电力设备,位于所述海岸上;电流输送电线,在所述海面结构与所述海岸上的所述电力设备之间延伸以在它们之间输送电力.
本发明还提供了一种用于操纵与海岸保持一段距离且从油船卸载冷碳氢化合物的海上设备以在加热之后把所述碳氢化合物输送至所述海岸上的海岸站的方法,包括从所述油船卸载所述冷碳氢化合物至一具有再气化单元的浮式结构,使所述冷碳氢化合物流经所述再气化单元以生成经加热的气态碳氢化合物;使所述经加热的气态碳氢化合物流至所述海岸站。所述方法还包括:利用所述经加热的气态碳氢化合物中的一些来给所述浮式结构上的发电装置供应燃料,以生成足够的电力来给所述再气化单元供能和给所述气体加压;当可从所述发电装置获得多余电力时,把所述电力从所述发电装置沿着海底电线输送至岸上设备。
依据本发明的一个实施例,一种成本较低的系统提供用于卸载冷碳氢化合物、尤其LNG(液化天然气),并运输该气体至岸上气体分配站。此系统包括在海面处被系泊以使其随风向改变方位的浮式结构例如驳船。装载LNG的油船本身与浮式结构连接,以使它们一起随风向改变方位(weathervane)。通常利用与海水传递热量来加热LNG的再气化单元把LNG转换为气体,该气体能够更容易地经由适度成本的软管或者管路最终流至岸上分配站。
新油船可能每周都到达浮式结构处,且可能要在一天里尽可能迅速地努力卸载该油船。为提供气体至岸上分配站的定常流,多数被迅速卸载和再气化的LNG存储在地下(通常海下)洞穴内。气体沿着海底管道缓慢地从洞穴流至岸上分配站,以提供定常气体供应而岸上站不需要大型气体存储设备。
为了安全和方便,再气化单元和用于给气体加压的泵优选是利用电力供给能量的。需要大约60兆瓦的电力。此电力可从浮式结构上的发电装置获得,该发电装置利用来自油船的气体作为燃料。再气化单元仅部分时间需要电力,例如每周在LNG被卸载和再气化时的那一天。在剩余时间(例如,每周的若干天)里,来自发电机的电力经由海底电力线流至岸上电力分配设备。在浮式结构处生成电力是经济的,因为气体燃料已经是可获得的且因为不需要大量昂贵土地来出于安全原因分隔发电装置与岸上住宅及商业。
电力也可从岸上电力分配设备获得。在这种情况中,电力线从岸上设备起沿着海底并向上延伸至浮式结构。
本发明的新颖特征特别阐述在所附权利要求书中。当结合附图阅读以下说明书时,将最好地理解本发明。
附图说明
图1是本发明第一实施例的海上气体卸载及运输系统的局部剖视侧视图。
图1A是图1所示系统的一部分的俯视图。
图1B是图1A的一种变形的系统一部分的俯视图。
图2是本发明另一实施例的海上气体卸载及运输系统的局部剖视侧视图。
图3是本发明另一实施例的海上气体卸载及运输系统的局部剖视侧视图。
图4是本发明另一实施例的海上气体卸载及运输系统的局部剖视侧视图。
图5是本发明另一实施例的海上气体卸载及运输系统的局部剖视侧视图。
图6是本发明另一实施例的海上气体卸载及运输系统的等大顶视图。
图7是图6所示系统的剖视侧视图。
图8是本发明另一实施例的海上气体卸载及运输系统的剖视侧视图。
具体实施例
图1表示一种包括浮式结构的卸载及运输系统10,该浮式结构可随风向改变方位且表现为在海面15上飘浮的单驳船12(可能多于一艘驳船)形式。此驳船经由从油船13的船身中央部起延伸的连接件17和装油臂11接收LNG。此驳船经由从转动架20起延伸的链条16系泊到海底14,该转动架20安装在驳船的船首处。所示链条呈悬链曲线延伸至海底且沿着海底至锚固件。优选的,油船系泊到驳船上,它们一起随风向改变方位。这允许驳船和油船一体移动,从而在远海上保持靠拢。再气化单元22(用于加热LNG以生成气体)和用于把LNG或气体泵压至高压的注射单元24都位于驳船上且用于把气体注入海下的地下洞穴30内。再气化单元通常从海水传递热量给LNG以把其转化为气体。挠性立管32(往往为两根或多根)从海底上的平台34起向上延伸至驳船。此平台经由管36与其内储存加压气体的洞穴30连通,该加压气体是加热LNG得到的。管道40主要沿着海底延伸至岸上气体分配站42。此岸上站可以是把气体分配给用户的供气网、把气体分配给燃气轮机的发电站等。
挠性立管32和位于其相对端处的连接件50,52可被制造得相当可靠。另外,在平台上的54处以及驳船上具有可靠的切断阀。在过去大约四十年中,大量挠性立管已被设计、构造且用于在海上钻井设备中从海下储油层产出碳氢化合物(通常包括气体和液体)。由这种应用获得的经验导致了高可靠性。通过在本浮式卸载及注射站中采用这种可靠的挠性立管和切断阀,本申请人能够实现与以前利用固定平台所实现的相同高标准,而成本却很低。
图1A表示被固定到一起以共同绕转动架轴56随风向改变方位的油船13和驳船12的组合62。图1B表示另一组合64,其中,油船经由缆索60系泊到驳船上,使它们一起随风向改变方位。
图2表示类似于图1的卸载/注射系统80,只是表示了两根立管72,74。一根立管72与延伸至洞穴30的管76连接。另一根立管74直接与延伸至岸上站82的海底管道80连接。83所示裂口表示管道较长(例如,超过一公里)。驳船90上的增压单元84可给经由管道80泵送的气体施压。此加压气体经由阀引入岸上站82,而该气体不需要利用岸上站加压。这使得84处的泵远离岸上的任何载人构造。
在船舶上再气化LNG以及从该船舶卸载气体的过程中,一些被卸载气体经由立管72注入洞穴30中,而其它气体经由立管74输送至岸上站。当没有任何LNG被卸载时,气体经由立管72移离洞穴,通过增压单元84增大该气体的压力,并经由立管74把该气体输送至岸上站。因此,立管72双向使用。
图3表示这样一种系统100,其中,驳船102经由与导管105连接的低温管道或者挠性管104把LNG直接注入洞穴内.在洞穴106内,LNG逐渐转变成其气态.该气体经由一种从洞穴上部通向海底管道110的独立管112排出,该海底管道110延伸至岸上站114.
在图4中,来自驳船的所有气体都流经海底管道120至岸上站122,该岸上站122把气体注入与其直接连接的洞穴124内。
在图5中,冷LNG经由低温软管或管道立管132从驳船130泵送,并经由低温海底管道134直接进入岸上注射器及再气化单元136,该单元136经由管138与洞穴140连接。依据预期排气率和已经存储在洞穴内的数量,注射器136可注射LNG或者在注射之前再气化一些或者全部LNG。气体经由通向另一岸上站144的独立管142移出洞穴。
图6表示另一用于自油船152卸载气态碳氢化合物的卸载站150。油船152装载在-165℃和大气压力下作为LNG的碳氢化合物。此站包括直接连接浮式结构154。直接连接浮式结构包括浮力调节浮式系统160和推进系统162,该推进系统162允许浮式结构位于水下、缓慢地推进其自身直至其下油船部164位于油船下方、然后排放其压舱水(通过排空压载水舱的水)直至其部分164,166与油船接合。这种结构先前已用于从油船卸载原油。
图6所示的特定浮式结构154还包括用于加热LNG以使其变成气态的再气化系统170。此浮式结构经由立管172把气态碳氢化合物泵入海底洞穴和/或经由管道泵送至岸上站。通过再气化LNG,申请人避免了需要提供非常昂贵的低温立管。
图6表示一种装载有液压旋转头176的海底基地174。锚索180从与旋转头176连接的轭架182起延伸至油船的船首184以系泊该油船,使该油船随风向改变方位。该结构154与油船一起随风向改变方位。
需要能量来启动推进和压载系统以及再气化系统。再气化系统利用所泵送的海水来加热用于加热LNG的中间液体或者甚至直接加热LNG,以生成气态碳氢化合物。该碳氢化合物被泵送入洞穴191(图7)和/或延伸至岸上气体设备192的海底气体管道190内。当浮式结构位于海岸附近(例如,距离海岸不超过五十公里)时,电力可从图7所示电力线194获取。电力线优选平行于管道延伸。电力线的海岸端196与岸上的发电设备例如公用电线200或者特定的岸基发电站连接。在给油船卸货时,图6以及图1-5所示浮式结构消耗大约60兆瓦特(例如,高达200MW)的电力。当海底基地位于海岸的大约五十公里(少于70km)内以使沿电力线的电力损耗仅适度时,与海岸连接的电力线是最实用的。电力线优选部分位于海底上。在多数情况下,浮式结构在其最大飘移中位于离海岸至少50米处,海底平台位于离海岸(满潮)至少50米处。
还可提供图7中201所示的小型发电站(例如,60MW),该发电站201利用小部分(远少于50%)的受热气体作为燃料来连续产生电力。此电力可能在五或七天里使用一天,主要用于把海水泵入热交换器以及给气体加压。在五天里的其它四天或者在七天里的其它六天中,电力沿着电力线194输送至海岸。
图8表示这样一种系统210,该系统210包括经由其转动架214系泊到海底的浮式结构212.立管(一根或多根立管)216输送气体至海底存储器220以及至一种沿着海底延伸至海岸的管道222.主要沿着海底延伸的电力线224从转动架起、越过浮筒226且沿着海底226延伸至岸上的设备.该浮式结构装载有产生电力的气动发电机230,该电力用于给单元231提供能量以及用于给气体加压,该单元231用于例如通过经由热交换器泵送海水来再气化(加热)来自油船(未表示)的LNG.当不再气化或者泵送时,切换装置232使所产生的电力经由电力线224转移至P处的岸上设备,以加入到利用本地电气设施生成的电力中.电力也可经由电力线从本地设施传递至动力设备.
在遇到偶然的恶劣天气条件例如暴风雨或者飓风的情况下,立管可被构造成与浮式结构断开并放置在海底上或者浮在水下位置。该浮式结构可与立管以及与其系泊系统断开,并可被拖走以随后再安装。
因此,本发明提供了一种用于把气体自油船(其中,气体呈液态例如LNG存储)运输到海下或者地下洞穴和/或海岸的气体卸载及运输系统。即使该系统位于深度相当大的海中,也可用适度的成本来构造该系统。此系统包括通过悬链线链条系泊到海底的浮式结构例如驳船。在多数情况下,浮式结构被系泊以便其随风向改变方位,从而总是沿着最小阻力的方向面向海洋。把气体运送给驳船的油船被系泊以与浮式结构一起随风向改变方位,使得在远海上的卸载过程中该油船和浮式结构能够保持相互连接。随风向改变方位的油船不能容易地系泊到远海内的固定平台上。在一个系统中,浮式结构是随风向改变方位的驳船。在另一系统中,浮式结构是直接连接浮式结构,其本身不具有可转动以总是面向逆风的船首,而是与被系泊的油船连接,从而与该油船一起随风向改变方位。电流输送电缆可在浮式结构与岸基电力构造之间延伸,以给该浮式结构输送电力,从而给泵及其它设备供应能量,或者在浮式结构处不使用电力时把电力从该浮式结构上的发电站输送至海岸。
Claims (10)
1.一种海上气体卸载系统(10,70,100,150,210),所述系统位于具有海面(15)和海底(14,228)的海中,其中,油船(13,152)卸载室温下为气态的液化冷碳氢化合物,该系统包括:
浮式结构(12,90,102,130,154,212),位于所述海面处且被系泊以使其随风向改变方位;
再气化单元(22,170),位于所述浮式结构上,所述再气化单元加热自所述油船接收的所述冷碳氢化合物中的至少一些,所述再气化单元是用电供给能量的;
海底平台(34,174),位于所述海底处;
立管(32,132,172,216),从所述浮式结构延伸至所述海底平台以从其中一方至另一方输送所述碳氢化合物;
所述浮式结构与所述油船连接以形成一种共同随风向改变方位的所述浮式结构与所述油船的组合(60,62);
至少一个系泊线(16),从所述海底延伸至所述组合以系泊所述组合并允许所述组合随风向改变方位;和
安装在所述浮式结构上的发电装置(200,230),利用来自所述再气化单元的气体来给所述发电装置提供燃料,且所述发电装置产生用于给所述再气化单元提供能量的电力。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,包括:
地下洞穴(30,106,124,140,191,220)以及与所述洞穴和所述立管连接的管(36,76,138),从而把所述气体中的至少一些存储在所述洞穴内。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统,包括:
岸上气体分配站(42,82,114,122,144,192);
海底管道(40,80,100,120,134,190,222),与所述洞穴连接且主要沿着所述海底从所述洞穴延伸至所述岸上气体分配站,以从所述洞穴输送所述气体至所述岸上气体分配站。
4.如权利要求2所述的系统,包括:
岸上气体分配站(82);
第二立管(74),从所述浮式结构延伸至所述海底;
海底管道(80),主要沿着所述海底从所述第二立管的底端延伸至所述岸上气体分配站,从而可使所述气体流入所述洞穴或者直接流至所述岸上气体分配站而不流经所述洞穴。
5.如权利要求2所述的系统,包括:
岸上气体分配站(114);
所述立管包括低温软管(104),且包括导管(105),该导管把利用所述浮式结构接收的所述冷碳氢化合物中的一些直接输送至所述洞穴(106)而不流经所述再气化单元,从而所述液态冷碳氢化合物经由所述低温软管和与所述低温软管连接的所述导管往下流动;
所述洞穴具有上部和下部,且包括海底气体管道(110),所述海底气体管道(110)具有与所述洞穴上部连接以从所述洞穴接收气体的近端(112),所述管道延伸至所述岸上气体分配站。
6.如权利要求1所述的系统,包括:
岸上电力分配设备(200);
电流输送电线(194,224),从所述发电装置延伸至所述海底并沿着所述海底至所述岸上电力分配设备,用于当所述浮式结构处不需要此电力时把所述电力输送至所述岸上电力分配设备。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于:
所述再气化单元是用电供给能量的;且包括
岸上电力分配设备(200);
电流输送电线(194,224),从所述岸上电力分配设备起沿着所述海底至所述浮式结构下方的位置并向上经由海洋至所述浮式结构,以给所述再气化单元输送电力。
8.一种用于操纵与海岸保持一段距离且从油船卸载冷碳氢化合物的海上设备以在加热之后把所述碳氢化合物输送至所述海岸上的海岸站的方法,包括:
从所述油船卸载所述冷碳氢化合物至一具有再气化单元和注射单元的浮式结构,使所述冷碳氢化合物流经所述再气化单元以生成经加热的气态碳氢化合物以及使所述气态碳氢化合物流经所述注射单元以给其加压;
使所述气态碳氢化合物流至所述海岸站;
所述浮式结构具有转动架,且包括利用从所述转动架延伸至海底的多条系泊线把所述浮式结构系泊到所述海底;
连接所述油船与所述浮式结构以形成一种共同随风向改变方位的组合,
用电力给所述再气化单元和所述注射单元供能,以及自所述浮式结构上的发电机获取电力、或者经由至少部分地沿着所述海底延伸的电力线从岸上设备获取电力。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,包括:
使所述气态碳氢化合物中的至少一些流至地下洞穴以便储存,以及使所述气态碳氢化合物从所述洞穴流至所述海岸站。
10.如权利要求8所述的方法,包括:
当不需要所有电力来给所述再气化单元和所述注射单元供能时,使所述电力从所述发电机输送至岸上分配站。
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
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US50444903P | 2003-09-19 | 2003-09-19 | |
US60/504,449 | 2003-09-19 | ||
US10/923,577 US6973948B2 (en) | 2003-09-19 | 2004-08-20 | Gas offloading system |
US10/923,577 | 2004-08-20 | ||
PCT/US2004/030052 WO2005032942A1 (en) | 2003-09-19 | 2004-09-15 | Gas offloading system |
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CN1852832A CN1852832A (zh) | 2006-10-25 |
CN1852832B true CN1852832B (zh) | 2010-05-12 |
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CN2004800269205A Expired - Fee Related CN1852832B (zh) | 2003-09-19 | 2004-09-15 | 气体卸载系统 |
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EP (1) | EP1663786A4 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1852832B (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI0414561B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2537496C (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA06003074A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2005032942A1 (zh) |
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NO20050856L (no) * | 2005-02-17 | 2006-08-18 | Statoil Asa | System og fremgangsmate for offshore lossing og regassifisering av LNG |
KR101121721B1 (ko) * | 2010-01-28 | 2012-02-28 | 에스티엑스조선해양 주식회사 | 부유식 엘엔지 재기화설비 |
AU2011255490B2 (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2015-07-23 | Excelerate Energy Limited Partnership | Systems and methods for treatment of LNG cargo tanks |
NO341820B1 (en) * | 2016-05-18 | 2018-01-29 | Blystad Energy Man As | Natural gas power plant arrangement |
JP2018034668A (ja) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-03-08 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | ガス移送施設、発電施設 |
KR20240034252A (ko) * | 2018-06-01 | 2024-03-13 | 스틸헤드 엘엔지 (에이에스엘엔지) 엘티디. | 액화 장치, 방법, 및 시스템 |
CN115075879B (zh) * | 2022-06-24 | 2023-07-21 | 中国矿业大学 | 一种基于深部地下岩洞复合加固的储氢结构及其施工方法 |
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FR2413536A1 (fr) * | 1977-12-30 | 1979-07-27 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Poste de mouillage et de transfert pour la production d'hydrocarbures au large des cotes |
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US6546739B2 (en) * | 2001-05-23 | 2003-04-15 | Exmar Offshore Company | Method and apparatus for offshore LNG regasification |
AU2002360981A1 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2003-06-23 | Single Buoy Moorings Inc. | Weathervaning lng offloading system |
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2004
- 2004-09-15 CA CA002537496A patent/CA2537496C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-09-15 EP EP04784045.9A patent/EP1663786A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-09-15 BR BRPI0414561-5A patent/BRPI0414561B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-09-15 MX MXPA06003074A patent/MXPA06003074A/es active IP Right Grant
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CN1003781B (zh) * | 1985-04-01 | 1989-04-05 | 布隆·福斯造船公司 | 连接于油船使其锚定于油井之上的锚定和输送系统 |
CN1286665A (zh) * | 1997-12-18 | 2001-03-07 | 美国油田钻探公司 | 海洋生产和贮存设备及其安装方法 |
CN1380966A (zh) * | 2000-06-14 | 2002-11-20 | Bp北美公司 | 天然气生产、运输、卸载、储存及向销售地分送的方法 |
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CN1852832A (zh) | 2006-10-25 |
EP1663786A1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
BRPI0414561A8 (pt) | 2017-06-27 |
BRPI0414561A (pt) | 2006-11-07 |
EP1663786A4 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
WO2005032942A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
CA2537496C (en) | 2009-01-20 |
BRPI0414561B1 (pt) | 2021-01-26 |
MXPA06003074A (es) | 2006-06-20 |
CA2537496A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
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