CN1839806A - Methods for in vivo delivery of biologics and compositions useful therefor - Google Patents

Methods for in vivo delivery of biologics and compositions useful therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1839806A
CN1839806A CNA2006100012790A CN200610001279A CN1839806A CN 1839806 A CN1839806 A CN 1839806A CN A2006100012790 A CNA2006100012790 A CN A2006100012790A CN 200610001279 A CN200610001279 A CN 200610001279A CN 1839806 A CN1839806 A CN 1839806A
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hemoglobin
polymer shell
oxygen
fluorine
shell
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CN1839806B (en
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马克W·格瑞恩斯达夫
帕特里克·树恩雄
迈克尔·王
保罗A·桑福德
肯尼思S·沙斯利克
内尔P·迪塞
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Abraxis Bioscience LLC
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U Bioscience Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A61K9/0026—Blood substitute; Oxygen transporting formulations; Plasma extender
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
    • A61K47/6925—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a microcapsule, nanocapsule, microbubble or nanobubble
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
    • A61K47/6927—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a solid microparticle having no hollow or gas-filled cores
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/0002—General or multifunctional contrast agents, e.g. chelated agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
    • A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
    • A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
    • A61K49/223—Microbubbles, hollow microspheres, free gas bubbles, gas microspheres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
    • A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
    • A61K49/226—Solutes, emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, semi-solid forms, e.g. hydrogels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
    • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/5052—Proteins, e.g. albumin
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/513—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers
    • A61K9/5138—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
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    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/513—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers
    • A61K9/5146—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyamines, polyanhydrides
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    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/513—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers
    • A61K9/5161—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, chitosan, cellulose derivatives; Cyclodextrin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
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    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/513—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers
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    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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Abstract

In accordance with the present invention, there are provided compositions useful for the in vivo delivery of a biologic, wherein the biologic is associated with a polymeric shell formulated from a biocompatible material. The biologic can be associated with the polymeric shell itself, and/or the biologic, optionally suspended/dispersed in a biocompatible dispersing agent, can be encased by the polymeric shell. In another aspect, the biologic associated with polymeric shell is administered to a subject, optionally dispersed in a suitable biocompatible liquid.

Description

The compositions that is used for transmitting the method for biological product in the body and is used for this method
The application is for dividing an application, and the application number of original application is 94191236.1 (PCT/US94/01985), and the applying date is on February 22nd, 1994, and denomination of invention is " compositions that is used for transmitting the method for biological product in the body and is used for this method ".
The present invention relates to interior transmission of body of biological product.On the one hand, be that the polymer shell that biological product and biocompatible material are made is combined.These biological product can combine by polymer shell itself, and/or biological product (or be suspended in/be scattered in the bio-compatible dispersant biological product) are included within the polymer shell.On the other hand, the biological product that will combine with polymer shell are given an individual administration, or are scattered in administration in a kind of suitable bio-compatible liquid.
The microsome and the external corpusculum that are present in the blood generally are by " blood filtration organ ", i.e. spleen, and lungs and lungs are removed from blood circulation.Institute contains particulate matter and comprises erythrocyte (8 microns of general diameters) in the normal whole blood, leukocyte (general diameter 6-8 micron) and platelet (general diameter 1-3 micron).Microcirculation in most of organs and the tissue can make these blood cells freely pass through.When the [that exists diameter greater than the 10-15 micron in the blood circulation (clot), wish the danger that has the capillary tube infraction or block, cause ischemia or oxygen lack and tissue necrosis may occur.Therefore, must avoid in blood circulation, injecting the granule of diameter greater than the 10-15 micron.However, still be comparatively safe less than the granule suspension of 7-8 micron, once transmitted the medicament active composition of liposome and Emulsion form, the contrast medium that nutritive reagent and imaging are used with it.
Particulate size and load mode thereof have determined their biological function.People [in such as Strand Microsphere-Biomedical Applications, ed.A.Rembaum, PP193-227, CRC Press (1988)] and reported once that particulate transmission status depended on their size.After the matter injection, the granule of size between several millimicrons to 100 millimicrons enters lymphatic capillary, phagocytosis will occur in lymph node between tissue.After vein/intra-arterial injection, can be very fast less than about 2 microns granule by the reticuloendothelial system in the blood (RES), also be referred to as mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), remove., after intravenous injection, can be caught greater than about 7 microns granule by pulmonary capillary.After the intra-arterial injection, at first capillary bed that arrives particle capture.The macrophage of little blister is caught the granule of suction.
For water insoluble or be insoluble in water concerning the medicine of gastric acid environment sensitivity, administration in the usual way (as intravenous injection or oral administration).Make the parenterai administration that stable fine grain emulsion can be realized these medicines by medicine in the presence of surfactant or emulsion stabilizer that oil is stable with aqueous solution (as normal saline) emulsifying.As long as the composition of emulsifying agent is an inert the pharmacology, promptly can be with these emulsifying agent intravenous injections.For example, United States Patent (USP) NO.4,073,943 has described at surfactant such as lecithin, Pluronic (copolymer of polypropylene glycol and Polyethylene Glycol), existence such as oleic acid polyglycerin ester will be dissolved in the water-insoluble pharmaceutically-active ingredients of oil and the administration after the water and milkization down.Pct international patent publication number NO, WO85/00011 have described to have and have been suitable for Intradermal or intravenous injection magnitude range, use phospholipid, as two myristoyl lecithin, and the anaesthetic of parcel small drop.
The carrier of bibliographical information with protein particle effect pharmacology or diagnostic reagent arranged.Prepared the albumin microsphere spheroid by thermal denaturation or chemical crosslinking.The thermal denaturation microsphere be between 100 ℃ to 150 ℃ temperature by a kind of emulsifying mixt (as, albumin, the reagent that add and a kind of suitable oil) make.Use a kind of suitable solvent wash microsphere then, and store.People such as Leucuta (Internation-al Journal of Pharmaceutics vol 41:213-217 (1988)) describe the preparation method of thermal denaturation microsphere.
The method for preparing the chemical crosslinking microsphere comprises with glutaraldehyde handles emulsion so that protein-crosslinking washs then and stores.People such as Lee [Science Vol.213:233-235 (1981)] and U.S. Patent No. 4,671,954 have been reported this preparation method.
The above-mentioned method that is used to prepare as the protein microsphere body of pharmaceutically-active ingredients carrier transmits water-soluble reagent though be suitable for, and can not carry water-fast reagent.It is inherent that this restriction is based on the aqueous phase albumen composition that makes water in oil emulsion preparation technique institute crosslinked or thermal denaturation.Any water-soluble reagent is dissolved in and contains proteic aqueous phase and can be wrapped up by this crosslinked or heat denatured protein substrate that produces and carrying, but the reagent that is insoluble in water or is dissolved in oil not can be incorporated in the albumen substrate that is formed by these methods.
Therefore, many biological product that are insoluble in water have brought problem for the human body administration.Really, be invalid if oral administration transmits medicine, this transmission that was insoluble to or was insoluble in the pharmaceutically-active ingredients of aqueous medium originally can be seriously undermined.Therefore, the preparation that is used for transmitting the pharmaceutically-active ingredients that is insoluble to or is insoluble in aqueous medium originally at present needs to add reagent to stablize pharmaceutically-active ingredients.However, the reagent (as emulsifying agent) that is used for stablizing pharmacological component still can often cause severe anaphylactic reaction.Therefore, general medication is to use antihistaminic and steroid therapy patient to reduce the allergy effect of medicine reagent that transmission is added before the injection pharmaceutically-active ingredients earlier.
Originally be insoluble to or be insoluble in the medicine water solublity process of aqueous medium in the effort improvement, some researcheres are once with bringing the functional group of strong water-soluble that the structure of medicine is carried out public school's modification.Chemical modification described in the prior art is the sulfonated derivant of preparation [Kingston et al., a United States Patent (USP) 5,059,699 (1991)], and amino-acid ester [Mathew et al., J.Med.Chem.Vol.35:145-151 (1992)], it shows tangible biological activity.The intravenous of medicine in aqueous medium (being dissolved in harmless carrier such as normal saline) that the soluble derivative that this modification produces helps to be insoluble to or to be insoluble in water originally transmits.However, but this modification has increased cost to medicine preparation, also can cause not wish the side effect and/or the anaphylaxis that take place, and/or reduce the effect of medicine.
The biological product that usually are difficult to transmit are oxygen.Really, can not overemphasize as the clinical safety of red blood cell substitute (" blood substitute " or " artificial blood ") and the effectively oxygen requirement of carrying medium.The purposes that some of these media are possible comprises transfusion application that (A) is general, comprise conventional and in emergency circumstances alternative acute bleeding, (B) outside the organ transplantation precursor, support to support organ in the operation in organ or the body, (C) ischemic tissue and organ are strengthened the oxygen transmission in body, (D) strengthening oxygen to the insufficient tumor of vascularity transmits to increase the effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, (E) in experimentation, support organ or animal and (F) increase of the living cells in culture medium oxygen conveying.
Blood transfusion can be used for replenishing the patients'blood dynamical system of suffering from various diseases, these diseases comprise the minimizing of the molten amount of blood, (as since lose blood cause), the RBC number purpose reduce (as because bone marrow destroys and causes) hemocyte is impaired or destroy (as since hemolytic anemia cause).Blood transfusion not only can increase endovascular capacity, but also can provide the erythrocyte that carries dissolved oxygen to help to organizing oxygen supply.
In the patient's who passes through massive blood loss blood transfusion process, be careful coupling to make it compatible with the blood group of accepting the blood donor for the blood donor.The normal like this patient of making experiences one deleterious anoxia period.And, even have by the patient who takes a blood sample in advance and store control oneself provide from the body erythrocyte, owing to these autogenous cell oxygen carrying capacitys of reason and the safety of resting period all can reduce.Therefore, in back 24 hours time of transfusion, patient can be in non-best oxygen delivery status.At last, in all whole bloods or the red cell transfusions process that therefrom obtains, exist patient always and be subjected to virus and/or risk of bacterial infections.
Therefore, everybody generally acknowledges and needs a kind of substitute materials that is used for oxygen transportation and transmits under the home situation that it should have following characteristic.It is desirable to, the material that is used for oxygen transportation and transmission should carry and transmit oxygen and arrive device, organ and tissue so that make these environment keep normal oxygen to press.Ideal this material should be safe and nontoxic, no antibacterial and/or viral pollution and no antigen and apyrogenetity (also promptly less than 0.25EU/ml).In addition, be used for oxygen transportation and the material that transmits should have viscosity, colloidal state and the Penetration Signature that is complementary with blood.Wish that also this material can remain in the patients'blood system for a long time, thereby make regeneration of erythrocytes and the maturation that patient controls oneself.And, wish that also this material that uses does not influence or hinder erythrocytic generation.
At present, more existing intravenous fluids can be used for treating acute hypovolemia, comprise crystal-like, as lactated Ringer solution or normal saline, with colloid solution, as normal human serum albumin.Crystalloid and colloidal solution can temporarily be corrected the deficiency of blood volume, transmit but can not directly replenish the oxygen of giving tissue.Although blood transfusion is preferred therapeutic modality, whether the blood source of the safety of q.s can be arranged is a nonvolatil problem.
Some other often is to be insoluble to or to be insoluble in aqueous medium, and wish to be dissolved in administration in a kind of non-toxic carrier such as the normal saline, and help reducing as far as possible and do not wish that the side effect and/or the anaphylactoid biological product that take place are some diagnostic reagents, as contrast agent.
Contrast medium needs in the radiology imaging process, because it can help observing organ (also promptly, their position, size and form) and other the cellularity and the differentiation of surrounding tissue.For example, though soft tissue have significantly different biological functions (as, liver and spleen), but they have similar cell and form (that is, they are made up of water substantially).
Nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) or nmr imaging technique are the specific atoms nuclei of using under the radio-frequency radiation inspection applying a magnetic field intensity.It is similar to X-line computation body layer imaging (CT) in some aspects, and it can provide the fault imaging of (in some cases) organ, and might have tangible soft tissue resolution.In the middle of using at present, its image is the scatter diagram of proton in organ and the tissue.But different with the imaging of X-line computation body layer is that MRI does not use the ionizing radiation.Therefore, MRI is a kind of safe and harmless medical imaging technology.
Although the NMR phenomenon just was found as far back as 1954, it is used for just in recent years thing of medical diagnosis as instrument of describing internal structure.This technology is by Lauterbur[Nature242:190-191 (1973)] set up first.
Everybody knows the atomic nucleus with suitable nuclear rotation and is arranged in a straight line on the direction of applying a magnetic field.The nuclear rotation can be that dual mode is arranged in a straight line: identical with external magnetic-field direction or opposite.Arrange more stable along magnetic direction; Must absorb energy and in labile state, arrange (that is contrary magnetosonic direction).For proton, in 1 tesla (1 tesla=10 4Gauss) magnetic field exists down these nuclears with frequency precession or the resonance of 42.6MHZ, under this frequency, radiating penetrate rate pulse (RF) can the excimer daughter nucleus, and the direction of rotation that changes them is arranged in a straight line with the counter field direction.After the RF pulse, the atomic nucleus that is excited " loose " or be fed back into poised state or be arranged in rows along magnetic direction.Can be with two kinds of loose signal weakenings of loose term description.T 1, rotation-dot matrix relaxation time or vertical relaxation time are that atomic nucleus turned back to along the needed time of the poised state of externally applied magnetic field direction.The second, T 2, or rotation---rotation relaxation time, be relevant at interval with the initial coherent precession time of single proton rotation.The relaxation time of various body fluid, organ and tissue all has complete record in different types of mammal.
One of advantage of MRI is can select the different planes of scanning motion and tangent plane thickness and can not lose resolution.This makes it possible to directly to obtain the image of high-quality horizontal, crown and sagittal.Guaranteed the reliability of height in the MRI equipment without any moving-member.It is generally acknowledged and checking that optionally organizational aspects MRI has bigger potential than X-line computation body layer imaging (CT).In CT, the X-line attenuation coefficient is determined image contrast separately, and has three kinds of isolating variable (T at least 1, T 2With atomic nucleus rotation density) determined nuclear magnetic resonance image.
Because the trickle physiology-chemical differences in organ and the tissue, MRI can distinguish the type of tissue and check out X-line or CT the disease that can not check out.Comparatively speaking, CT and X-line can only be to the difference sensitivities of electron density in tissue and the organ.Image by the MRI technology can access owing to have better three-dimensional resolution, can also make the doctor check out the littler structure that can check out than CT.In addition, use the MRI technology can easily obtain any image scan plane, comprise laterally, crown and sagittal.
At present, MRI is widely used in the auxiliary diagnosis of many medical conditions.For example, joint injury, bone marrow disease, soft tissue neoplasms, mediastinum is soaked into, lymphadenopathy, cavernous hemangioma, hemophilia, hepatitis interstitialis chronica, renal cell carcinoma, leiomyoma of uterus, endometriosis, breast carcinoma, narrow sexually transmitted disease (STD), coronary artery disease, dissecting aneurysm, lipoma hypertrophy, the interatrial septum disease, constrictive pericarditis, or the like.[see, for example, Edelman ﹠amp; Warach, Medical Progress 328:708-716 (1993); Edelman ﹠amp; Warach, New England J.of Medicine328:785-791 (1993)].
The conventional nuclear magnetic resonance of using is based on the proton signal from ICW at present.Therefore, often be difficult to explain image and independent organ of differentiation and cellularity.There are two kinds of possible methods to distinguish proton signal better.First kind of T that is to use contrast medium to change hydrone in the zone 1Or T 2To compare with other zones.For example, ethylidene pentaacetic acid gadolinium (Gd-DTPA) can shorten near the proton T of its hydrone 1Relaxation time is from having strengthened the image that is obtained.
As mentioned above, the paramagnetic cation, for example, Gd, Mn and Fe are good MRI contrast medium.They can shorten the proton T of ambient water 1Relaxation time, strengthening the MRI image obtained, otherwise this image can't be read.
Second kind is distinguished independent organ and cyto-architectural method is to import another kind of atomic nucleus (that is preparation) that can imaging.Use second method, can only be in the local imaging of contrast medium arrival.The advantage of this method is to get rid of the interference of ambient water and obtain image.Suitable contrast medium must be that biocompatible (that is, nontoxic, chemical stability does not react with tissue) also can eliminate in body in the limited time.
Though hydrogen is chosen as the representative basis (because in the body a large amount of hydrogen being arranged) of MRI scanning always contrast owing to lack, generation be the imagery zone of non-constant.Therefore, use other active MRI atomic nucleus (as fluorine) to have superiority.Mattery once in article [see SPIE, 626, XIV/PACS IV, 18-23 (1986)] described at different diagnosing image technology such as ultrasound wave, magnetic resonance is used specific perfluocarbon during radiography and computer body-layer are taken a picture.It is useful using fluorine, because the natural in vivo fluorine that do not exist.
The fluorochemical of the magnetic resonance that can be used for the medical diagnosis purpose that prior art is mentioned is limited to maybe can form from one group of water solublity to be selected containing the fluorine molecule of Emulsion.Therefore, use the perfluorocarbon Emulsion of water soluble fluoridized carbon to have the many shortcomings of row in the prior art, for example, 1) used unsettled Emulsion, 2) lack organ specificity and targeted, 3) owing to used emulsifying agent and surfactant (as lecithin and yolk lecithin) might bring out anaphylaxis, 4) transfer capability limited and 5) this water soluble fluoridized carbon in quiet swimming injection back is very fast by hemodilution.
According to the present invention, provide to be used for transmitting in the body biological product, be suitable for compositions with the microparticle form of water slurry parenterai administration.The present composition contains the biological product (solid, liquid or gas) that combine with polymer shell.This polymer shell is a kind of disulfide bond existence crosslinked biocompatible material down that has.The polymer shell that combines with biological product can be suspended in administration in a kind of biocompatible substrate.Transmitting biological product with the present composition has got rid of to contain, for example, ethanol and many ethoxy castor oils, and (see with the necessity of the Emulsion form administration biological product of normal saline dilution, for example, Norton et al., inAbstracts of the 2nd National Cancer Institute Workshopon Taxol ﹠amp; Taxus, September 23-24,1992).The shortcoming of these known compositions is that they might produce irritated side effect.
According to a further aspect in the invention, surprised and expect ground find the hemoglobin (Hb) of insoluble structure prepared in accordance with the present invention can reversibility ground in conjunction with oxygen.Insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention (IHC) is similar to the oxygen affinity that obtains with the haemoglobin molecule of once describing in solubility haemoglobin molecule or the prior art in the erythrocyte as the solubility modification of possible blood substitute in conjunction with the oxygen affinity of oxygen.
According to a further aspect in the invention, also provide biological product have been wrapped in method in the polymer shell.Another aspect of the present invention also provides side that obtains local oxygen and temperature data and the method that obtains the fluorine magnetic resonance image of intracorporeal organ and tissue.
Form with the microparticle suspension transmits biological product, by making particles with different sizes and passing through the different approaches administration, can arrive target organ such as liver to a certain extent, lungs, and spleen, the lymph circulation system, etc.Transfer approach of the present invention also makes the biological product administration, the for example administration of water insoluble pharmacologically active composition basically is to finish than the required administration volume of the transfer system of prior art and time (that is: transmitting the paclitaxel of the 200-400mg of a typical human body dosage need be at 24 hours time angular vein about 1 to 2 liter liquid of infusing) littler amount of liquid and the administration time that significantly reduces.
For example, the mixed liquor of polymer shell of the present invention can intravenous administration, makes to produce vascularization organ (as liver, spleen, lymph and lung) and the image of bone marrow becomes possibility.Because reticuloendothelial system (RES) (also being referred to as mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) system) can absorb the polymer shell that contains Organic fluoride of micron size, therefore can obtain the organ target-specific.Resemble the such organ of liver and spleen and in from blood, removing adventive material (as, particulate matter) process, play an important role, therefore often be referred to as in " blood filtration organ ".
These organs have been formed most reticuloendothelial system.In addition, the lymph in the lymph circulation is combined with the cell of reticuloendothelial system.So, use organic fluoropolymer polymer shell that contains of micron size of the present invention to make lymphoid imaging become possibility.Oral administration or make a kind of suppository also can carry out the imaging of harmonization of the stomach gastrointestinal.This suspension also can be injected into non-vascular site, makes these position imagings as the marrowbrain chamber.
As another embodiment of the present invention, paramagnetic cation such as Gd.Mn, Fe etc. can link with polyanion such as alginate, and as a kind of effective MRI contrast agent.
The present invention has overcome defective of the prior art by following method, promptly provide 1) contain the injectable suspension of the polymer shell of biological product, 2) compare biological product with simple emulsion with the stable form that has strengthened, 3) because polymer shell of the present invention absorbs in RES or MNP system, and the specificity with target organ (for example, liver, spleen, lung etc.), 4) emulsifier-free system, avoided the anaphylactoid reagent of the potential initiation of possibility thus, and 5) because containing the polymer shell of biological product, the present invention can lack the performance that the biological product of dosage also still can obtain better reaction relatively thereby have injection a certain organs as target.
Fig. 1 is the sketch map according to the prepared a kind of polymer shell of the present invention.Among the figure, A refers to the polymer shell that insoluble disulphide is crosslinked, B refers to the inside of this polymer shell, it contains aerobic or other gas, contain the fluorohydrocarbon that is dissolved with oxygen, be dissolved with a kind of bio-compatible oil of biological product, be dissolved with the water-in-oil type emulsion of biological product in the hydrated matrix, diffusion has a kind of suspension of solid particle or the like in the liquid, C represents the thickness of this polymer shell, generally be approximately the 5-50 millimicron, and D is the diameter of this polymer shell of expression, general big in 0.1 to 20 micron scope.
Fig. 2 represent not have substrate hemoglobin solutions oxygen binding curve (dashed curve) and contain the oxygen binding curve (block curve) curve of the function representation of uncommon Er Shi coefficient and partial pressure of oxygen (that is, with) of the solution of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention.The actual numerical value point of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention shows with solid frame table.
Fig. 3 represent not have substrate hemoglobin solutions oxygen binding curve (dashed curve) and contain useful 1.7mM allosteric effector 2,3-bis phosphoric acid glyceride (2,3-BPG) the oxygen binding curve (block curve) of the solution of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention after the processing.The actual numerical value point of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention shows with solid frame table.
According to the present invention, the compositions that transmits biological product in a kind of body is provided, wherein said biological product are selected from:
Basically be completely contained in a kind of solid in a kind of polymer shell, it can be to be dispersed in the adaptable diffusant of a kind of biology,
Basically be completely contained in a kind of liquid in a kind of polymer shell, it can be to be dispersed in the adaptable diffusant of a kind of biology,
Basically be completely contained in a kind of gas in a kind of polymer shell, it can be to be dispersed in the adaptable diffusant of a kind of biology,
A kind of gas that combines with polymer shell, or above-mentioned two or more mixture arbitrarily,
Wherein the maximum cross section of this shell diameter is not more than about 10 microns, wherein this polymer shell contain a kind of basically with the biological acceptable material of disulfide bond crosslinking, and
Wherein the outside of this polymer shell can be with any modification of a kind of suitable reagent, and wherein this reagent is connected with this polymer shell by covalent bond.
Terminology used here " body in transmit " be meant by in oral, vein, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, the sheath, intramuscular, intracranial, suction, part, percutaneous, suppository (rectum), vaginal suppository (resistance road) or the like route of administration carries a kind of biological product.
Terminology used here " biological product " be meant pharmaceutically active agents (as analgesic, anesthetis, antiasthmatics, antibiotics, antidepressants, antidiabetic drug, antifungal, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, antitumor agent, antianxiety drug (anxiolytic a-gents), enzymatic activity agent, nucleic acid structure, immunopotentiating agent, immunosuppressant, physiologically active gas, vaccine etc.), diagnostic reagent is (as the ultrasonic contrast medium, radiation contrast medium, or magnetic contrast medium), reagent of nutritious value or the like.
Terminology used here " micron " is meant the millesimal measurement unit of millimeter.
Many biocompatible substance can be used to implement the present invention and form a kind of polymer shell.Terminology used here " bio-compatible " is meant not the material that can obviously change or influence the biosystem that it is imported in any harmful mode.Basically the material that contains sulfydryl or disulfide bond in any natural or synthetic structure can be used to prepare the shell of disulfide bond crosslinking.Sulfydryl or disulfide bond can preexist in the biocompatible substance structure, perhaps by a kind of suitable chemical modification they are imported.For example, the biocompatible substance of natural generation such as protein concerning this modification, polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide is (as alginate esters or salt, the alginate esters or the salt of high mannan aldehydic acid content, polymannuronic acid, polymannuronic acid salt, hyaluronic acid, hyaluronate, chitosan, chitin, cellulose, starch, glycogen, guar gum, locust bean gum, glucosan, levan, inuloid, the ring glucosan, agarose, xanthan gum, OK a karaoke club lucky blue (carageenan), heparin, pectin, Gai Lan (gellan) glue, scleroglucan, or their both or more combinations arbitrarily), lipid, or the like all be the material of selecting.Other connecting key such as ester bond, amido link, ehter bond etc. also can form (as long as containing the functional group that is necessary in starting material) in the ultrasonic irradiation step.
As the suitable example of biocompatible substance, if natural generation or synthetic albumen has enough sulfydryls or disulfide bond crosslinked to form (for example, in ultrasonic irradiation since Oxidation form by disulfide bond), these protein can use.Proteinic suitable example comprises albumin (containing 35 cysteine residues), insulin (containing 6 cysteine residues), hemoglobin (each α 2β 2Unit contains 6 cysteine residues), lysozyme (closing 8 cysteine residues), immunoglobulin, α-2-macroglobulin, fibronectin (fibronectin), vitronectin (vitronectin), Fibrinogen etc. and two or more compositions arbitrarily in them.
The preferred protein that is used to form polymer shell at present is an albumin.Other preferred protein that is used to form polymer shell is a hemoglobin.Other preferred protein that is used to form polymer shell in addition is the mixture of albumin and hemoglobin.Perhaps, resemble the such protein of α-2-macroglobulin (a kind of known opsonin) and can be used for promoting macrophage, perhaps promote the picked-up of liver, spleen the shell enwrapped granule to being enclosed with the picked-up of the particulate shell of biological product.In forming the polymer shell process, also can use other functional protein, as antibody or enzyme, they can promote to transmit biological product and arrive desirable target site.
Similarly, the synthetic polypeptide that contains sulfydryl or disulfide bond also is the good material selected concerning formation has a kind of granule of polymer shell.In addition, polyglycols (as, straight or branched), polyvinyl alcohol, methacrylic acid polyhydroxy ethyl ester, polyacrylic acid, poly-ethyl  azoles quinoline, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone or the like concerning chemical modification (import sulfydryl and/or disulfide bond and housing form (by causing the crosslinked of them) but all be good candidate.
In the preparation present composition, people can use a kind of dispersant to suspend arbitrarily or dissolve biological product.Can be used in implement dispersant of the present invention comprise can suspend or dissolve biological product but not with the used polymer of formation housing or any liquid of biological product generation chemical reaction itself.Water for example, vegetable oil (as, soybean oil, mineral oil, Semen Maydis oil, rapeseed oil, Oleum Cocois, olive oil, safflower oil, the cotton seed wet goods), the aliphatic series that has 4-30 carbon atom, cyclic aliphatic, or aromatic hydrocarbon (as just-dodecane, just-decane, just-and hexane, cyclohexane extraction, toluene, benzene, etc.), have the aliphatic alcohol of 1-30 carbon atom or aromatic alcohol (as, capryl alcohol etc.), have the fatty acid ester or the aromatic ester (as ethyl caprilate etc.) of 2-30 carbon atom, have the alkyl of 2-30 carbon atom, aryl, cyclic ethers (as, diethyl ether, oxolane etc.), have the alkyl halide of 1-30 carbon atom or aryl halide (with can be more than one halogenic substituent, as, CH 3Cl, CH 2Cl 2, CH 2-Cl-CH 2Cl etc.), has the ketone (as acetone, butanone etc.) of 3-30 carbon atom, polyglycols (as, Polyethylene Glycol etc.), perhaps two or more mixture arbitrarily in them.
Particularly preferred dispersant composition comprises volatile liquid such as dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, benzene etc. (that is, having senior dissolubility also can be dissolved in the solvent of other used dispersant to pharmaceutically active agents) and the lower dispersant of a kind of volatility.When joining other dispersant, these volatility additives help lend some impetus to the dissolving of medicament active composition in this dispersant.So this mixture is optimal because this step often expends time in.After dissolving is finished, can evaporate and remove these volatile components (choosing wantonly under vacuum).
By preparation of the present invention, be completely contained in the polymer shell basically or bonded with it biological product granule, can be only with the particle form administration, or with a kind of suspension administration that is dissolved in the biocompatible substrate.This substrate can be selected from water, buffered hydrated matrix, normal saline, buffered normal saline, optional buffered Freamine, optional buffered protein solution, optional buffered sugar juice, optional buffered carbohydrate solutions, optional buffered vitamin solution, optional buffered synthetic polymer solution contains the emulsion of lipid, or their combinations of both or many persons arbitrarily.
According to other embodiment of the present invention, the preparation method that is used for the biological product preparation of transmission in the body also is provided, this method comprises can be handled a period of time through the high strength supersonic condition by the substrate of the biocompatible substance of disulfide bond crosslinking and biological product containing, and is enough to impel this biocompatible substance crosslinked by disulfide bond institute; Wherein said biological product are completely contained in the polymer shell basically, and wherein the maximum crosscut diameter of this shell is not more than 10 microns.
Therefore, according to the present invention, the biological product that are included in the polymer shell are synthetic with high strength supersonic.Comprise two nonlinear acoustics treatment steps (that is, sound wave emulsifying and cavitation) at first in forming the stable polymer shell, sound wave emulsifying is dispersed in the protein solution these biological product.Come chemical crosslinking and stablize formed dispersion by forming disulfide bond then.Residue (the polymer here is a kind of protein such as albumin) with the peroxide oxidation cysteine that produces through the sound wave cavitation forms disulfide bond.
Can select for use centrifugal filter (100KDa intercepting and capturing) filter resulting suspension and filter structure or microcapsule suspension in normal saline or suitable buffer.Fig. 1 has shown a kind of like this sketch map of structure.The average diameter of these structures is about 2 microns.The granular size branch scope of being measured with an Elzone particle collector is (Gauss distribution of generally observed average diameter about 3 microns) that is rather narrow.The granular size scope that obtains with this technology is between 0.1 to 20 micron.The preferred particle size scope is between 0.5 to 10 micron, and most preferred range is 1 to 5 micron.This granular size is particularly suitable for medical application, and this is because can carry out intravenous or intra-arterial injection, and does not have little blood vessel blockage and the downright bad danger of secondary tissue (because of oxygen lacks ischemia).In contrast, the normocyte diameter approximately is 8 microns.
The non-apparent feature of above-mentioned steps is the selection of dispersant, and thing does not relate to the polarity of dispersant and selects.The forming process of the particulate housing of relevant biological product comprises, intersection between water and nonaqueous phase, make the biocompatible substance reorientation, thereby make the hydrophilic area in the biocompatible substance be exposed to water, and the hydrophobic region in the biocompatible substance is oriented to nonaqueous phase.In this biocompatible substance is under a kind of proteinic situation, in order to finish the effective expansion or the change of its conformation, energy is provided must for this polymer.Interfacial free energy (interfacial tension) between two kinds of liquid phases (being water and nonaqueous phase) changes protein conformation at the interface.Heat energy also is the protein conformation expansion and/or changes required energy sink.
Heat energy input is the function of following variable, that is: used sound power in the high-strength ultrasonic radiative process, and the radiating time of high-strength ultrasonic, stand the radiating material performance of superb rate ultrasound wave, stand the radiating physical property of high-strength ultrasonic etc.Sound power excursion in the high-strength ultrasonic radiative process is very big, generally 1 to 1000 spy/centimetre 2Scope in; 50 to 200 watts/centimetre 2It is the preferable range of sound power.Similarly, it is also very big to be exposed to the radiating time excursion of high-strength ultrasonic, generally arrives in about 5 minutes scope in several seconds.Open-assembly time in the high strength supersonic wave radiation is preferably in about 15 to 60 second scopes.The known used sound power of those skilled in the art is high more, need be just short more in high-strength ultrasonic radiating open-assembly time, and vice versa.
The polarity difference is directly proportional between interfacial free energy and two kinds of liquid.So at the interface minimum free energy is the basic energy that forms required polymer shell between two kinds of liquid under the assigned operation temperature.Therefore, change its polarity gradually if use the dispersant of homologous series, as, the alkyl acid ethyl ester, homology is big does not more so just have polarity more, that is and, the interfacial tension between these dispersants and water increases and increases along with carbon number purpose in the esters.So we find, although ethyl acetate and water immiscibility (that is, a kind of ester of two carbon atom acid), at room temperature (～20 ℃), this dispersant can not produce the granule of the polymer shell parcel of big productive rate separately.On the contrary, a kind of senior ester such as ethyl caprilate (a kind of esters of 8 carbon atom acid) but produce the granule of the polymer shell parcel of higher yields.In fact, cognac oil (a kind of esters of 7 carbon atom acid) produces the granule of moderate yield and more rudimentary ester (esters of 3,4,5 or 6 carbon atom acid) obtains lower productive rate.Thereby under assigned temperature, people can set the condition that a required minimum of granule that forms high yield polymer shell parcel contains the water dispersant interfacial tension.
Temperature be can controlled impact polymer shell enwrapped granule productive rate another variable.Usually, surface tension of liquid reduces along with the growth of temperature.Temperature is often different because of different liquids to capillary rate of change.So for example, the interfacial tension (Δ γ) between two kinds of liquid can be T 1Δ γ under the temperature 1And T 2The Δ γ of temperature 2If T 1Under Δ γ 1The minima required with forming polymer shell of the present invention is approaching, and, if Δ γ 2(T 2Under the temperature) greater than Δ γ 1, so, from T 1To T 2Temperature change will increase the productive rate of polymer shell.In fact, this variation can be observed under the situation of using cognac oil, obtains moderate yield and obtains higher yields at 10 ℃ at 20 ℃ of cognac oil.
Temperature also influences the vapour pressure of used liquid.Temperature is low more, and bulk vapour pressure is just low more.Bulk vapour pressure is low more, and breaking of cavity is just effective more.The rate that collapses brokenly of ultrasound wave radiation cavity increases and peroxide (HO 2 -) increase of formation rate is relevant.The increase of peroxide production rate can make the gain in yield of polymer shell on the lower temperature.But however, in contrast, the response rate of usefulness peroxide ion oxidation sulfydryl (that is, forming disulfide bond) is along with the growth of temperature increases.So, concerning the appointment liquid that a kind of process ultrasound wave radiation condition is handled, have an optimum temperature opereating specification that is rather narrow that can obtain the high yield polymer shell.
Thereby the combination of two kinds of effects, that is, surface tension has been represented the overall variation and the productive rate of polymer shell enwrapped granule with variation of temperature (it directly has influence on the expansion of this polymer and/or the change of conformation) and reaction yield with the two combination of variation of temperature (this reaction is meant by forming the crosslinked polymer that disulfide bond takes place).Be suitable for preparing the temperature of polymer shell of the present invention in about 0-80 ℃ scope.
Can operate the granule of producing the polymer shell parcel that contains biological product to above-mentioned ultrasound wave irradiation step with a certain size scope.Here the preferred particulates radius is in about 0.1 to 5 micron scope.Narrower size distribution is very suitable for the intravenous administration of biological product in this scope.Preferably the particle suspending (as described herein) in biocompatible substrate of polymer shell parcel, the suitable mode administration of reuse.
In addition, can carry out modification to this polymer shell with a kind of suitable reagent, wherein this reagent is bonded by a kind of any covalent bond and this polymer shell.Can be used in this bonded covalent bond has ester bond, ehter bond, urethane bonds, diester linkage, amido link, secondary amine or tertiary amine key, phosphoric acid ester bond, sulphuric acid ester bond and other similar key.The suitable reagent that is suitable for this any polymer-modified shell has synthetic polymer (polyglycols (as the Polyethylene Glycol of straight or branched)), polyvinyl alcohol, methacrylic acid polyhydroxy ethyl ester, polyacrylic acid, poly-ethyl oxazoline, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone etc.), phospholipid is (as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphoric acid acyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositols (PI), sphingomyelin etc.), protein is (as enzyme, antibody etc.), and polysaccharide (as starch, cellulose, glucosan, alginate, chitosan, pectin, hyaluronic acid etc.), chemical modifier (as 5 '-pyridoxal 5-phosphate, the derivant of 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine., dialdehyde, diaspirin ester etc.), perhaps any two or more mixture in them.
Ordinary circumstance with the dissolving biological product of a kind of polymer shell parcel may change.Can use the suspension (substitute the bio-compatible dispersant that contain dissolved biological product) of biological product granule in the bio-compatible dispersant to produce a kind of particulate polymer shell of biological product that dispersant suspends that contains.In other words, this polymer shell physical ability contains the saturated solution of a kind of biological product in dispersant.The another kind of variation is the polymeric shells that contains a kind of biological product solid core, it is earlier biological product to be dissolved in a kind of volatile organic solvent (as benzene), form polymer shell, again under vacuum, as in rotary evaporator, evaporating volatile solvent or whole suspension lyophilizations are made.So just formed a kind of structure with polymer coating wrapping biological goods group nuclear.A kind of method in back is useful especially to the biological product that transmit relative small size heavy dose.In some cases, the biocompatible substance itself that forms this nuclear shell can be a kind of therapeutic agent or diagnostic agent, and for example, for insulin, the part that it can be used as formed a kind of polymeric shells in the above-mentioned ultrasound wave irradiation step transmits.In other cases, the polymer that forms shell also can participate in the transmission of biological product, for example, when biological product are insulin, the part that it can be used as formed polymeric shells in the above-mentioned ultrasound wave irradiation step transmits, and a kind of blood substitute with height oxygen combining power is provided thus.
The variation of polymeric shells also is possible.For example, a small amount of PEG that contains sulfydryl can be included in this polymer.In case be exposed to the ultrasound wave radiation, PEG is just with this crosslinked polymer and form the outer part of this polymer.On the other hand, can behind this shell of preparation, PEG be connected (rather than as substrate part of making this shell) on this polymer shell.
PEG is known by people with its non-adhesion characteristic, and it has been attached to and increases their circulation times (Abu-chowski etc., J.Biol.Chem.Vol.252:578 (1977)) in vivo on protein and the enzyme.PEG also is attached in the liposome on the phospholipid that forms double-layer of lipoid and reduces their intakes in vivo, and prolongs their time of staying (Klibanov etc., FEBS Letters Vol. in vivo 268:235 (1990))Therefore the blood circulation time that can change them on the wall of crosslinking protein shell is advanced in the PEG fusion.This performance can be used to keep the higher haemoconcentration of biological product, and can prolong the release time of these biological product.
What be applicable to polymer-modified shell is electrophilic PEG derivant, and it comprises PEG-imidazoles, the succinic acid succinimide ester, and carbonic acid nitro phenyl ester, tresy-lates, etc.; Nucleophilic PEG derivant, it comprises PEG-amine, amino-acid ester, hydrazides, mercaptan etc.The polymeric shells of PEG modification can continue the longer time than unmodified housing in circulation.The shell polymer-modified with PEG can carry out before forming shell or after forming shell.Now preferred technology is after forming polymer shell it to be carried out modification.Other polymer comprises glucosan, alginate, and hetastarch etc. can be used for the modification of this polymer shell.
Those skilled in the art can be contemplated within the scope of the invention and design can some changes.For example, in forming polymer shell wall process, can change the dispersant in this polymer shell, can use many different biological product, and can use large-scale protein and other natural and synthetic polymer.Its range of application also is quite wide.Except biomedical applications, as transmit medicine, diagnostic agent (in imaging, using), artificial blood (hemoglobin that sonochemistry is crosslinked) and parenteral alimentation agent, polymer shell body structure of the present invention can also mix in the cosmetics and use, as in skin cream or hair products, perfume, using, in pressure-sensitive ink, use, in pesticide, use.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the polymeric shells of making as mentioned above can be used for transmitting biological product in the body, as pharmaceutically active agents, and the reagent of diagnostic agent or nutritious value.The example that can be used for implementing pharmaceutically active agents of the present invention have analgesic (as, acetic acid minot sweet smell (acetominophen), aspirin, ibuprofen, morphine and derivant thereof etc.), anesthetic gases (as, cyclopropane, enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxiflurane, nitrous oxide etc.), anti-asthmatic (as,  benzyl phthalazines, ketotifen, traxanox etc.), antibiotic (as, neomycin, streptomycin, chloromycetin, cephalosporin, ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline etc.), antidepressants (as, toluene  azoles suffering, oxipertin, imipramine, Trazodone (trazadone) etc.), antidiabetic drug (as, biguanide, hormone, sulphur urine analog derivative etc.), antifungal (as, amphotericin B, nystatin, candicidin etc.), antihypertensive (as, propranolol, propafenone, oxprenolol, nifedipine, reserpine etc.), the steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (as, cortisone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, meticortelone, prednisone, Fluazacortenol Acetate etc.), NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) (as, indometacin, ibuprofen, the fragrant ketone (ramifenizone) of rummy, piroxicam etc.), antitumor agent is (as amycin, cyclophosphamide, D actinomycin D, bleomycin, section promise mycin (duanorubicin), amycin, Ai Bo mycin (epirubicin), mitomycin C, methotrexate, fluorouracil, carboplatin (Carboplatin), carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin, etoposide, interferon, phenesterin, (terminology used here " paclitaxel " is meant and comprises paclitaxel analogs and prodrug thereof paclitaxel, taxane and other are similar to the medicine of paclitaxel, as taxotere etc.), camptothecine and derivant thereof (this chemical compound has curative effect reliably to the treatment colon cancer), vincaleucoblastine, vincristine, and hormones antineoplastic agent are as estrogen, progestogens, tamoxifen etc.), antianxiety drugs (as, dantrolene, stabilize etc.), the enzymatic activity agent (as, pancreatic dornase, ribosome enzyme (ribozyme) etc.), nucleic acid structure (as, the IGF-1 coded sequence, VIII factor coded sequence, IX factor coded sequence, antisense base sequences etc.), immunostimulant (as, Caulis et Folium Sinapis albee element, interferon, vaccine etc.), immunosuppressant (as, cyclosporin (C, A), azathioprine, bredinin (mizorobi-ne, FK 506, prednisone etc.), physiologically active gas (as, air, oxygen, argon, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, helium, xenon, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide etc., and any two kinds of two or more mixture in them), also have the other medicines activating agent, as cimetidine, mitotane, Wei Shading (visadine), halo nitrosoureas (halonitrosoureas), anthracene nucleus class (anthracycline), ellipticine, benzocaine, barbiturates etc.
The example that can be used for implementing diagnostic agent of the present invention has the ultrasonic contrast medium, and the radiation contrast medium (as the iodo-octane class, the halocarbon class, renographin etc.), magnetic contrast medium (fluorocarbon for example, fat-soluble paramagnetic compound, GdDTPA, paramagnetic compound aqueous solution etc.), and other reagent is (as gas, argon, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, helium, xenon, nitrous oxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide etc. and any two or more mixture in them).
The reagent example that can be used for implementing nutritious value of the present invention comprises aminoacid, sugar, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, fatsoluble vitamin (as vitamin A, D, E, K etc.) or fat, perhaps two or more mixture arbitrarily in them.
Proteinic end-state after the present invention contains the polymeric shells of biological product and the main distinction between the protein microsphere of the prior art and is the character that constitutes and forms this polymer shell, and transport the ability that is insoluble in water or water-fast substantially reagent.According to the present invention, this polymer (as protein) be by with the natural structure of numerous protein in the aminoacid that exists.It is crosslinked that for example cysteine formation disulfide bond carries out selective chemical.Use dispersant that the ultrasound wave method of radiating will contain dissolved or the biological product that suspend to be distributed in a kind of aqueous solution of the biocompatible substance with sulfydryl or disulphide group (as albumin), around water-insoluble basic droplet, form a kind of cross linked polymer shell thus.The ultrasound wave irradiation step produces cavitation in liquid, cause local a large amount of heat production, causes the formation of peroxide ion, and this ion forms new crosslinked disulfide bond by oxidation sulfhydryl residue (and/or the already present disulfide bond that ruptures) cross linked polymer.
Step of the present invention is opposite, and the method for glutaraldehyde cross-linking is nonspecific in the prior art, basically with protein structure in exist nucleophilic group arbitrarily (as, amine, sulfydryl and hydroxyl) reaction.Can obviously and irreversibly change proteinic structure as heat denatured effect described in the prior art.Comparatively speaking, the formed disulphide specificity of the present invention is very strong, and does not make protein denaturation basically.In addition because the polymer shell of the inventive method preparation is thinner relatively than the diameter of enwrapped granule, so biological product granule that contains in the polymer shell or drop be different from crosslinked or heat denatured in the prior art protein microsphere." outer casing thickness " that (using the transmission electronic microscope checking method) recorded polymer coating is approximately 25 microns, and the particle diameter that is wrapped is 1 micron (1000 millimicrons).By comparison, the microsphere of prior art does not have protein coat, still, the protein that is scattered in the whole microsphere volume is arranged but.
The polymer shell that contains the biological product nuclear of solid, liquid or gas can transmit heavy dose of biological product with relatively little volume.This will reduce subject discomfort when accepting big quantity of fluid, and will reduce the hospital stays.In addition, the wall of polymer shell generally can by proteolytic enzyme in vivo all the degraded (as, when polymer is a kind of protein), make transfer system be free from side effects, this is a situation about often having concerning present preparation.
According to this embodiment of the present invention, the drop of biological product or granule are comprised in diameter of section and are not more than in the shell about 10 microns.Diameter of section is more preferably less than 5 microns, and concerning the intravenous route administration, 2 microns left and right sides diameter of sections are most preferred.
According to another embodiment of the invention, it has been found that polymer shell described here, when preparing, have wonderful higher oxygen binding ability by hemoglobin, therefore can be used as blood substitute.Hemoglobin (Lehninger, in Biochemistry, Worth Publishers, Inc.New York, PP.145-149,1975) by the tetramer (two α and two β chains) form 64, the protein of 500MW.Every α is connected a haemachrome residue with the β chain with a non-covalent bond.α and β key are also combined by the non-covalent bond that hydrogen combination and this power of model moral VOR form.These four heme group, have in each subunit one can be in conjunction with tetramolecular oxygen.These flat heme group contain an iron ion in coordination place of square plane.In complete molecule, these four haemachrome are positioned at the position that is away from another one relatively.
In the haemoglobin molecule of tetramer, increased the oxygen binding ability of each haemachrome unit between haemachrome unit greatly at the interaction aspect oxygen or synergism.In general, an independent haemachrome unit should be in conjunction with the oxygen of a single molecule.Yet the synergism of adjacent haemachrome unit has increased the oxygen combination of each haemachrome unit in haemoglobin molecule.This synergism is described with term " hill coefficient ", its numerical response the number of interactional oxygen binding site.Concerning natural hemoglobin, hill coefficient is approximately 2.8.
The solubility hemoglobin accounts for about 90% of total protein in erythrocyte.Because the adhesion of hemoglobin, the whole blood of 100ml can absorb the oxygen of about 21ml.It is also important that with combining oxygen hemoglobin also can be given tissue bonded oxygen evolution effectively.This ability of hemoglobin combination and release oxygen is P by quantitative expression often 50(or ).For example, the P of whole blood 50, that is, cause the saturated partial pressure of oxygen of hemoglobin 50%, approximately be 28mmHg.
The available sigmoid curve of relation between the saturated percentage ratio of partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin represents that the position of curve is subjected to the influence of pH value (ripple Er Shi effect).The pH value of hemoglobin solutions is high more under the partial pressure of oxygen of determining, oxygen-saturated percent is just big more, and P 50Low more; Oxygen saturation curve is moved to the left on abscissa.On the contrary, the pH value of hemoglobin solutions is low more, and oxygen-saturated percent is also more little, and P 50Just high more; Oxygen saturation curve moves right on abscissa.Therefore, when hemoglobin when the pulmonary of alkaline relatively pH value shifts to oxygen-starved tissue's (producing lactic acid by pressing oxygen to breathe) albumen of relative acid ph value, hemoglobin will have a trend that discharges the oxygen of its delivery.So hemoglobin is P with hemoglobin to the affinity of oxygen 50The one-tenth changing inversely.
The change of haemoglobin molecule or its conformation is relevant with the variation of oxygen binding affinity.For example, loosened combining of oxygen and hemoglobin with the combination (2,3-DPG is present in the erythrocyte) of 2,3 one diphosphoglycerides, thereby promoted the release of oxygen to tissue; For example in high height above sea level and period of pregnancy, these need increase under the physiological condition of oxygen delivery, 2 in the blood plasma, and 3-DPG content rises.In the haemachrome substituent group, caused forming of metahemoglobin (met-Hb) to the oxidation of the iron ion of Fe (III) by Fe (II), this metahemoglobin and water in conjunction with very tight so that hindered transporting of oxygen.This oxidation or " autoxidation " are processes of carrying out in vivo, and the oxidoreduction enzyme system in the erythrocyte is monitoring this oxidizing process always.
Hemoglobin, this transportation and transmit the protein of oxygen can (contain the special antigen that determines blood group) from the film of erythrocyte wall or the substrate and separates from other cell and plasma component in the substrate.If this separation and segregation are effective words, the hemoglobin of resultant no medium does not contain antigenic substance; Therefore, unnecessaryly carry out by the blood group match again.
The hemoglobin of the no substrate that from the erythrocyte microenvironment, extracts (SFH) be found have special closely in conjunction with characteristic (the low P of oxygen 50), and also have short circulating half-life after the blood transfusion.Lower P 50, be the reaction that the hemoglobin oxygen binding curve moves to left, partly cause is the result that no medium hemoglobin is exposed to the blood plasma pH value (7.4) higher than endoerythrocytic pH value (7.2); And when hemoglobin was removed from erythrocyte, the natural relation between hemoglobin and 2,3 one diphosphoglycerides was destroyed, thereby has reduced P more 50With regard to regard to removing the circulation, we observe no medium hemoglobin and can be removed rapidly by kidney, the blood transfusion half-life Only about 100 minutes, the hill coefficient of SFH is in the 2.3-2.8 scope.
The hemoglobin that we have determined chemical modification has overcome some shortcomings of no medium hemoglobin.Described in the prior art modification method comprises the various intramolecular crosslinking methods of no medium hemoglobin; The intramolecularly of no medium hemoglobin and low-molecular-weight reagent and intermolecular crosslinked method; And there is not a method that the medium hemoglobin cooperates with other polymer.
The internally crosslinked method of no medium haemoglobin molecule is known in existing technology.For example, see United States Patent (USP) 4,584,130,4,598,064 and 4,600,531.This method is to come modification not have the medium hemoglobin by the method for a fumarate bridge covalently bound lysine 99 residues on proteinic α chain.The result of this intramolecular crosslinking is that the crosslinked hemoglobin of two aspirin has the oxygen affinity that is equal to blood.And the crosslinked hemoglobin (molecular weight is 64,500) of two aspirin can not be decomposed into dimer (molecular weight is 32,250) again.So the retention time of the hemoglobin that two aspirin α-α are crosslinked is 4 to 8 hours (this be no medium hemoglobin retention time two to four times).However, when the patient lost a large amount of blood, owing to need a kind of carrier of oxygen that can transport oxygen in several days, this hemoglobin still can not provide sufficiently long holding time concerning the treatment acute hemorrhage.The P of the hemoglobin that two aspirin are crosslinked 50(24-28mmHg) hill coefficient also is (2.5-2.8) like this in biological scope.
Using low-molecular-weight cross-linking agent also can make haemoglobin molecule carry out intramolecularly is cross-linked with each other.For example,, described after the preferred adding pyridoxal 5-phosphate in 248 at United States Patent (USP) 4,336, use dialdehyde make haemoglobin molecule mutually between and/or plasma protein and gelatine derivative cooperate.United States Patent (USP) NOS.4, described in 001,401,4,001,200,4,05,590 and 4,061,736 with difunctional or multi-functional low-molecular-weight cross-linking agent carry out crosslinked.Intermolecular hemoglobin cross-linking products usually is not the single soluble tetramer, but the solubility oligomer that a plurality of tetrameric hemoglobin thing is connected to form by covalent bond.Be typically, between this quasi-molecule crosslinked product have usually that the oxygen that is not equal to blood carries and transportation performance (with the P of whole blood 50Value 28 is compared the polymeric hemoglobin P of glutaraldehyde 50Be 18-23) and its hill coefficient in the 1.8-2.8 scope.And the product that carries out intermolecular cross-linking by glutaraldehyde known in the state of the art is to have antigenicly [to see DH Marks etc., Militry Med. 152: 473 (1987)].
In general, in the haemoglobin molecule and intermolecular crosslinked reduction some dissociate into the toxicity problem of the kidney that α β-dimer produced by unmodified hemoglobin.Yet the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) that is produced by the solubility hemoglobin does not but significantly reduce because of intramolecular crosslinking.So this has just limited the dosage that the solubility hemoglobin blood substitute is suitable for administration.In general, the increase of COP can cause the reduction of hydrostatic pressure and the corresponding reduction of glomerular filtration rate, has caused oliguria, anuria under the serious situation.The administration of solubility hemoglobin described in the prior art has caused bradycardia, and hypertension and creatinine are removed and descended.Found that vasoconstriction and angiemphraxis are the causes of disease of kidney effect, these are all relevant with use solubility hemoglobin blood substitute.A kind of hemoglobin of height polymerized form of using preparation as described herein as blood substitute can alleviate these problems.
Highly fluorinated chemical compound, perfluorocarbon compound particularly, because its highly dissoluble to oxygen, also being taken as is red blood cell substitute, the high fluorinated compound that is suitable for this purposes have the perfluocarbon class as, perfluorodecalin, the perfluor dihydroindene, perfluoro-methyl diamantane (obsolete), heneicosafluorotripropylamine, perfluorotributylamine, the hot bromine of perfluor etc.When intravenous uses, must be dispersed into injectable emulsion with immiscible these perfluocarbon classes of water.Emulsifying agent commonly used is Ovum Gallus domesticus Flavus lecithin and lecithin in these are used, and the two all has the ability of precipitation allergy thing.For example referring to, PCT 92/06517, it has been described and has contained fluoride and phospholipid, as LYSO-PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE LYSOPC and hemolytic phosphatidyl cholamine, as a kind of Emulsion of surfactant, perhaps PCT 93/11868 has described the Emulsion of making emulsifying agent with Ovum Gallus domesticus Flavus lecithin, and it contains high fluorizated, chlorine replaces, and the non-annularity organic compound is as the carrier of oxygen.
Fluosol-DA (α therapeutic agent) is the emulsion of a kind of perfluorodecalin and perfluamine, and it is that the unique approval of FDA is used for preventing the temporary transient ischemic medicine of spherical coronary angioplasty.Another perfluorocarbon product contains the hot Australia of oxygen agent (Alliance Pharmaceuticals) or perfluor and has also gone through to make agent as oral.Perfluorochemical as the summary of blood substitute referring to Riess etc., Angew Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 17.621-634 (1978).
Blood substitute described in the prior art only uses the dissolubility hemoglobin to make the carrier of oxygen.Really, what general tradition was accepted is, a kind of insoluble haemoglobin molecule (for example, it is with other haemoglobin molecule excess polymeric or is linked to insoluble degree, perhaps it be cause by excessive degeneration insoluble, or the like) owing to oxygen binding site in the very possible molecule is not suitable for use in reversibility in conjunction with oxygen.In addition, the hill coefficient of the solubility hemoglobin of prior art and be not more than the hill coefficient of unmodified natural hemoglobin.
By comparison, the polymeric shells that is made by hemoglobin as herein described is the macroscopic molecule (because its a large amount of polymerization or crosslinked tetramer molecule of many hemoglobin) of " huge ", because it has bigger volume, be insoluble to water-bearing media.In the ultrasound wave irradiation step owing to polymerization takes place for the sulfydryl on the protein cysteine residues crosslinked.According to the prepared polymer shell of the present invention, generally contain at least 10 4Individual crosslinked polymer molecule, and have 10 12Individual tetrameric hemoglobin thing is cross-linked into a macroscopic hemoglobin " big polymer " (megamer).Unexpectedly find oxygen can with these have affinity insoluble structure reversibility combine, concerning a kind of erythrocyte (RBC) succedaneum its affinity in available scope, i.e. P 50Arrive between about 50mmHg at about 10mmHg.
Wondrous and the beat all discovery of another of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of relevant the present invention (IHC) is that it has high hill coefficient (n).Hill coefficient is to measure in the tetrameric hemoglobin thing molecule index of degree of synergy between the oxygen binding site (haemachrome unit).The hill coefficient of natural hemoglobin maximum approximately is 2.8, and the hill coefficient of the general report of the hemoglobin of modification is less than 2.8 in the prior art.The hill coefficient measured to the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention is big especially, generally arrives in about 25 scopes about 5.Need not limit by any intreractive theory, these high numerical value be by interact between the oxygen binding site of contiguous crosslinked tetramer homoglobin unit or interconnect produce.Basically, it is believed that hill coefficient increases, show that the time a plurality of tetramers in the insoluble structure are being converted in oxygen-R (loose) state procedure and are being played synergism by deoxidation-T (nervous) state in conjunction with oxygen.
The amount that the advantage that viewed beat all big hill coefficient has in hemoglobin construct of the present invention is each tetrameric hemoglobin oxygen that thing unit delivers head and shoulders above the amount of the hemoglobin of modifying in natural hemoglobin or the prior art delivery oxygen that can reach.This oxygen carrying capacity that has increased is gone a long way the present invention greatly as the RBC succedaneum.
Hemoglobin construct of the present invention has maximum hill coefficient in partial pressure of oxygen is about the 4-100mmHg scope.In other words, in this partial pressure of oxygen scope, can reach maximum synergism.Because typical alveolar pO 2Within this scope, when with structure of the present invention during as blood substitute, the picked-up oxygen that hemoglobin construct can maximum in lung.
On the other hand, structure of the present invention is closely similar to tissue release oxygen and physiology hemoglobin,, is typically organizing pO that is 2During (＜40mmHg), major part is combined in the structural oxygen of insoluble hemoglobin and is released to organizing oxygenation.So, crosslinked insoluble hemoglobin of the present invention has the uncommon oxygen binding ability higher than hemoglobin of the prior art (because hill coefficient is bigger) in typical load depresses (in lung), and, in tissue, run into the oxygen evolution ability of remaining valid under the typical pressure.
Because the crosslinked character of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention and its volume, it may have more the quite long body-internal-circulation time than erythrocyte (RBC) succedaneum of prior art.And, since they than macromole (macroscopic) volume, they can not bring out the nephrotoxicity problem, and the existing problem of hemoglobin of this general tetramer described in the prior art just or oligomer soluble form.
(" blister " or microvesicle) insoluble hemoglobin construct of sky of the present invention can load a kind of suitable gas in hemoglobin shell or film.So, when hemoglobin " microvesicle " for example at an external device or when in lung, using oxygen balance, the centronucleus of this structure or bubble is by unconjugated or free oxygen institute is saturated, these oxygen enter in the nuclear by molecular diffusion.So this structure is also carried unconjugated molecular oxygen except combining the oxygen with the hemoglobin that forms microcapsule shell or film in the little space of its empty nuclear.The ability that this system transports not in conjunction with (but be wrapped) oxygen increased the oxygen delivery capacity of karyonide system greatly, surpassed separately the amount by the oxygen that hemoglobin delivered.Do not put down in writing in the prior art and thisly also carry the ability that does not combine oxygen simultaneously in that oxygen and hemoglobin are bonded by little cavity.
Before intravascular administration, also can load in advance or saturated insoluble hemoglobin construct with oxygen.Maximum sent oxygen during the short-term that can resemble coronary angioplasty or oncotherapy was like this used.
The evacuation of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention " cell " performance makes them to transport oxygen in a kind of physiology's mode, and has nothing different with intravital erythrocyte.Because " big polymer " characteristic of the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention, it is inappreciable that colloid osmotic pressure that they produce or turgor pressure are compared with (with regard to the oxygen carrying capacity) solubility hemoglobin of any equivalent in the prior art.This just can carry out venous transfusion to the hemoglobin construct of the present invention of high concentration, and concerning the solubility hemoglobin of prior art, owing to worry that osmotic gradient causes the dehydration that the blood vessel surrounding tissue is serious, can only infuse with Cmax 6-8g/dl.
The present invention can also expand to and use other oxygen conjugated protein as the RBC succedaneum.As an example, Myoglobin has an independent oxygen in conjunction with heme group (but not having crosslinkable cysteine residues), and the effect with same way as of the present invention should be arranged.Myoglobin with a kind of genetic engineering generation of at least two crosslinkable cysteine residues can be used to generate a kind of insoluble Myoglobin structure.Oxygen is conjugated protein and do not have the proteic compositions of affinity can be used to form insoluble structure of the present invention to oxygen, for example can use hemoglobin and Myoglobin.
The present composition has more significant advantage than the microcapsule parcel hemoglobin compositions of prior art.The Liposomal formulation of the hemoglobin of prior art contains the solubility hemoglobin at the liposome shell.Some shortcomings that the liposome hemoglobin compositions of prior art has are overcome by the present invention.The solubility hemoglobin that cracking goes out from liposome composition might cause nephrotoxicity.The insoluble structure of the present invention will not be because its crosslinked on a large scale character will can cracking go out the solubility hemoglobin.The gathering of liposome is known can activating complement PROTEIN C 3 α.If insoluble structure, because its volume is far longer than the volume range of liposome, this gathering will be impossible.
The insoluble crosslinked hemoglobin compositions of the present invention has been avoided the relevant toxicity of solubility hemoglobin compositions with prior art.The nephrotoxicity of hemoglobin or nephrotoxicity mainly are and remove the solubility dimer from circulations, tetramer, or the oligomer hemoglobin is relevant.Hemoglobin of the present invention extensively cross-linked or " big polymer " can not be removed by kidney, thereby nephrotoxicity can not be arranged.Insoluble structure of the present invention can not be removed by kidney, thereby has solved this problem.Another advantage that the extensively cross-linked hemoglobin construct of the present invention has than prior art is because its insoluble form has increased in endovascular retention characteristic.
Record the form of insoluble hemoglobin (IHC) with transmission electron microscopy algoscopy (TEM).For the TEM microphotograph of the transverse section that obtains cattle IHC, IHC is fixed with glutaraldehyde, with Osmic acid. and potassium ferrocyanide dyeing (for the contrast in high protein concentration district is provided), with a kind of low viscosity resin embedding and carry out ultrathin section (sheet is thick to be～75nm).Because some that may have whole diameter in these steps are dwindled some shape distortions with IHC, so (3 microns of the distributions of the most handy solution granular size of true diameter of IHC; Std.dev.1) represent, rather than directly measure the TEM microphotograph.Examine the TEM microphotograph and find three clear and definite zones: a center clearly; A dark granule thin layer; With relevant with the granule outer surface loose adhering to, dispersive, spotted grey area.The black thin layer is exactly the IHC shell.It contains a kind of high-density protein, and in staining procedure, it is the most obvious to develop the color.The loose gray that adheres to seemingly is bonded at the native protein on the IHC shell in the fixing step of print preparation.The thick 25-35nm of being about of shell that the preliminary surveying of this photo and many other microphotograpies is shown the IHC of bovine hemoglobin.Hemoglobin be a kind of diameter be 5.5mn coarse spheroid albumen (L.Stryer, Biochemistry, W.H.Free-man, New York, 1988).So the protein coat of IHC approximately is that 4 to 20 times of haemoglobin molecule (tetramer) are thick.Therefore, diameter is 3.0 μ m foaming material should contain about 10 4To 10 12Individual haemoglobin molecule.
The no medium hemoglobin (SFH) that detects content that insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention (IHC) (microvesicle or microsphere) finds alpha-helix and beta sheet among the IHC and purification with circular dichroism does not have significant difference.This discovery is very important, does not cause albuminous degeneration (that is the change of three grades and quarternary structure) because it shows the cross-linking step of insoluble hemoglobin and forms.Certainly kept the combination of reversibility oxygen behind the synthesis step and oxygen has also confirmed this discovery in conjunction with the synergistic functional data between the haemachrome unit with representing.
Now measured the oxygen bonding properties of IHC.Because the hemoglobin of met-Fe (III) form can not be in conjunction with oxygen, can use people's such as Hyashi reduction system (A.Hyashi, T.suzuki, M.shin. Biochim.Biophys.Acta310,309,1973) Fe (III) is reduced to Fe (II).This reduction system is the Robison ester by variable concentrations, glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, and NADP, ferrodoxins, ferrodoxins reductase and catalase are formed.Before each oxygen is in conjunction with experiment, in IHC, adds this reduction system and kept 24-36 hour at 4 ℃.
According to the embodiment 14 described i hemoglobin HC that can synthesize cattle and people.Resemble known to the those skilled in the art, used hemoglobin can derive from any ridge impellent, non-vertebrates or eucaryon source, perhaps vertebrates, non-ridge impellent or eukaryotic genetic manipulation product.Table 1 provides this paper result's summary.
Table 1
The Hb microvesicle that sonication is crossed and without BHb n maximum and P in the phosphate ester of variable concentrations of sonication 50Conclusive table
Effector concentration (mM) The Hb microvesicle of sonication Hb solution without sonication
IHP 2，3-BPG IHP 2，3-BPG
The n maximum P1/2 The n maximum P1/2 The n maximum P1/2 The n maximum P1/2
0 9.5 21.2 9.5 21.2 2.7 22.3 2.7 22.3
0.25 12.1 22.2 11.5 22.0 2.7 24.7 2.7 22.5
0.5 15.2 28.3 13.0 25.1 2.8 28.2 2.8 23.2
1.0 15.1 32.1 13.4 28.7 2.8 30.2 2.8 24.9
1.7 17.6 39.5 14.0 32.6 2.8 34.1 2.8 28.0
Annotate: the hill coefficient of BHb microvesicle (n) by formula calculates: n = Δ log ( Y / 1 - Y ) Δ log P o 2 , Wherein Y is oxygenate part and P O2Be that oxygen is pressed, for microvesicle, every Δ log (Y/1-Y) is the meansigma methods of five continuity points
All all in 25 ℃ of TRIS buffer (pH7.4), carry out in conjunction with experiment.Confirm that as the IHC uv-vis spectra IHC has kept the performance of its reversibility in conjunction with oxygen, this shows has met-Fe (III), and oxygen-Fe (II) and deoxidation-Fe (II) form exist.IHC can circulate between deoxidation state and aerobic state, also can not be degraded substantially with cocycle for ten times.This point is very important, can obviously not change active haemachrome position environment on every side because it shows in the method for preparing the IHC red blood cell substitute.
These oxygen binding datas show that IHC is substantially devoid of denatured hemoglobin.If it is by degeneration, just can (or seldom) not observe physiological reaction.
The oxygen binding curve of reductive i hemoglobin HC and natural no medium hemoglobin all is being S shape in shape in the presence of no phosphate ester, and this curve table is understood the bonded functionality of oxygen.P in two kinds of curves 50Value (the oxygen binding site that exists on the hemoglobin has half in conjunction with the required pressure of oxygen) close (21 holders and 22 holders).This result show IHC be with the similar oxygen pressure of natural hemoglobin under combine and discharge oxygen.It is shocking, the maximum hill coefficient of IHC, n maximum (representing synergistic degree between the oxygen binding site) is apparently higher than (9.5 pairs 2.6 of no medium hemoglobin solutions; See Fig. 2).Calculate hill coefficient (n) with following formula:
Δ log ( Y / 1 - Y ) Δ log PO 2
Wherein:
Y=oxygenate part and
PO 2=partial pressure of oxygen
Meansigma methods with 5 continuity points obtains each (Δ) log (Y/1-Y) value, makes some smooth curves then.
Proved allosteric effector such as inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) and 2 of natural hemoglobin, and 3-bis phosphoric acid glyceride (2,3-BPG) can increase P 50(that is, than low oxygen affinity) and raising concertedness.Also can see identical effect among the IHC.Promptly use P 50The increase of value is identical, also can see the concertedness of more prominent effect IHC.In 1.7mMIHP (17.6 couples 2.8) and 2, the n maximum had more significant increase (seeing Fig. 3 and table 1) than natural hemoglobin under 3-BPG (14 couples 2.8) existed.
On the concertedness beat all big enhanced obviously be because covalently bound between the tetrameric hemoglobin thing in the IHC shell.Hill coefficient can not be greater than the interaction sites number.In the natural hemoglobin about 2.8 numerical response the concertedness of a tetramer.However, in the IHC shell, in case in conjunction with just having behind the oxygen connection is arranged between several crosslinked tetramers (by forming disulfide bond).Interaction between the tetramer may be the strongest recently; Yet at a distance of also there being more weak interaction between the farther tetramer.The n maximum is represented basically in conjunction with the synergism that is transformed into a plurality of tetramers in oxygen-R state procedure in the IHC shell behind the oxygen by deoxidation-T.The TEM microphotograph of i hemoglobin HC has also been reacted the thickness of the shell of about 6 hemoglobin polymer.The foaming material of diameter 20 μ m should comprise about 10 4To 10 12Individual haemoglobin molecule.
Numbers of particles with preparation back different times is measured the stability that IHC stores.IHC can with normal saline in deposited maximum 6 months under 4 ℃.At 3rd month, it is about 10% that the concentration of IHC has descended, and at 6th month, concentration about 25-30% that descended.
Respectively at 37 ℃, the autoxidation speed (transforming to met-Fe (III) from Fe (II)) of having measured IHC under 25 ℃ and 4 ℃ is greater than 60 hours, 96 hours and 25 days.Remain in the noble gas, obtain these results and just need not adopt special prevention protective measure.Prior art proves that clearly the autoxidation rate to the reduction hemoglobin is useful in the noble gas that is kept at resemble nitrogen.Fe (II) the hemoglobin part that seasoning long term preserves under this condition will have great growth.
In addition, store the IHC suspension with the restoring system of aforesaid Hyashi etc. and can prevent autoxidation.
We have studied with a kind of method of pasteurization as the sterilization of IHC suspension final stage.Use several different pasteurizing conditions.The numbers of particles that is used in after sterilizing under every kind of condition is weighed the effect of temperature to IHC.
The temperature of condition 1:IHC suspension rose to 62.8 ℃ from 25 ℃ in 8 minutes, and kept 30 minutes under this temperature.Numbers of particles shows that degraded is lower than 20%.
The temperature of condition 2:IHC suspension rose to 71.7 ℃ and kept 15 seconds from 25 ℃ under this temperature in 10 minutes.Numbers of particles shows to have and is lower than 20% degraded.
The temperature of condition 3:IHC suspension rose to 89.5 ℃ and kept for 2 seconds from 25 ℃ under this temperature in 12 minutes.Numbers of particles shows to have and is higher than 70% severely degrade.
So discovery condition 1 and 2 is fit to do the pasteurization method.Radiation gamma also is fit to do the sterilizing methods of final stage.
Can change oxygen affinity (or the P of IHC to the chemical modification of hemoglobin with known allosteric effector 50).The modification of hemoglobin has generally all been limited conversion between these two kinds of conformations of aerobic and deoxidation, so the oxygenate function always changes in some way almost.For example, modified hemoglobin under the aerobic form, beneficial to high oxygen affinity usually, it is opposite carrying out under deoxygenation conditions that modification then acts on.Because the 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine. derivative molecular resembles natural allosteric effector 2, the 3 one diphospho glycerate pyrroles ester (DPG) of trembling very much, so available 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine. derivant is made modifier.They can be in conjunction with the amino of hemoglobin end.For example by being similar to 2, the interactional naturally 5/-pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) of 3-DPG reacts with hemoglobin increases P 50Other 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine. derivant that also has that can be used as modifier, as 2-nor--2-formyl PLP (a kind of bifunctional reagent that can connect hemoglobin) or the two 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine .s of four phosphoric acid.Also can be with other cross-linking agent such as acyl group trimethyl sodium phosphate) come crosslinked β chain.
Can also use aldehydes modifier.For example with the glutaraldehyde polymeric hemoglobin be connected PLP with valeral.
Shuan Asi district woods ester for example 3,5-two (two Australia's salicyls), fumaric acid and corresponding single aspirin can be used as allosteric modifier.Aspirin is being attached on the internal lysine between a of hemoglobin chain and the simple function group reagent.These two can both increase the P of hemoglobin 50
So, can prepare " low-affinity " or " high-affinity " structure to be used for the situation except that wound and acute bleeding, for example transmit oxygen and be to use under the useful situation in that needs are local.
A kind of " low-affinity " structure that above technology is produced promptly has higher P 50The structure of (＞28mmHg) is used as a kind of adjuvant when using oxygen in radiation or chemical method treatment tumor.This structure is administered in the tumor circulation then at the oxygen of external loading heap(ed) capacity.It makes a large amount of oxygen evolution at tumor locus.The active oxygen that produces in the presence of radiation or chemotherapy makes tumor locus produce bigger cytotoxic activity.
" high-affinity " structure (P 50＜28mmHg) be applicable to " ischemic oxygen conveying ".Ischemia or histanoxia can occur in many pathological states, as apoplexy, and myocardial infarction etc.Preferentially discharge oxygen at these positions and will help to reduce as far as possible the lasting impaired of tissue.Have to the carrier of oxygen or the RBC succedaneum of the similar oxygen affinity of whole blood and can preferentially not discharge oxygen at this class position.Yet, have high oxygen affinity and (promptly compare P with whole blood 50Lower) and because of the time under the oxygen gradient condition that normally runs into, can keep the structure of its most of oxygen because the bigger cause of oxygen gradient alternately preferentially discharges oxygen at this class ischemia position between blood and tissue.By changing crosslinked character, with a kind of suitable natural hemoglobin with required affinity, or can operate the affinity of insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention at an easy rate with the hemoglobin that gene engineering method obtains with suitable affinity, to obtain a kind of numerical value (P that is fit to this use 50).
The insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention can be made capsule, and thus as the carrier of oxygen in the medicine (as the perfluorocarbon class), medicine, the effective carrier of diagnostic agent etc.By capsulated perfluorocarbon class (FC) is the effective carrier of oxygen, and it and partial pressure of oxygen are the dissolved oxygen of release that transports with linear relationship, and the hemoglobin shell of IHC and oxygen to press be to transport and discharge bonded oxygen with the sigmoid curve relation.This special combination of hemoglobin and perfluorocarbon makes in the body and can transport maximumly and discharge oxygen in same preparation.
All not open technology of transporting hemoglobin (Hb) and perfluorocarbon (FC) ability simultaneously in the prior art.The perfluorocarbon that wraps up in the nuclear of hemoglobin shell can be as the depots of an oxygen.This combination makes transporting S-shaped relation of pressure (promptly to hemoglobin) and linear relationship (promptly to perfluorocarbon) of carrier-bound oxygen.This is in conjunction with also making it to organizing pO 2Discharge " agglomerate " oxygen evolution (from hemoglobin) (bolus) of oxygen (from perfluorocarbon) and S type for " background " of linearity.Particularly for example in tissue local anemia or the tumor therapeutic procedure, when needing a large amount of oxygen in the short time, it can more effectively carry out the conveying of oxygen.
But Hb/FC shows its advantage in conjunction with transporting the position of dosage in the external monitoring blood vessel.Because be easy to make by MRI 19Therefore the F nuclear imaging perceives the accumulation of transporting suspension in blood vessel and the tissue probably.This has very big advantage in oncotherapy, because of in this process, oxygen is by with being used as radiating or the adjuvant of chemotherapeutics, so it can monitor accurately that oxygen carrier hemoglobin/FC suspension is transported to the site of anticipation.
In the present invention's practice, many perfluorocarbon (FC are arranged s) be fit to use, details are as follows.
In addition, the adhesion of anaerobic but the protein of crosslinkable cysteine residues or sulfydryl (natural or artificial introducing) can wrap up the bio-compatible perfluorocarbon of suitable oxygen affinity as the blood substitute.As its example, haemproteins parcel perfluorodecalin or perfluamine are as blood substitute.
There are some medicines to be suitable for being wrapped in the hemoglobin microcapsule of the present invention.Some chemotherapeutants need aerobic to exist just can obtain maximum cytotoxicity.Transmitting this class medicine in the structure of a kind of carrier of oxygen such as hemoglobin can be incorporated into cytotoxic basis in a kind of unitary package effectively.Many suitable cytotoxic drugs are oil-soluble.These medicinal solubles in a kind of perfluorocarbon or other biocompatible oil, as soybean oil, safflower oil, Oleum Cocois, olive oil, cotton seed wet goods.Oil/drug solns and a kind of hemoglobin solutions are produced the oil/medicine microsphere that is wrapped in the crosslinked ultrawhite shell of hard clot red eggs a kind of through the ultrasound wave radiation together.Before intravascular administration this suspension oxygen saturation.The oil-soluble cytotoxic drug comprises cyclophosphamide, GCNU, L-sarcolysin, mitomycin C, paclitaxel and derivant thereof, taxotere and derivant thereof, camptothecine, amycin, etoposide, A Moxifen, vincaleucoblastine, vincristin etc.; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent is as ibuprofen, aspirin, piroxicam, cimetidine etc.; Steroidal class such as estrogen, andrographolide, cortisone, hydrocortisone, Diflorasone etc., some medicines such as phenesterine, mitotane, Wei Shading (Visadine), halo nitrosoureas (helonitrosoureas), anthracene nucleus class (anthrocydine), ellipticine, stable, etc.; Immunosuppressant such as cyclosporin, azathioprine, FK506 etc.
Also can wrap in water soluble drug in the IHC shell with two emulsive methods with capsular form.At first, obtain a kind of Water-In-Oil (w/o) emulsion with a kind of bio-compatible oil emulsifying pharmaceutical aqueous solution.The w/o emulsion is used as oil phase, and stand the ultrasound wave radiation treatment with above-mentioned haemoglobin aqueous solution, generate the little Emulsion that contains the required water soluble drug of IHC in the shell, the emulsifying agent that is applicable to this embodiment of the present invention comprises Pluronic this (Pluronics) (block copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide)), the phospholipid (as lecithin, Ovum Gallus domesticus Flavus lecithin etc.) of source egg yolk; Fatty acid ester (as, list and glycerol distearate, single and two tripalmitins etc.).The water soluble drug that is used for this embodiment of the present invention comprises antineoplastic agent, as D actinomycin D, and bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, section promise mycin (duanorubicin), amycin, Ai Bo mycin (epirubicin), fluorouracil, carboplatin (carboplatin), cisplatin, interferon, Caulis et Folium Sinapis albee element, 9-methylpteroylglutamic acid, mitomycin C, zitazonium, estrogen, progestogen etc.
Two emulsification methods also are suitable for transmitting other water-soluble therapeutic agents, the material of diagnostic agent or nutritious value.For example, the hemoglobin microemulsion is wrapped in the content that can increase the hemoglobin among the IHC among the IHC with capsule form.
In order to make IHC more resemble erythrocyte, can around crosslinked hemoglobin microvesicle, form phospholipid bilayer.This class bilayer has formed a kind of real " erythrocyte analog ", and can in two process, generate and be used to form this double-deck electrically charged phospholipid or lipid comprises phosphatidylcholine, PHOSPHATIDYL ETHANOLAMINE, Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidyl glycerol, sphingomyelin, two myristyl phosphoric acid, double hexadecyl phosphoric acid, sarcosinate (sarcosyl amine), betanin, monomer and binary alkyd etc.Also can use nonionic lipid in the present invention; it comprises the polyethylene fatty acid ester, polyethylene fatty acid ether, diglycollic amide; long acyl hexose amide; the long acyl amino acid amide, the amino acid amide of long-chain, polyoxyethylene sorbitol ester; polyoxy monoglyceride and double glyceride; single and two stearate glyceride, single and two olein, single and two tripalmitin
This technical another one variation is to use the lipid of photopolymerization or produces a kind of more stable lipid " film " coating through the lipid that chemical reaction is crosslinked easily.The lipid that can be used for the photopolymerization among the present invention have the lipid that acrylate or methacrylate replace (as, phosphatidylcholine, PHOSPHATIDYL ETHANOLAMINE, Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidyl glycerol, two myristyl phosphoric acid, double hexadecyl phosphoric acid etc.), have natural polymerisable undersaturated lipid (as having undersaturated phosphatidylcholine of malonaldehyde base or attachable diene base etc.), or the like.Carry out the stable lipid coating that crosslinked lipid also is suitable for forming IHC easily through sulfo--disulfide exchange.The derivant of the phosphatidylcholine of the useful thioctic acid esterification of the example of this lipid, or the like.
Can be with the IHC class of ultrasound wave radiation synthesis by forming administration with the suspension in the bio-compatible medium as mentioned above, also can be with other nutrient administrations.
The optimization approach of vivo medicine-feeding is an intravenous, intra-arterial, and intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal in the oral cavity, sucks part, transdermal, suppository, route of administration such as vaginal suppository.
In a word, the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the present invention is than the solubility hemoglobin of prior art, and with capsulated solubility hemoglobin, the perfluorocarbon blood substitute or the carrier of oxygen have many advantages.These advantages comprise:
-higher oxygen capacity;
-variable oxygen affinity;
-insoluble " big polymer " hemoglobin, it can keep the long period in circulation than the solubility hemoglobin of tetramer of the prior art or oligomer;
-owing to molecular volume has the nephrocyte toxicity of hanging down probability greatly;
The probability of-hemoglobin seepage is littler than the hemoglobin of liposome;
-because its volume ratio liposome is bigger, so can not there be the aggregation that excites complement protein to form;
-compare with the solubility hemoglobin of prior art, because its " cell " property independently, its effect more resembles RBC;
-delivery with the bonded oxygen of hemoglobin in can also transport a depots that does not combine oxygen;
-can be as a kind of perfluorocarbon (FC) carrier that does not contain latent allergy and toxicity emulsifying agent;
Cross-linked haematoglobin in the-Hb/FC structure can provide than the stronger stability of emulsifying systems of using lecithin and/or other synthetic surfactant in the prior art;
-be and organize pO from the oxygen evolution curve of Hb/FC 2Relevant a kind of S shape and linear bonded curve;
-available 19Measure in the FMRI body and monitoring Hb/FC structure;
-except transporting oxygen, hemoglobin or Hb/FC structure be the useful as drug carrier also;
-the lipid duplicature can be used for hemoglobin construct, make it more resemble physiological structure;
-further increase endovascular retention time with polymer such as PEG modified hemoglobin structure.
Another aspect of the present invention can will generally be hydrophobic, with water not mixing this be difficult to containing of administration organic fluorine compounds and be wrapped in (as mentioned above) in the polymer shell, it is easily transmitted.Organic fluorine compounds that contain with the polymer shell parcel are easy-to-use, and are biocompatible.According to the polymeric shells granular size that the present invention produced about 2 microns average diameter is arranged, because it is used for the danger that intravenous or intra-arterial injection do not have little blood vessel blockage and cause tissue injury's (for example owing to part lose blood cause that oxygen loses) subsequently, so medical application is optimal, compare, red blood cell diameter approximately be 8 microns (think that the diameter that prevents blood vessel blockage injectivity biomaterial should be less than the 8-10 micron.
The fluorine atom of natural generation ( 19F) can provide a NMR signal clearly, so agent or " probe " use as a comparison in MRI 19The special benefits of F comprises: 1) natural concentration in vivo quite low (generally not having fluorine in vivo), 2) hypersensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, 3) with 1The gyromagnetic ratio that H is close just can be used for making so only existing MRI device is done small change 19F nuclear magnetic resonance, and 4) to contain organic fluorine compounds toxicity low for majority.
Perfluorocarbon is generally nontoxic, and is biocompatible.Because the carbon-fluorine bond of perfluorocarbon is strong (about 130kcal/ mole), so it is stable, do not have reactive, Gu this, also can not be by metabolism.Comparatively speaking, c h bond (about 100 kcal/mol) is more weak and responding property is stronger, the FDA approved two kinds of perfluorocarbon, perfluamine and perfluorodecalin are medically using as blood substitute with trade name Fluosol DA.
Can use many different perfluorocarbon in the embodiment of this invention.For example, can sneak into the chemical compound that meets following general formula in the used polymer shell of the inventive method as herein described:
(a) CxF 2x+y-zA z, wherein
X=1-30, preferred 5-15,
Y=2; Or when X 〉=2, y=0 or-2; Perhaps when x 〉=4, y=-4,
Z=0 is to any integer of (2x+y-1); With
A is selected from H, the halogen except that F, and-CN ,-OR, wherein R is H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, the fluoroolefins base, alkynyl, the fluoro alkynyl, aromatic radical, the fluoro aromatic radical, alkanoyl, the fluorine alkanoyl, alkenoyl, the fluorine alkenoyl, the alkynes acyl group, fluorine alkynes acyl group,
(b) [C xF 2x+y '-zA z] aJR B-a, wherein
X, Z, A and R as defined above,
Y '=+ 1; Y '=-1 or-3 when X 〉=2; Y '=-5 when X 〉=4,
J=O, S, N.P, Al or Si,
A=1,2,3 or 4 and
B=is 2 to bivalence J, or
To trivalent J is 3,
To tetravalence J is 4,
(c) A '-[(CF 2) x-O] c-A ", wherein:
X as defined above,
A ' is selected from H, halogen atom, and-CN ,-OR, wherein R is H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, the fluoroolefins base, alkynyl, the fluoro alkynyl, aromatic radical, the fluoro aromatic radical, alkanoyl, the fluorine alkanoyl, alkenoyl, the fluorine alkenoyl, the alkynes acyl group, fluorine alkynes acyl group,
A " be selected from H or R, wherein R as defined above,
C=1-300, preferred 2-50, or
(d)
Figure A20061000127900531
Wherein:
X as defined above, and
C '=2-20, preferred 2-8,
And any two or more mixture in them.
Included in the above-mentioned general formula is the chemical compound with following general formula:
C xF 2x, for example, perfluor-1-hexene (C 6F 12), perfluor-n-hexylene (C 6F 12), perfluor-3-hexene (C 6F 12) etc.;
Ring-type-C xF 2x, for example, perfluor cyclohexane extraction (C 6F 12), perfluor cyclooctane (C 8F 16) etc.,
C xF 2x-2, for example, perfluor-1-hexin (C 6F 10), perfluor-2-hexin (C 6F 10), perfluor-3-hexin (C 6F 10) etc.,
Dicyclo-C xF 2x-2, perfluorodecalin (C for example 10F 18) etc.,
C xF 2x+2, for example, perflexane (C 6F 14), PFO (C 8F 18), Perfluorononane (C 9F 20), perfluoro decane (C 10F 22), perfluor dodecane (C 12F 26) etc.,
C xF 2x-4For example, perfluor-2,4-hexadiene etc.,
C xF 2x+1A, for example, perfluamine [(C 4F 9) 3N], perfluorotributylamine, perfluor three tert-butylamines, etc.,
C xF 2x-2A 2, for example, C 10F 18H 2, etc.,
And highly fluorinated chemical compound such as the perfluor-1 of this class, 2-dihydroindene, perfluoro-methyl diamantane (obsolete), perfluoro capryl bromine, perfluor dimethyl cyclooctane, the hot bromine of perfluor ring, perfluor crown ether etc.
Except aforesaid straight chain, outside side chain and the ring-type fluorochemical, can also use in the embodiment of this invention and fluoridize crown ether (as, perfluor-12-crown-4, perfluor 15-hat-5, perfluor 18-hat-6 etc.).
In order to obtain to have the good magnetic resonance image (MRI) of higher signal noise ratio, it is useful using a large amount of fluorine of equal value, terminology used here " fluorine of equal value " be meant being present in of those fluorochemicals substantially similar microenvironment (promptly; Basically the fluoro substituents similar magnetic environment), fluorine of equal value will produce a video picture signal.A large amount of fluorine of equal value will produce one not by the strong signal that antinoise signal is watered down of " non-equivalence " fluorine.
Here used term " non-equivalence fluorine " is meant that those compare the fluoro substituents that is present in the fluorochemical in the dissimilar basically microenvironment (promptly dissimilar basically magnetic environment) with other fluoro substituents on the identical fluorochemical.Therefore, compare with fluorine of equal value, the non-equivalence fluorine is because its different chemical shift meeting produces a plurality of signals.So although have the application that the chemical compound of a large amount of non-equivalence fluorine can satisfy MRI, it is unfavorable obtaining best these chemical compounds of image.
Application for angiography especially meaningfully has the fluorinated carbon polymer shell that has prolonged circulation time.The used blood vessel technology of taking pictures is used X-ray contrast medium at present, and this is a kind of abrasive method.Recently confirm 1H-MRI can be used in angiography [Edelman and Warach, New Eng-land J.of Medicine 328: 785-791 (1993)].Similarly, 19F-MRI is applicable to angiography, and has many advantages, for example can obtain the stronger contrast with surrounding tissue (it does not contain any natural fluorine) reference.The example that can use this method has diagnosis and differentiates intracranial aneurysm, arteriovenous malformotion, superior vena cava obstruction, postcava obturation, portal vein obturation, pelvic cavity venous occlusion, renal veins obturation, kidney mesenteric arterial occlusion, periphery mesenteric arterial occlusion etc.
Can be used for various purposes according to the present invention with the fluorochemical of polymer shell parcel, as, obtain the magnetic resonance image (MRI) of various organs and/or tissue, obtain the fluorine distribution situation of organ and/or tissue, and measure local temperature.Contrast medium of the present invention also not only is confined to the use of MRI, and can be used for ultrasonography and radiologic use.Other isotope of fluorine 18F also can be as the contrast medium of (PET) in the positron emission X line laminagraphy.So, use a kind of fluorine-containing contrast medium, can carry out two kinds of diagnosis of PET and MRI.Also can catch other developing agent such as technetium and the thallium compound that are used for radiating contrast medium.Two examples of this class contrast medium are neuroleptics (Neurolyte) and heart debonding agent (Cardiolyte).
Using the present composition to measure oxygen is based under the existence of paramagnetic meterial such as oxygen 19The significant change of the loose rate of NMR of F.Because oxygen is paramagnetic, it will with the fluorine nuclear interaction, increase 19The loose rate of F from excited state to the normal state.With the method that this loose rate of monitoring changes, can measure the oxygen concentration (MRI signal calibration to a known oxygen concentration) of regional area.
For example, the novelty of this system is 1) use MRI can obtain the information of oxygen; 2) utilize the paramagnetic property of oxygen influence 19FMRI (NMR) signal; 3) use polymer shell that constant protectiveness environment that oxygen is also had permeability or the like is provided.
By use solid fluorine-containing chemical compound through the phase transformation in the physiological temp scope (as, high-molecular weight chemical compound, or the mixture of fluorochemical), also can use the MRI measure local temperature.Solid is longer than the relaxation time of liquid.So when reaching phase transformation conversion (that is, from the solid to liquid), relaxation time will significantly reduce.In the phase transformation of liquid, can be observed the significant change that NMR composes at solid.Can be corrected to a known temperature to the MRI signal shape of specifying fluorochemical.By the high molecular fluorochemical in the use polymer shell (promptly, have 〉=fluorochemical of 15 ℃ of fusing points), perhaps by using the interior fluorochemical of a kind of polymer shell and the mixture of nonfluorinated compound, come the inclusions of selective polymer shell, so that a kind of required temperature range (generally in about 22-55 ℃ scope) that undergoes phase transition to be provided.Perfluorocarbon in this shell will be in specified for temperature ranges through the solid of associating to the phase transformation of liquid, also change viewed loose rate thereupon, so just can measure the interior temperature of body.The local temperature data will be useful especially, for example monitored patient or (cancerous cell is colder than normal cell) use in the mensuration cancerous cell in the high fever treatment of cancer.
Employed fluoro-containing composition will determine the temperature range of phase transformation.So, just can in wider temperature range, use this technology by the component that changes fluoro-containing composition simply.For example, the pure perfluor dodecane (C that in a kind of polymer shell, wraps up 12F 26) will carry out the phase transformation of solid at the fusing point (75 ℃) of perfluorocarbon to liquid.Yet this transformation is rapidly, can only obtain a spot of temperature data.For obtaining lot of data, can expand the fusing point of fluoro-containing composition in the relative broad range to, for example, just in pure fluoro-containing composition, add other component simply.Well-known mixture has lower and melting range broad than corresponding pure component in the prior art.So for example, the perfluor dodecane that is mixed with a kind of perfluorocarbon of lower molecular weight will be widened the melting range with the compositions of capsule form parcel.Similarly, will widen the melting range of parcel compositions with the mixture of a kind of alkane (as pentane) and fluorochemical (as, perfluor dodecane).
In addition, also can use the chemical modification long-chain fatty acid of chemical addition fluorine (as, n-heptadecane acid [C in the embodiment of this invention 17H 34O 2], nonadecylic acid [C 19H 38O 2] etc.), alcohols is (as nonadecanol [C 19H 40O], tadenan [C 22H 46O] etc.).For example, perfluor-uncle-butanols (t-[C 4F 9-OH; PCR CHEMI-CALS)] and the dehydration coupling reaction between above-mentioned any reactive oxygenatedchemicals will produce through solid to a molecule and a molecule of liquid phase-change with 9 fluorine of equal value.Equally, for example, melting range is widened in a kind of fluoride fat acid, can be used for carrying out the mensuration of local temperature thus.
The novelty of this temperature measuring system is; for example 1) can use MRI to obtain the temperature data of spatial decomposition; 2) utilize the dependence of temperature and MRI (NMR) signal; 3) used in specified for temperature ranges through a kind of fluorinated carbon composition of solid to liquid phase-change; 4) used polymer shell to provide constant and environment and 4 protectiveness to medium) when obtaining morphological data, can obtain temperature data.
According to the present invention, in being not more than the shell of about 10 microns (terms used herein " micron " are meant millimeter one thousandth measurement unit), wraps up a diameter of section granule of fluoro-containing composition.More preferably diameter of section is less than 5 microns, and concerning the intravenous route administration at present most preferably less than 1 micron diameter of section.
Needs according to video picture can be introduced position in the body to contrast medium of the present invention in various manners.For example, by oral cavity picked-up or suppository form aqueous suspension import gastrointestinal tract (as, to acquire the video picture of harmonization of the stomach gastrointestinal), be expelled to non-vascular site such as marrowbrain chamber, perhaps in the vascular such as coronary artery of injected into blood vessel system or certain organs.In addition, also can arrive other body part to contrast medium injection of the present invention, as preceding, eye chamber, back, ear, bladder (as, pass through urethra), peritoneal cavity, ureter, the urethra renal pelvis, the osteoarthrosis chamber, lymphatic vessel, subarachnoid space, ventricles of the brain chamber, the heart stops up chamber etc.
The polymer shell that contains the solid of fluorine compositions or liquid core can directly transmit the fluoro-containing composition reagent of high dose with relatively little volume.This has just reduced the discomfort of patient when accepting big quantity of fluid.
According to other embodiment of the present invention, provide a kind of basic water-insoluble drug such as paclitaxel administration way to solve the problem to not describing in the existing document.So, we have found that the water slurry with submicron size particle, or contain this drug particles or be dissolved in the water slurry of the medicine in the bio-compatible on-aqueous liquid, can finish the transmission of this class medicine.This method helps transmitting this class medicine of high concentration, and has avoided the use toxic and side effects relevant with it of emulsifying agent thus.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, new contain drug composition and can improve above-mentioned administering mode by a kind of, wherein water-fast medicine such as paclitaxel are suspended in a kind of bio-compatible liquid basically, and resulting suspension contains the granule that sectional dimension is not more than this class medicine (as paclitaxel) about 10 microns, with distinct methods as grinding, spray drying, precipitation, ultrasound wave radiation etc. can obtain the required size particles less than 10 microns.
Because the water-fast medicine that conventional method obtains such as the crystalline size of paclitaxel are greater than 20 microns, the solid particle of this medicine (as paclitaxel) does not still transmit with the form of suspension of this class carrier of normal saline.Yet, the present invention but discloses and water-fast substantially medicine (as paclitaxel) is ground into size has been lower than about 10 microns, preferably be lower than about 5 microns, most preferably be lower than the granule about 1 micron, and with the transmission administration of this particulate suspension, wherein said granular size can be carried out the danger that intravenous transmits and do not have organ and organize microcirculation to stop up with form of suspension.
Owing to be transmitted the particulate nature of medicine, organ such as spleen, liver and lung with reticuloendothelium system can be removed most medicines from circulation.This just makes the physiological agents of particle form can reach intravital these positions.
Used in this embodiment bio-compatible liquid is with above-mentioned those are identical.In addition, non-enteral nutrition agent such as Intralipid (are used as the trade name of the commercial commercially available fatty emulsion of non-enteral nutrition agent; Can be from Kabi vitrum, Inc., Clayton, Ncrth (Carolina has bought), Nutralipid (is used as the trade name of the commercial commercially available fatty emulsion of non-enteral nutrition agent; Can be from McGaw, Irvine, alifornia have bought), Liposyn III (as non-enteral nutrition agent can be from the trade name (containing 20% soybean oil, 1.2% lecithin and 2.5% glycerol) of the commercial fatty emulsion of having bought; Can be from Abbott Labora-tories, North Chicago, Illinois has bought), wait the carrier that can be used as this drug particles.Perhaps, if bio-compatible liquid contain the dissolved substance resemble the soybean oil material (as, resemble among the Intralipid), medicine can partly or entirely be dissolved in the carrier liquid, helps its transmission.The example of this situation is to make carrier with Intralipid to transmit paclitaxel.The preferred bio-compatible liquid that is used for this embodiment here is non-enteral nutrition agent, as described above those.
According to another embodiment of the invention, a kind of compositions that is used for transmitting in the body paclitaxel also is provided, wherein paclitaxel is dissolved in a kind of non-enteral nutrition agent.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the invention provides a kind of compositions that is used for transmitting in the body biological product, wherein said biological product are selected from:
A kind of solid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in a kind of polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of liquid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of gas is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of and the bonded gas of polymer shell, or their any two or more combinations,
The maximum cross-section diameter of wherein said shell is not more than 10 microns, wherein said polymer shell is come down to by the crosslinked biocompatible material preparation of disulfide bond mode by a kind of, and wherein said polymer shell is modified by a kind of suitable reagent arbitrarily, and this reagent connects described polymer shell by a kind of covalent bond arbitrarily.
Further, wherein said suitable reagent is to be selected from synthetic polymer, phospholipid, protein, polysaccharide, surfactant, chemical modifier or their combination, and wherein said reagent and described polymer shell combine by covalent bond arbitrarily.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the invention provides a kind of compositions that is used for transmitting in the body biological product, wherein said biological product are selected from:
A kind of solid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in a kind of polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of liquid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of gas is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of and the bonded gas of polymer shell, or their any two or more combinations,
The maximum cross-section diameter of wherein said shell is not more than 10 microns, wherein said polymer shell is come down to by the crosslinked biocompatible material preparation of disulfide bond mode by a kind of, and wherein said polymer shell is modified by a kind of suitable reagent arbitrarily, and this reagent connects described polymer shell by a kind of covalent bond arbitrarily.
Further, described biological product are to be selected from pharmaceutically active agents, diagnostic reagent or nutrient.Further, described diagnostic reagent is selected from the ultrasonic contrast medium, radiation contrast medium, or magnetic contrast medium.Further, described magnetic contrast medium is a kind of fluorine-containing nuclear magnetic resonance agent.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the invention provides a kind of compositions that is used for transmitting in the body biological product, wherein said biological product are selected from:
A kind of solid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in a kind of polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of liquid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of gas is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of and the bonded gas of polymer shell, or their any two or more combinations,
The maximum cross-section diameter of wherein said shell is not more than 10 microns, wherein said polymer shell is come down to by the crosslinked biocompatible material preparation of disulfide bond mode by a kind of, and wherein said polymer shell is modified by a kind of suitable reagent arbitrarily, and this reagent connects described polymer shell by a kind of covalent bond arbitrarily.
Further, wherein said cross linked polymer is a kind of naturally occurring polymer, a kind of synthetic polymer, or their combination,
Wherein said polymer, before crosslinked, the covalently bound mercapto of having gone up
Base or disulfide bond.
Further, described naturally occurring polymer is to be selected from the protein that contains sulfydryl and/or disulfide group, contains the polypeptide of sulfydryl and/or disulfide group, contains the fat of sulfydryl and/or disulfide group, contain the Polynucleotide of sulfydryl and/or disulfide group, or contain the polysaccharide of sulfydryl and/or disulfide group.
Further, wherein said protein is to be selected from hemoglobin, Myoglobin, albumin, insulin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin, α-2-macroglobulin, fibronectin, vitronectin, Fibrinogen or their both or more combinations arbitrarily.
The present invention will illustrate in greater detail by following indefiniteness embodiment.
Embodiment 1
The preparation of butyraceous protein coat
3ml USP (American Pharmacopeia) 5% human serum albumin (Alpha treats company) solution is inserted the cylindrical test tube that is placed with sound wave probe (Heat System XL2020 type).On albumin solution, cover the Oleum Glycines (soybean oil) of the USP grade of 6.5ml.Sound wave probe's tip is put in the interface of two solution, and this composite set is remained in 20 ℃ the cryostat.After making this system balancing, acoustic wave device was opened 30 seconds.The strong mixing obtains a kind of white cream.Suspension is diluted to 1: 5 with normal saline.Utilize particle collector (granule data system Elzone, 280PC type) to measure the size distribution and the concentration of oil-containing protein shell.Protein shell after the mensuration is determined has about 1.35 ± 0.73 microns maximum transverse diameter, and its concentration at former suspension is～10 9Individual/the ml shell.
In contrast, make not contain albumen in the above-mentioned composition, when being subjected to ultrasonic radiation, then can not form stable microemulsion liquid.This result shows that for the formation of microsphere, albumen is absolutely necessary.This will show emblem mirror research by electron micrograph observation as described below and transmission-type electronics and be confirmed.
Embodiment 2
The parameter that the impact polymer shell forms
To several variablees, test as the concentration and the intensity of acoustic wave of protein concentration, temperature, sonicated time, management activating agent, so that obtain the best preparation method of polymer shell.These parameters are determined by the crosslinked bovine serum albumin shell that contains toluene.
Measuring by protein concentration with particle collector is the size of polymer shell of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% formulations prepared from solutions and the variation of quantity, the size of finding polymer shell does not change significantly with the variation of protein concentration, but every ml is by " quantity of the polymer shell of cream preparation, the increase with protein concentration below 5% concentration increases.Do not find at this more than protein concentration that the quantity of polymer shell produces significant the variation.
For the best preparation of polymer shell, find that the test tube initial temperature is important.Typically, initial test tube temperature remains between 0～45 ℃.The water oil interfacial tension that is used for the oil of polymer shell formation is an important parameter, and it also changes with the functional form of temperature.Pharmacologically active agent does not have significant effects to the generation of protein coat.No matter pharmacologically active agent is to add with dissolved state, still be suspended in the disperse medium, it is unessential relatively.
The sonicated time is the key factor of the decision polymer shell quantity that every ml produced.Find the sonicated time greater than 3 minutes, the polymer shell total amount then reduces, and illustrates that over-drastic sonicated may cause the destruction of polymer shell, and the sonicated time is less than 3 minutes, then produces the polymer shell of sufficient amount.
According to the nomographic chart that acoustical generator manufacturer provides, the acoustical generator ultrasonic power of Shi Yonging is approximately 150w/cm in addition 2Use three kinds of power settings that increase gradually, the polymer shell quantity that the power setting of discovery peak power produces is maximum.
Embodiment 3
Contain the preparation of the polymer shell that dissolves paclitaxel
The concentration of paclitaxel with 2mg/ml is dissolved in the USP grade Oleum Glycines.3ml USP 5% human serum albumin solution is placed the cylindrical test tube that is connected with the sound wave probe.Cover 6.5ml Oleum Glycines/paclitaxel solution on albumin solution, sound wave probe tip places on the interface of two solution.Make this combination carry out balance, acoustical generator was opened 30 seconds.The strong mixing obtain a kind of stable white cream, wherein contains to have wrapped up/the albumen wall polymer shell of oily paclitaxel solution.
For obtaining the higher load capacity of this crosslinking protein shell, the mutual solvent (medicine has sizable dissolubility therein) and the oil of a kind of oil and medicine is mixed.As long as this mutual solvent nontoxic relatively (for example ethyl acetate), it just can be injected together with initial carrier, on the other hand, can be removed by evaporation of liquid under the vacuum after the polymer shell preparation.
Embodiment 4
The stability of polymer shell
Under 3 kinds of different temperatures (promptly 4 ℃, 25 ℃ and 38 ℃), analyze the stability of the polymer shell suspension of concentration known.Its stability is measured in change by special time endoparticle number.(with reference to embodiment 1) prepares crosslinking protein (albumin) shell that contains Oleum Glycines as mentioned above, dilutes in saline, makes last oil concentration reach 20%, and preserves under said temperature.The granule number of each sample that is obtained (Elzone) is summarized in the table 2 with the function of time.
Table 2
Natural law Protein coat in the saline
4℃ 25℃ 38℃
0 7.9 8.9 8.1
1 7.4 6.9 6.8
7 7.3 8.3 5.0
9 7.8 8.1 5.8
17 7.8 8.3 6.1
23 6.9 7.8 7.4
27 7.2 8.8 7.1
Top data declaration: through experimental period, the concentration of the granule of being counted (being polymer shell) still keeps quite constant.Quite constant scope is in 7-9 * 10 10Between/the ml.It shows, through the time around almost, under different temperature, polymer shell has good stable.
Embodiment 5
Bio distribution in vivo---contain the crosslinking protein shell of fluorogen
After determining intravenous injection, be wrapped in the picked-up and the bio distribution of the intravital liquid of protein polymer shell, a kind of fluorescent dye (rubrene obtains from Aldrich) is wrapped in human serum albumin (HSA) the polymer shell body, as a kind of label.Like this, rubrene is dissolved in the toluene, prepares the cross-linked albumin shell that contains toluene/rubrene by aforesaid ultrasonic radiation.The cream of gained dilutes 5 times in normal saline.Then the suspension after the 2ml dilution is injected into the tail vein of mice with 10 minutes speed.Put to death an animal in back 1 hour in injection, another is put to death after 24 hours in injection.Under fluorescence microscope, check 100 microns frozen sections of lung, liver, stomach, spleen, bone marrow, with existing of the polymer shell determining to have wrapped up fluorescent dye or discharged dyestuff.In 1 hour, the most polymers shell is complete (promptly presenting bright fluorescent grain, about 1 micron of diameter), and is positioned at the lung regulating liver-QI.24 hours section, dyestuff can both series of observations in lung, liver, spleen, bone marrow.Common tissue staining is observed, shown that the shell wall of polymer shell is hydrolyzed (digestion), dyestuff therefrom discharges.This is consistent with expected result, illustrates that the present composition has the potential use that delays and control content pharmaceutically active agents (as paclitaxel) release.
Embodiment 6
The toxicity that contains the polymer shell of Oleum Glycines (SBO)
Contain the polymer shell of Oleum Glycines as preparation as described in the embodiment 1, dilution is two kinds of different solution in normal saline, a kind of 20% Oleum Glycines that contains, and another kind contains 30% Oleum Glycines.
Lactone, a kind of commercial available TPN agent contains 20% Oleum Glycines (SBO).When with the speed injection lactone of 1 ml/min, the median lethal dose(LD 50) of mice is 120ml/kg, and the mice for 1 30g is approximately 4ml in other words.
With the present composition that contains Oleum Glycines two groups of mices (3 is 1 group, each heavily about 30g) are done following processing.Give the suspension that contains the Oleum Glycines polymer shell of each injected in mice 4ml preparation.Each mice in one group accepts to contain the suspension of 20%SBO, and each mice of another group accepts to contain the suspension of 30%SBO.
After so handling, 3 mices accepting to contain in the 20%SBO suspension group all survive, and handle one week of back at SBO and observe, institute in a organized way or organ all do not show finding of naked eye toxicity.Acceptance contain only have in one group of three mice of 30%SBO suspension 1 dead after injection.This result clearly illustrates that, by contained oil in the polymer shell of the present invention, compares with commercial available SBO preparation (lactone), and when its median lethal dose(LD 50), be nontoxic.This effect may be because the result of the slow release (i.e. Kong Zhi bioavailability) of the oil in the polymer shell.Compare with the Emulsion of commercial available high oil mass, so slowly discharge the appearance that has stoped oily lethal dose.
Embodiment 7
The living body biological utilization rate of the Oleum Glycines that from polymer shell, discharges
Behind injection of polymer shell suspension in the Mus blood flow, conduct an experiment with the material of determining to be aggregated beyond the region of objective existence shell parcel slowly or continue to discharge.By aforesaid sonicated, preparation contains the polymer shell of crosslinking protein (albumin) wall of Oleum Glycines (SBO).With normal saline resulting butyraceous polymer shell suspension is diluted to the suspension that finally contains 20% oil.In the mice external jugular vein that this kind of 5ml suspension was injected with in more than 10 minutes intubate.Several time points after injection are taken a blood sample from these mices, and determine the content (Oleum Glycines mainly is triglyceride) of triglyceride in the blood by conventional analysis.
Compare thing with the commercial available lipomul of 5ml (lactone, a kind of moisture non-enteral nutrition agent-contain 20% Oleum Glycines, 1.2% egg yolk lecithin and 2.25% glycerol).This tester utilizes lecithin as emulsifying agent, to stablize this Emulsion.The serum levels of the triglyceride under the both of these case relatively will draw direct comparison as the bioavailability of the oil of time function.Except that the polymer shell suspension of oil-containing 20%, the ultimate density of also injecting the dilution of 5ml normal saline is the polymer shell suspension sample of oil-containing 30%.In three groups, each group is used 2 mices.Triglyceride levels in every kind of situation hematochezia is listed in the table 3, and its unit is mg/dl.
Table 3
Group Serum triglycerides
Before the injection 1 hour 4 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Lactone tester (20%SBO) 11.4 941.9 382.9 1‘5.0 8.8 23.8
Polymer shell (20%SBO) 24.8 46.7 43.8 29.3 24.2 43.4
Polymer shell (30%SBO) 33.4 56.1 134.5 83.2 34.3 33.9
Indicate in the hurdle of " injection before " before the expression injection triglyceride levels in the blood.Clearly, for the lactone tester, can see that injection back triglyceride levels is very high, the time triglyceride that approximately needs 24 hours begins to drop to the preceding level of injection.As seen, this oil can be used in the metabolism after injection immediately.
Contain the oil-containing polymer shell suspension of same oil total amount (20%) with lactone, detectable triglyceride then demonstrates a kind of very different utilization rate in its serum.Its content is elevated to about 2 times of its normal value, and keeps several hours on this level.This shows that triglyceride slowly or constantly is released into blood with a level that quite approaches normal value.The polymer shell group of accepting oil-containing 30% shows higher triglyceride levels (following higher dosage), and reduces to normal in 48 hours.Repeat once, compare with the matched group of accepting lactone, blood triglyceride levels does not raise greatly in this group.This has shown slowly discharging with continuing of present composition medium oil again, and its advantage is to have avoided the dangerous high blood concentration of material in the polymer shell, and is utilized in a long time with acceptable level.
Clearly, the medicine that is transmitted in the polymer shell of the present invention also will have same superiority.
This polymer shell system that contains Oleum Glycines can be suspended in a kind of by in aminoacid, basic electrolyte, vitamin and the sugared aqueous solution of forming, to constitute a kind of total parenteral nutrition agent (TPN).This TPN can not make with fat milk (as lactone) commonly used at present, because the Emulsion that has electrolyte to exist is unsettled.
Embodiment 8
Contain the preparation of the crosslinking protein wall polymeric shell of pharmaceutically active agents solid core
The another kind of method that transmits poorly water soluble drugs (as paclitaxel) in polymer shell is a kind of polymer shell that is enclosed with the solid drugs core of preparation.This " albumen coating " drug particles can obtain as follows.Step described in the repetition embodiment 3 is with an organic solvent dissolved paclitaxel and is reached higher concentration.Normally used solvent is an organic solvent, as benzene, toluene, hexane, ether etc.The preparation of polymer shell such as embodiment 3.5ml is contained the polymer shell cream that dissolves paclitaxel be diluted to 10ml with normal saline.This suspension is put into the rotary evaporator of room temperature, and volatile Organic substance is removed by vacuum.After 2 hours, examine under a microscope in rotary evaporator, these polymer shells expose fuzzy core, and this shows that basically all organic solvents are removed really and the solid paclitaxel is present in the protein shell.
Can also will have the polymer shell lyophilization of the drug core of organic solvent dissolution, to obtain a kind of not dry crushing powder, it can be suspended in (or in other appropriate liquid) in the saline in use once more.If at room temperature can not keep solid-state medicine, can obtain the liquid core polymer shell.This method can be used for preparing the crosslinking protein wall housing that contains non-dilution medicine.The granular size analysis shows that these polymer shells are littler than butyraceous polymer shell.Although being used to prepare the optimization protein of polymer shell at present is albumin, other albumen such as α-2-macroglobulin in fact, a kind of known opsonin also can be used to increase the intake of macrophage to polymer shell.All right, it adds wherein with the PEG-mercapto in forming the polymer shell process, but to produce the polymer shell of a kind of extension body internal recycle time.
Embodiment 9
Polymer shell circulation and release dynamics in vivo
Contain the solid core polymer shell of paclitaxel by above-mentioned (seeing that embodiment 3) preparation, and be suspended in the normal saline.Measure the concentration of paclitaxel in the suspension with following HPLC.At first, the 0.1M mercaptoethanol that the paclitaxel in the polymer shell is added into dissociate out (cause the exchange of albumen two sulfur-crosslinked keys, and destroy the crosslinked of polymer shell); Then, with acetonitrile free paclitaxel is extracted from suspension.The mixed liquor of centrifugal gained, and with its supernatant lyophilizing.Lyophilized products is dissolved in the methanol, and is injected on the HPLC,, be approximately 1.6mg/ml to determine the concentration of paclitaxel in the suspension.
Give this suspension of injected in mice 2ml by the jugular vein conduit, put to death this animal in the time of 2 hours, and measure the paclitaxel amount that is present in the liver by HPLC.This need carry out homogenate to liver, uses acetonitrile extraction then, at centrifugal back lyophilizing supernatant.Lyophilized products is dissolved in the methanol, and is injected on the HPLC.From 2 hours liver, reclaimed the paclitaxel of about dosage 15%.Demonstrate the effective dose of liver.This result and known liver reticuloendothelial system are removed short grained function from blood consistent.
Embodiment 10
The preparation of crosslinked PEG-wall polymer shell
Preparation contains the Polyethylene Glycol of sulfydryl, it be preparation polymer shell of the present invention contain the proteic substitute of sulfydryl or the additive of preparation polymer shell of the present invention.Known PEG pair cell avirulence, no inflammatory, no adhesive, and common inanimate object activity.Once it was connected on the albumen to reduce its antigenicity, and was connected on the liposome that constitutes lipid and can prolongs their circulation times in vivo.Therefore, PEG is incorporated into basic protein shell, can expectedly prolongs the circulation time of polymer shell and improve its stability.Join the concentration of the sulfydryl Polyethylene Glycol in 5% albumin solution by change, might obtain to have the not polymer shell of consubstantiality internal stability.Can prepare sulfydryl Polyethylene Glycol (, being disclosed in PolymerPreprints Vol.32:154-155 (1991)) by available technology in the document as the technology of Harris and Herati.
The sulfydryl Polyethylene Glycol of molecular weight 2000g/mol is dissolved in the concentration of 1% (0.1g adds among the 10ml) in 5% the albumin solution.On this albumen/PEG solution, cover, and behind sonication, produce the oil-containing polymer shell that has the shell wall that constitutes by crosslinking protein and PEG as embodiment 1 described oil.Press the stability of embodiment 4 described these polymer shells of check.
Other water-soluble synthetic polymer of can be by sulfydryl modification and being used for substituting PEG comprises: (as: chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, dextran, starch, pectin etc.) such as polyvinyl alcohol, methacrylate poly hydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene oxazoline, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharide.
For example, but the protein shell that contains carbon fluoride of extension body internal recycle time is useful especially to the vascular system imaging.Compare with the shell that does not contain PEG in the shell wall, these housings still were retained in the circulation in the extended period.For example, it can make the cardiac cycle visualize, and a kind of method of evaluation coronary circulation of non-damage is provided, and has replaced the traditional damaging technology as angiography.
Embodiment 11
By the intravenously administrable that contains the immunosuppressant polymeric shells immunosuppressant is sent to transplant organ
Immunosuppressant is widely used in the following organ transplantation to prevent the generation of rejection.Particularly, cyclosporin (Cyclosporine), a kind of effective immunosuppressant can prolong the time-to-live of allograft, comprising: the transplanting of skin, heart, kidney, pancreas, bone marrow, small intestinal and lung.Proved the transplantability disease that cyclosporin can suppress some humoral immunization and the graft of Different Organs resists the host in the reaction that suppresses the cell adjusting to a greater extent such as graft-rejection of the same race, delayed hypersensitivity, tentative allergic encephalomyelitis, Bu Shi adjuvant arthritis and many animal varietiess.Use cyclosporin in human body, successfully to carry out the allograft of kidney, liver and heart.
Cyclosporin is at present with oral administration, can be to contain the capsule form administration of cyclosporin solution, this cyclosporin solution can be its alcoholic solution and oil solution (as glyceride of Semen Maydis oil, polyoxyethyleneization etc.), the solution form administration of olive oil that also can cyclosporin, glyceride of polyoxyethyleneization etc.It also can pass through intravenous administration, and it is dissolved in ethanol (about 30%) and Cremaphor (Oleum Ricini of the polyoxyethyleneization) solution in this case, and must dilute in normal saline or 5% glucose before the injection is 1: 20 to 1: 100.Compare with venoclysis, the absolute bioavailability of oral administration solution approximately is 3% (SandozPharmaceutica Corporation, PublicationSDI-Z10 (A4), 1990).Usually, the intravenously administrable of cyclosporin exists similar problem to the paclitaxel intravenously administrable that uses at present, promptly is considered to the allergy and the allergy that are caused by intravenously administrable support C remaphor.In addition, said intravenously administrable with capsule packaging medicine (as cyclosporin) can be avoided occurring dangerous blood peak value immediately after the administration.For example, the comparison of the cyclosporin formulations of at present used cyclosporin formulations and above-mentioned capsule parcel form, demonstrating the blood peak level that occurs immediately after the latter's the injection has 5 times decline.
For fear of the problem relevant with Cremaphor, the cyclosporin that is wrapped in the aforesaid polymer shell can be by quiet notes administration.It can be dissolved in perhaps many other solvents of a kind of biocompatible oils.By aforesaid sonicated, it is dispensed in the polymer shell then.In addition, the significant advantage of cyclosporin (or other immunosuppressant) administration of polymer shell parcel is because the interior reticuloendothelial system of liver has the local positioning characteristics to the picked-up of injection mass.To a certain extent, can avoid the system toxicity effect and reduce effective dose owing to the local positioning characteristics.After in embodiment 9, having described intravenously administrable, the paclitaxel of polymer shell parcel can be transported to liver effectively.Carry cyclosporin (or other possible immunosuppressant) can obtain similar result according to the present invention.
Embodiment 12
The antibody target effect of polymer shell
The feature of polymer shell of the present invention is can be monoclonal or polyclonal antibody attached on the polymer shell, perhaps antibodies in polymer shell.When preparation polymer miniature capsule shells, can be in polymer shell antibodies, perhaps after preparation with antibody attached to polymer on the miniature capsule shells.Available standards proteopexy technology realizes this purpose.For example, the albumen microencapsulation of protein such as albumin preparation, a large amount of amino group on the albumin lysine residue can be used for adhering to suitable modified antibody.For example, during the preparation polymer shell, anti-tumour antibody is attached in the polymer shell; Perhaps after preparation with anti-tumour antibody attached to polymer on the miniature capsule shells, thereby antitumor agent is transported to tumor locus.For another example, in preparation during polymer shell, with the antibodies of receptor on the anti-target cell in polymer shell, the person after preparation, with the antibody of receptor on the anti-target cell attached on the miniature capsule shells of polymer.Make gene prod be sent to (on some stem cell on the hepatocyte or in the bone marrow) on the specific cells; In addition, the monoclonal antibody of available anti-core receptor acts on the product of parcel the nucleus of particular cell types.
Embodiment 13
Polymer shell is as the carrier of polynucleotide structure, enzyme and vaccine
Gene therapy more and more is widely accepted (at present, the scheme of 40 multinomial people's genes transfers is by NIH and/or the approval of FDA commission for inspecting discipline) as the selectivity therapy of a feasibility.But being exactly people, one of obstacle of carrying out this therapy is unwilling to use viral vector that genetic stew is imported in people's cellular genome.Virus itself is to have toxicly, therefore, take a risk to use viral vector in gene therapy, is not received to non-lethality, nongenetic treatment of diseases particularly.It's a pity, do not utilize viral vector and the plasmid that shifts is not directed in the genome of target cell usually.In addition, as conventional medicine, this plasmid half-life in vivo is limited.Therefore, the use gene therapy (and antisense therapy, it is a kind of gene therapy of reverse.Wherein nucleic acid or oligonucleotide are imported inhibition of gene expression) general restriction can not be effectively in body, transmit nucleic acid or oligonucleotide because they too greatly can not permeate through cell membranes.
DNA, RNA, plasmid, oligonucleotide, enzyme etc. are wrapped in the albumen microcapsule shell of the present invention, can promote them to transmit to the target of liver, lung, spleen, lymph and bone marrow.Therefore, according to the present invention, these biological product can be sent to cell interior and can not be attended by and use virus (danger that carrier is relevant).Such preparation can promote from blood flow directly to the non-specific absorption of polymer shell or the grain effect of taking the photograph of RES cell.Perhaps enter in the muscle cell, perhaps enter in the tumor by direct injection by intramuscular injection.In addition, can will wrap up the nucleus that the product target is sent to certain cell type with the monoclonal antibody of anti-core receptor.
Comprise diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, hemophilia, vesical fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, tumor, influenza, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with the treatable disease of this structure.For example, insulin like growth factor gene (IGF-1) can be wrapped in the albumen microcapsule shell administration and treat diabetic peripheral neurophaty and cachexia.Can with coding IX because of with VIII because of the gene of (being used for the treatment of hemophilia) be wrapped in the albumen microcapsule shell of the present invention, to transmit liver specifically.Equally, low density lipoprotein, LDL (LDL) acceptor gene can be wrapped in the albumen microcapsule housing of the present invention, be sent to liver specifically with the treatment atherosclerosis.
Be applicable to that implementing other gene of the present invention is that those activate the immunoreactive gene of body to cancerous cell again.For example,,, can join in the albumen microcapsule housing of the present invention, be injected directly into cancer (for example skin carcinoma) as HLA-B7 by the antigen of contained dna encoding in the plasmid.In case enter cancer, antigen will excite the cancer specific cell, make cytokine (as, IL-2) level raises, it can make tumor have the target that immune system is attacked.
For another example, also can be wrapping in the albumen microcapsule housing of the present invention containing the genomic plasmid of part adeno-associated virus.In addition, albumen microcapsule housing of the present invention can be used to transmit therapeutic gene and arrive the CD8+T cell, as the acceptable immunization therapy to various cancers and infectious disease.
Albumen microcapsule housing of the present invention also can be used as the drug-supplying system of resisting infectious disease, comes the antisense nucleotide of target transmission as anti-hepatitis b virus.One example of this antisense oligonucleotide is a kind of nucleotide (phosphoro thioate) of the phosphorous sulfur of 21 aggressiveness of polyadenylic acid signal of anti-hepatitis b virus.
Albumen microcapsule housing of the present invention also can be used to transmit Cystic fibrosis permeable membrane regulator gene (CFTR).Lack the solid people of this base Cystic fibrosis can take place, can contain the albumen microcapsule housing of the present invention of cftr gene, and directly suck and treat this disease in the lung by spraying.
Also can transmit enzyme with microcapsule housing of the present invention.For example, enzyme (DNAse) can be wrapped up, and its target is sent to the cell of virus parcel albumen or viral infection by connecting suitable antibody in the polymer shell external body.Also vaccine can be wrapped in the polymer microcapsule of the present invention, and be used for subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administration.
Embodiment 14
Be used as the preparation of the insoluble hemoglobin construct (HIC) of erythrocyte succedaneum
Wash 20ml glass reaction ware, titanium generator and a packing ring and used whole instruments with ethanol and physiological saline solution before synthetic.In type reaction, with 3.5ml 5%w/v hemoglobin (people or cattle) adding reaction utensil, ultrasound wave acoustical generator in the connection (Heat Systems XL2020,20KHz, peak power 400W).Then this acoustical generator and reaction utensil are immersed in 55 ℃ the temperature control tank, though product can be in wider temperature range (0～80 ℃) synthetic, optimum temperature is 55 ℃, pH value is 6.8.For the high yield of material, temperature control is crucial, and optimum temperature depends on special experimental design.Ultrasound source is open-minded on power 7 positions.Utilize the nomographic chart of producer to infer that output is approximately 150W/cm 2In 30 seconds, finish reaction.In the long or short response time, its output is all fewer.For bovine hemoglobin, make 2.5%w/v solution by a kind of Sephadex G-25 gel permeation column to remove all aniones, as phosphate radical.In typical human hemoglobin IHC synthetic, ultrasonic generator is placed on the interface of G﹠W.The unit for uniform suspension that produces contains protein-based erythrocyte.Water slurry is preserved in 4 ℃ sterile chamber.
Typical reaction produces every ml and contains about 3 * 10 8The solution of IHC housing, 3 microns of its housing average diameters, standard error are 1 micron.This building-up process has produced the biological substance of the micron size of high concentration, its size distribution narrow range.
After synthetic, IHC still remains the suspended substance in the native protein solution.In order from unreacted albumen, to isolate IHC, available following several method: filtration, centrifugal and dialysis.The 1st kind of method comprises filtering mixt, and by a kind of Anotop injection filter, its aperture is that (Whatman Inc.), with the water washing and filtering device of several volumes, contains seldom or do not contain albumen (measuring by the UV-visible spectrum) up to filtrate to 0.2 μ m.IHC backwashed (backwashed) go out filter, be suspended in again in the saline of same volume.Second kind of purge process entad comprises or the application of centrifugal filter that it is 100KD by molecular weight.Centrifugal filtration is a kind of by the therefrom isolated centrifuge tube of filter membrane.With IHC solution centrifugal 5 minutes, can make most of unreacted hemoglobin (64.5KD) pass through filter membrane at 1000G.At last, dialyse with purification IHC with the filter membrane of macromolecule (300KD).Yet the method need be dialysed about 2 days.The method for optimizing of purification IHC be use entad centrifugal.
Embodiment 15
Be used as the preparation of the hard clot 32 albumen/albumin structure (IHAC) of erythrocyte substitute
Wash 20ml glass reaction ware, titanium acoustical generator and a packing ring and used whole instruments with ethanol and physiological saline solution before synthetic.In type reaction, with 3.5ml 5%m/v hemoglobin and albumin (people or cattle, hemoglobin/albumin ratio is between 0.5～2) the adding reaction utensil, connect ultrasonic generator (Heat Systems, XL2020,20kHz, peak power 400W), then this acoustical generator and reaction utensil are immersed in 55 ℃ the temperature control tank.Though product can (0～80) synthesize in wider temperature range, the best is carried out in reaction under 55 ℃.PH value is 6.8.For the high yield of product, temperature controlling is crucial, and optimum temperature depends on special experimental design.Ultrasound source is open-minded on power 7 positions, utilizes the nomographic chart of producer to infer that its output is approximately 150W/cm 2In 30 seconds, finish reaction.In the long or short response time, its output is all fewer.The substitute that contains the protide erythrocyte in the unit for uniform suspension that is produced.Aqueous suspension is suspended in again in the aseptic buffer saline, and stores in 4 ℃ sterile chamber through filtering, washing.
As mentioned above, the every ml of typical reaction generation contains about 10 8The solution of individual housing, its housing average diameter is 3 microns, standard error is 1 micron.This building-up process produces high concentration, the narrow big or small biological substance of micron of size distribution.
Can also utilize a kind of pipeline system, the reaction of formation of IHC is carried out continuously.This system is made up of peristaltic pump, and it pumps into hemoglobin stream and any one bio-soluble oil or carbon fluoride in the reaction utensil that has sound wave sounding probe sustainably.Stop one suitable period in reaction utensil, IHC enters recycling can and obtains reclaiming by overflowing from reaction utensil.The unreacted hemoglobin solutions circulates again and enters in the reaction utensil.
Embodiment 16
Contain the preparation of the insoluble hemoglobin construct that wraps up carbon fluoride
Wash 20ml glass reaction ware, titanium generator and a packing ring with ethanol and physiological saline solution before synthetic, and used whole instruments.In typical reaction,, connect ultrasonic acoustic generator (Heat Systems XL2020,20KHz, peak power 400W) with 3.5ml 5%m/v hemoglobin (people or cattle) adding reaction utensil.With a kind of carbon fluoride, perfluorodecalin 3.5ml adds in the reaction utensil.Then this ultrasonic acoustic generator and reaction utensil are immersed in 20 ℃ the temperature control tank.This water pH is 6.8.Ultrasound source is open-minded on power 7 positions.Utilize the nomographic chart of producer to infer that output is approximately 150W/cm 2In 30 seconds, finish reaction.Contain microcapsule or microsphere that the crosslinked insoluble hemoglobin housing of perfluorodecalin is arranged in internal package in the unit for uniform suspension of gained.This cream is suspended in again in the above-mentioned aseptic buffer saline, and stores in 4 ℃ sterile chamber through filtering, washing.
As mentioned above, the every ml of typical reaction generation contains about 10 8The solution of individual housing, its housing average diameter is 3 microns, standard error is 1 micron.This building-up process has produced high concentration, the narrow big or small biological substance of micron of size distribution.
Embodiment 17
Close the preparation of the insoluble albumin structure of parcel carbon fluoride
Wash 20ml glass reaction ware, titanium acoustical generator and a packing ring with ethanol and physiological saline solution before synthetic, and all whole instruments.In type reaction, in 3.5ml 5%w/v albumin (people or cattle) adding reaction utensil, connect ultrasonic acoustic generator (Heat Systems XL2020,20KHz, peak power 400W).With a kind of carbon fluoride, perfluorodecalin (or perfluamine) 3.5ml adds in the reaction utensil.Then ultrasonic acoustic generator and reaction utensil are immersed in 20 ℃ the temperature control tank.This water pH is 6.8.Ultrasound source is open-minded on power 7 positions.Utilize the nomographic chart of producer to infer that output is about 150W/cm 2In 30 seconds, finish reaction.Contain microcapsule or microsphere that the crosslinked insoluble albumin housing of perfluorodecalin (or perfluamine) is arranged in internal package in the unit for uniform suspension of gained.This cream is suspended in again in the above-mentioned aseptic buffer saline, and stores in 4 ℃ sterile chamber through filtering, washing.
As mentioned above, the every ml of typical reaction generation contains about 10 8The solution of individual housing, its housing average diameter is 3 microns, standard error is 1 micron.This building-up process has produced high concentration, the narrow big or small biological substance of micron of size distribution.
Embodiment 18
With the allosteric modifying agent as 5 '-the further insoluble hemoglobin construct of improvement of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)
For obtaining that oxygen is had different affinity (is different P 50Hemoglobin construct, do further to react with IHC and PLP (a kind of known allosteric modulators).With the IHC in the TRIS buffer (pressing embodiment 14 obtains) suspension, deoxidation under 10 ℃ of nitrogen.IHC suspension after the 10ml deoxidation is put into 6 independently reaction utensils respectively.The PLP/Hb mol ratio difference that adds in each reaction utensil, they are: 0.1/3.0,0.75/3.0,1.5/3.0,3.0/3.0,4.2/3.0,6.0/3.0.After 30 minutes, add the sodium borohydride that surpasses 10 times of amounts, continue 30 minutes to reduce Schiff's base.By this suspension of centrifugal filtration, backwash 3 times then, be suspended in the buffer saline again, and store down at 4 ℃ with buffer saline.This modification is the amino terminal gene on the 6-globin chain in deoxyhemoglobin.On this meaning, aspect the stabilized deoxy conformation, this kind modification and 2, its effect of being connected on lysine EF6 (82) b of 3-DPG is closely similar.
These six kinds in various degree the result of modification be: the P of IHC 50Increase progressively (P along with increasing of PLP replacement 50Increase progressively the decline of affinity for oxygen just).
Embodiment 19
The insoluble works that has hemoglobin and the crosslinked housing of Polyethylene Glycol
Known Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) pair cell avirulence, NIP, no adhesive, inanimate object activity usually.Seldom found antigenicity attached to the albumen on the PEG.The circulation of finding liposome can consolidate PEG connection or in conjunction with and increase.Therefore, this PEG is incorporated among the RBC, will expectedly prolongs circulation time.By changing the concentration of the sulfydryl PEG that adds albumen (as hemoglobin), can prepare PEG hemoglobin RBC with different stability.Sulfydryl PEG can lead to prior art for preparing (as: Harris and Heart Polymer Preprints 32:154 (1991)).
The sulfydryl PEG that with molecular weight is 2000g/mol is dissolved in 5% hemoglobin solutions with 1% concentration (being that 0.1g adds 10ml).With this albumen of sonicated-Peg solution to generate as the protide erythrocyte substitute of description among the embodiment 14.
Embodiment 20
Have the insoluble hemoglobin construct that is attached to the Polyethylene Glycol of hull outside with covalent bond
Press embodiment 14 described preparation IHC.Adopting the technology of (Beauchamp etal.Analytical Biochemistry 131:25-33,1983) in the document, is 10,000 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 10K) and 1,1 ' one carbonyl dimidazoles (CDI) reaction with molecular weight.It is in 8.0 the borate buffer that IHC is suspended in 50mM pH, and add PEG-CDI (2 times of moles that surpass hemoglobin lysine total amount), at room temperature stirred reaction mixture is 6 hours, the PEG-IHC of gained passes through isolated by filtration, use normal saline washing, be suspended in again in the aseptic buffer saline.
Embodiment 21
Influence the parameter that insoluble hemoglobin construct forms
Check several variablees, as protein concentration, temperature, the sonication time, sound intensity, pH value is to obtain the best generating mode of IHC.
By 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% hemoglobin solutions prepares these materials, also can be by the preparation of mixed protein solution, and as the albumin of hemoglobin and people, cattle, its concentration change is 1-10%.Measure its size and concentration with particle counter.Find that its size significant variation do not occur with the albumen initial concentration.From between the initial concentration to 5% time, gained quantity increases with concentration at albumen.More than the concentration, its quantity does not find to have significant change at this.
Find that initial test tube temperature prepares significant to the best of IHC.Typical case's initial temperature remains on 0-80 ℃, and best initial temperature is about 70 ℃.
The supersound process time also is the key factor that the every ml of decision produces IHC quantity.About about 30 seconds of supersound process helps synthesizing the IHC of high concentration.Longer or the shorter supersound process time produces capacity but is more preceding is few IHC.
According to the nomographic chart that ultrasonic generator producer provides, the sound power that is used for the ultrasonic generator of this experiment is about 150W/cm 2Other setting power also can produce a large amount of IHC.
Embodiment 22
Insoluble hemoglobin construct as the carrier of oil-soluble medicine
The cytotoxicity of several antitumor drug improves under the aerobic situation greatly.Therefore, when conducting drugs to the tumor kitchen range, need to improve the oxygen concentration at that position.Hemoglobin microsphere of the present invention has this effect.Top embodiment 16 has described the parcel of insoluble hemoglobin housing to carbon fluoride liquid.Cell toxicity medicament, for example cyclophosphamide, BCNU, alkeran, paclitaxel, camptothecine, amycin, Rhizoma Dysosmae Versipellis ethylidene are guarded against or the like, can be dissolved in the suitable oil of carbon fluoride or other, Oleum Glycines for example, and be wrapped in the hemoglobin construct.
Concentration with 5mg/ml is dissolved in paclitaxel in the Oleum Glycines (SBO), in the hemoglobin solutions adding reaction with 3.5ml 5%, and then the SBO/ paclitaxel of adding 3.5ml.Two-phase mixture is carried out as the sonicated among the embodiment 16, obtain containing the crosslinked insoluble hemoglobin housing of SBO/ paclitaxel.
Embodiment 23
Polymeric shells as the carrier of water soluble drug
Several water soluble drugs are selected to be wrapped in the polymeric shells.For example, methotrexate is soluble in water with the concentration of 5mg/ml.Use the Oleum Glycines together emulsifying of Pluronic-65 (block copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide)), form a kind of stable Water-In-Oil (w/o) microemulsion this aqueous solution of every ml and 4ml.On 3.5ml 5% hemoglobin solutions, cover this w/o microemulsion of 3.5ml.Sonication obtains containing the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the methotrexate microemulsion of parcel after 30 seconds.
Embodiment 24
Polymerization housing as protein carrier
Several albumen are selected to be wrapped in the polymer shell, as hemoglobin, and albumin or the like.For example,, hemoglobin is wrapped up among the IHC, replace the water soluble drug among the embodiment 23 as a kind of method that increases the hemoglobin loading of IHC.Hemoglobin is soluble in water with 10% concentration.Use Pluronic (Pluronic)-65 (block copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide)) with the Oleum Glycines emulsifying of this aqueous solution of 1ml, to form a kind of stable Water-In-Oil (w/o) microemulsion with 4ml.On the hemoglobin solutions of 3.5ml 5%, cover this water-in-oil microemulsion liquid that contains hemoglobin of 3.5ml.This two-phase mixture obtains insoluble hemoglobin construct through sonicated after 30 seconds, this structure contains also microemulsion of hemoglobinated parcel itself.This method can improve the hemoglobin total amount of each IHC microsphere, thereby for to have improved oxygen carrying capacity in conjunction with oxygen.
Embodiment 25
The vivo medicine-feeding of albumin/carbon fluoride structure---nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-MRI) detection of biological distributes
The albumin structure that contains Perfluorononane by embodiment 17 preparations.Last suspension is made of the Sterile Saline of the carbon fluoride that contains 20% volume.This suspension of 2ml is injected the Sprague Dawley mice of Patients Under Ketamine Anesthesia through the tail vein.By use Bruker 500MHz NMR instrument with 19The live body that F-MRT detects carbon fluoride distributes.Mice is put into a 10cm 19Use T in the F coil 1Weighting sequence is with TR=1 second, TE=20 millisecond and 256 * 128 data matrixes and obtain image.
Found that most of FC were accumulated in liver, lung, the spleen in 1 hour after the administration.Some FC also can detect in bone marrow.In tissue positioned with aspect accumulating, hemoglobin construct has the identical effect of expection.These observed results are to the treatment of liver, lung tumor, and have important enlightenment at the site-specific delivery of drugs that cooperates cell toxicity medicament with high dose oxygen or aspect radiocurable ancillary drug treatment bone marrow tumor cell.
Embodiment 26
Have the live body administration of the structure of medicine
Contain the insoluble hemoglobin construct of the paclitaxel (in SBO) of parcel by embodiment 22 preparation, the suspension of gained is made of the Sterile Saline of the SBO that contains 20% volume.This suspension of 2ml is injected the Sprague Dawley mice of Patients Under Ketamine Anesthesia through the tail vein.
Inject after 2 hours, put to death mice, take out liver.Make liver homogenate with a spot of saline, and use ethyl acetate extraction.With the extract lyophilizing, be dissolved in the methanol and be injected into a kind of HPLC post.From liver, reclaimed the paclitaxel of not metabolic initial dose about 15%.This explanation is feasible when oxygen is transmitted at these positions antitumor drug being transported to liver specifically.
Embodiment 27
Stability blood replacing model as insoluble hemoglobin blood substitute
By external jugular vein, give the Sprague-Dawley mice intubate of anesthesia.Take out about 70% of its blood volume 10 fens clock times.Mice keeps this state again through 10 minutes.Refill a kind of P then 50For IHC of the oxygenation of 28mmHg etc. oozes suspension.The mean arterial pressure of continuous monitoring mice, heart rate and respiratory frequency.As time goes on these mices survive.
Embodiment 28
The effect that the slightly solubility hemoglobin reverses the tissue local ischemia
The function that slightly solubility hemoglobin (IHC) is optionally transported oxygen to the ischemia position is studied.Have " high affinity ", i.e. P 50The IHC of＜28mmHg is applicable to this purpose, because they only normally run into the big position of oxygen gradient in this blood circulation, and the just said oxygen that discharges at the ischemia position.To have P 50For the IHC of 20mmHg is used for this purpose.
With the conduct of rat BCO model " apoplexy " or cerebral ischemia model.Make the both sides arterial occlusion of the Sprague-Dawley mice of Patients Under Ketamine Anesthesia by interim ligation, in matched group, remove ligation after 15 minutes and recover normal blood flow.In experimental mouse, make the IHC suspension externally after the oxygenation with oxygenation equipment, directly the IHC salt aqueous suspension of 1ml high affinity is injected the carotid artery of each side.Treat after 24 hours, put to death mice, take out their brain, fixing, section is also measured the degree of cell death with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) or trypan blue staining.Learn that by the mensuration of trypan blue staining the cell death degree is lower in the experiment mice of having accepted IHC of the present invention.
Embodiment 29
The appraisal of insoluble hemoglobin construct half-life in the live body blood circulation
Insert conduit by external jugular vein to the Sprague-Dawley mice (350-400g) of anesthesia.IHC that will be equivalent to 20% animal blood volume etc. oozes the dense injection of suspendible and passes through catheter drug delivery.Take a blood sample in the sampling time scope between 0.25 to 92 hour.The haemolysis mark sign of centrifugal blood sample and observation blood plasma or the appearance of solvable hemoglobin.Because " microvesicle " among the IHC has gasiform space (and therefore low than the density of water), they rise to the surface of blood plasma after centrifugal.These microvesicles of filtering suspend in saline again, and count with particle counter.The IHC half-life has just been measured in the blood circulation.Compare with the artificial blood plasma substitute that comes from hemoglobin of prior art, find that this IHC demonstrates the circulating half-life that has increased.
Embodiment 30
The organ preservation effect of IHC-to the preservation effect of rat heart
Anaesthetize the heart of Sprague-Dawley Mus and utilize room air that it is practiced artificial respiration with surgical removal.Heart immersed have same IHC (or IHC/FC, or albumin/FC) preservation substrate same composition is arranged and do not have the hemoglobin component crystal substrate (" heart paralysis substrate "---CM) in.Heart soaks a few minutes with CM, and it is cooled to 10 ℃.Use 140mlIHC preservation substrate in 12 ℃ of preservation hearts 12 hours then.Make IHC substrate by heart with low pressure (18mmHg) continuously, and with 95%O 2/ 5%CO 2Make its balance constantly.After the preservation 12 hours, detect contraction, diastole and the functional activity of heart by using stripped work rat heart checkout equipment
Embodiment 31
Utilize IHC substrate in cardiac operation, to carry out the heart paralysis
Carry out cardiopulmonary bypass, and appropriate aortic cross close with opening after, will contain IHC (or IHC/FC, or albumin/FC) etc. ooze suspension as the carrier of oxygen, through the agglomerate injection 500 to 100ml agglomerates are transported to aortic root at 4 ℃.To the left, the right side coronary ostium cold substrate of carrying other dosage, under the situation of surgical bypass operation, before final anastomosis, also medium is transferred to the end of graft.Carried this substrate with the amount of the myocardium temperature that is enough to keep lower in per 15 to 20 minutes.After finishing the whole operation process, remove aorta clamp, make heart begin to recover warm.
Embodiment 32
The application of IHC substrate in angioplasty or tremulous pulse mediation art (Atherectomy)
Administration IHC in being used for recovering the intervene operation process of organotropic obturation or hypoperfusion regional perfusion (or IHC/F, the medium of or albumin/FC).The example of this operation has angioplasty or the logical art of tremulous pulse.Center cavity by the expansion inflating catheter in the expansion gas replenishment process of the saturating chamber of percutaneous shape angioplasty method can be alleviated partial ischemia with the IHC substrate of about 60ml/ minute speed administration oxygenation.With this substrate administration, it contains for example compatible RingerShi electrolyte and the substrate of physiology with the temperature of body temperature.Inject the equilibrated IHC substrate of oxygen of doses at each expansion aeration period.Can also use similar method in the swollen user of the inflation stage that tremulous pulse is dredged art, this operation can be used to the obstacle in the form physical removal blood vessel of cutter or laser.In enzymatic haemolysis process, substrate is directly injected blocked blood vessel and can when tamper dissolves, provide oxygen for tamper.In some angioplasty processes, use Fluosol-DA at present, IHC of the present invention (or IHC/FC, or albumin/FC) substrate can replace Fluosol-DA.
Embodiment 33
Synthetic C9F20 Dodecafluorononane. (C by the polymer shell parcel 9F 20)
Must be before synthetic reaction be carried out with the armamentarium of acoustical generator, sleeve pipe and the use of the glass reaction groove of a 20ml, titanium system with ethanol and Sterile Saline washes clean.In this type reaction, the aseptic 5%W/v USP of 3.5ml (USP standard) human serum albumin (the Alpha medical company provides) is joined in the reactive tank, and reactive tank is connected in ultrasound wave acoustical generator (Heat Systems, XL2020,20KHz, peak power 400W).Then acoustical generator is immersed temperature constant in 22 ℃ water-bath with groove.Be reflected at 22 ℃ and carry out being optimum, and product can (0 ℃ to about 40 ℃) synthesize in wideer temperature range.Temperature control is the key of high yield, and the optimal temperature condition then depends on specific experiment condition.
Then add 6ml C9F20 Dodecafluorononane. (C 9F 20), the ultrasound wave knob is threaded to the 7th retaining power place.The amount of the fluorocarbon that adds can change between about 13ml less than 1ml, and protein polymer shell productive rate at this moment is good.Be reflected in about 30 seconds and finish.Response time, too short and long output all can reduce.The uniform suspension of being produced comprises the C9F20 Dodecafluorononane. by protein polymer shell parcel, by volume calculates to be the Perfluorononane of 60% volume roughly.In 4 ℃ sterile chamber, preserve this aqueous suspension.
The every ml of solution that typical reaction is produced contains roughly 1 * 10 9Individual shell.Average housing diameter is 2 microns, and standard deviation is 1 micron.Observe this building-up process and produce the biological product of micron size high concentration, that the size distribution scope is narrower.
Embodiment 34
Synthetic perfluor tri-butylamine (C by the polymer shell parcel 12F 27N) or heneicosafluorotripropylamine (C 9F 21N)
The human serum albumin (3.5ml) of 5%w/vUSP and fluorine amines (6ml) joined in the glass reaction groove and with high-intensity ultrasound wave radiation, reaction condition is that power fixes on the 7th grade, bath temperature is 22 ℃, and the response time is roughly at 30 seconds.Another has synthesized the heneicosafluorotripropylamine [(C by the high concentration of protein polymer shell parcel of high concentration 3F 7) 3N] and perfluor tri-butylamine [(C 4F 9) 3N] (1 * 10 9Individual shell/ml), the shell average diameter is 2 microns.
Embodiment 35
Synthetic perfluorodecalin (C by the polymer shell parcel 10F 18)
Human serum albumin (3.5ml) and perfluorodecalin (C with 5%w/vUSP 10F 186ml) join in the glass reaction groove, and with high-intensity ultrasound wave radiation.Reaction condition is that power fixes on the 7th retaining, and bath temperature is 22 ℃, and the response time is roughly at 30 seconds.High concentration, the narrower perfluorodecalin of size distribution scope have been synthesized by protein polymer shell parcel.In addition, because perfluorodecalin and heneicosafluorotripropylamine all are the fluorocarbons of FDA approval, therefore the main component of Fluosol DA is used for medical imaging with these chemical compounds and is easy to be approved by administrative organization.
Embodiment 36
Synthetic perfluor 15-hat-5 (C by the polymer shell parcel 10F 20O 5)
Human serum albumin (3.5ml) and fluorine crown ether (C with 5%w/vUSP 10F 20O 56ml) join in the glass reaction groove, and with high-intensity ultrasound wave radiation.Reaction condition fixes on the 7th retaining of power, and bath temperature is 22 ℃, and the response time is roughly at 30 seconds.Ditto, synthesized the fluorine crown ether by protein polymer shell parcel of high concentration, its particle size distribution is narrower.In fact experimentation of this synthetic fluorocarbon by the polymer shell parcel is the research method of typical all fluorocarbons.
Embodiment 37
Synthetic perfluor-tert-butyl group butylene (C by the polymer shell parcel 10F 18H 2)
Human serum albumin (3.5ml) and C with 5%w/vUSP 10F 18H 2(6ml) join in the glass reaction groove, and with high-intensity ultrasound wave radiation, power fixes on the 7th retaining, bath temperature is that 22 ℃ and response time are roughly at 30 seconds.By this process, can synthesize perfluor-tert-butyl group butylene by the high concentration of protein polymer parcel.
Embodiment 38
Toxicity by the fluorocarbon of polymer shell parcel
In 10 minutes, give the venous duct injection 5ml2%v/v fluorocarbon suspension (by the Perfluorononane of HSA protein polymer shell parcel) of five rats by extrapolation.General fluorocarbon is owing to its firm fluorine-carbon bond does not have toxicity; Really, fluorocarbon is by the artificial blood plasma substitute of successfully ratifying as FDA (Fluosol DA).Collect rat and dissection in the specific time.Except the general health of observing rat, scrutiny liver, spleen, lung and kidney.0.5,2, rat all is healthy during inspection in 8 and 24 hours, does not have the tissue or the organ of inflammation.The 5th rat still survives after 90 days, and still very healthy.Group in contrast, the consumption of Oleum Glycines is a median lethal dose(LD 50) in the rat body of this FDA approval, has confirmed that further fluorocarbon is nontoxic and safety.
Embodiment 39
Pure carbon fluorine compounds and by the fluorocarbon of polymer shell parcel 19The F NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectrum
Can on the Bruker500MHzNMR spectrogrph, obtain by the fluorocarbon of protein polymer shell parcel and the NMR spectrum of pure carbon fluorine compounds.Instrument is transferred to 19F, its resonant frequency are 470.56NHz.As blocker, and all spectrum are all with at the Freon of 0ppm (CCl with the deuterium solvent 3F) be objective reference standard.With Perfluorononane and CDCl 3Put into 5mm NMR test tube.The spectrum of pure Perfluorononane obtains two groups of spikes, and one group at-87ppm, second group-127 ,-128 and-133ppm.
By the Perfluorononane suspension of HSA protein polymer shell parcel at D 2Again suspendible among the O, and obtained similar NMR spectrum.Obtain strong signal from 20%v/v fluorocarbon suspension, its peak value or resonant frequency are-81 ,-121 ,-122 and-the 126ppm place.Between the ultrasound wave radiation era, do not cause the change of Perfluorononane chemistry or structure by the fluorocarbon of polymer shell parcel.For example, for C 9F 20Observe two groups of resonant frequencies respectively: one group be accordingly approximately-80ppm, second group of resonant frequency is roughly at-125ppm, with CF 2Group is consistent.
Embodiment 40
Utilize fluorocarbon 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry local temperature
On the Bruker500MHzNMR spectrogrph, record the variable temperature NMR spectrum of fluorocarbon.Instrument is adjusted to 19F, its resonant frequency are 470.50Hz.With deuterium solvent (d 6-dimethyl sulfoxide [d 6-DMSO)]) as blocker, and all spectrum are with at the Freon of 0ppm (CCl 3F) be objective reference standard.The fusing point of perfluor dodecane is 77 ℃, with it and d 6-MDSO together at room temperature puts into the 5mmNMR test tube.Under different temperature, detect the spectrum of fluorine, and measure its breadth of spectrum line, the breadth of spectrum line at-81ppm place functional form with temperature is expressed as follows:
The breadth of spectrum line of-81ppm (Hz) Temperature (℃)
51.1 57.0 64.65 102 82 60
Along with temperature rises, the wide range during low temperature begins sharpened, and this is because the perfluor dodecane is in the phase transformation stage from solid-state to liquid state.This variation, rapidly variation sharp-pointed along with variations in temperature is as the measured result of pure material.
In order to subtract the LMP temperature, to widen molten some temperature range, in the perfluor dodecane, add the pentane of (about 2%v/v).As implied above, at the perfluor dodecane from solid-state to the liquid phase-change stage, the broad peak during low temperature is sharpened.The breadth of spectrum line of perfluor dodecane/pentane admixture is as follows as the function representation of temperature:
Breadth of spectrum line (Hz) Temperature (℃)
-82ppm -123.3ppm
21.26 165.89 216.6 290.77 578.27 577.62 87.17 280.50 341.2 436.15 451.33 525.11 77 67 57 47 37 27
Perfluor dodecane/pentane admixture has the desired low melting point that relative broad range is arranged.Use this system, can in 27 ℃ to 77 ℃ scopes, carry out temperature measuring.Therefore, as long as provide a breadth of spectrum line value, just can measure temperature at that time.
For instance, utilize the local temperature of this commercial measurement live body, comprise that injection contains the protein coat of fluorocarbon mixture (as mentioned above), the wide fusing phase transition process of this mixture has temperature---the mutual relation (can from experiment, obtain) of breadth of spectrum line.This preparation is except can be used as 19Outside the contrast medium of FMRI, it can act on liver and spleen, therefore the intraorganic localized variation temperature of available mensuration of while (to illustrate obvious unusual pathological state in the tissue).
Embodiment 41
19F nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR model image
The fluorocarbon of two types polymer shell parcels is used for the research of this analog imaging.According to synthetic Perfluorononane and perfluor tri-butylamine as described in embodiment 33 and 34 by HSA protein polymer shell parcel.Dilute the suspension that synthetic each volume contains 60% fluorocarbon with saline, get 2ml then and put into the polystyrene test tube.These polystyrene tubes are put into the commercial available Siemens 2T MRI instrument (10cm that works under 1.5 teslas 19The F coil).In 5 fens clock times, obtain test tube with repetition time (TR) (256 * 256 matrix) of 10 milliseconds ET (TE) and 300 seconds 19The F nmr image.
The Perfluorononane of polymer shell parcel Imaging resolution
Dilution [concentration], M
1 1/2 1/4 1/10 1/50 1/100 1.8 0.9 0.45 0.18 0.09 0.02 Splendid better inadequate
Good MR simulates imaging even just can observe under the Perfluorononane situation by the polymer shell parcel of low concentration.Also can in perfluor tri-butylamine, observe very approaching numerical value by the polymer shell parcel.Only at high dilution (1/100; 0.02M) time image quality and resolution relatively poor.
Embodiment 42
Stripped liver spleen 19The F NMR imaging
Injection 2ml 20%v/v is by the Perfluorononane suspension of HSA protein polymer shell parcel in 300g rat body.Put to death rat after 2 hours He after 5 days respectively, extracing liver,spleen,kidney and lung.For example, whole youngster's liver is put into the MRI instrument of one 4 tesla immediately, use a 10cm's 19The F coil working.Use T 1Weighting sequence and TR=1 second, TE=20 millisecond, data matrix are that 256 * 128 (that is, 128 phase coding steps, 16 signal averagings) obtain liver, spleen and kidney 19The F magnetic resonance image (MRI).
Liver 19F MRI image table reveals the locally variable intensity relevant with the degree of variation of liver absorbing polymeric shell.For example, can observe and the corresponding dark space of portal vein, Perfluorononane that can't see the polymer shell parcel in this zone occurs, because most housing all concentrates in the RES cell of liver.
In the average imaging intensity of liver of injection scanning after two hours approximately than injection high 20-30% of imaging intensity of sweep record after five days.This shows may be owing to breaking of polymer shell made the disperse of part Perfluorononane.In a word, obtained the high-quality imaging of performance liver form.Show the feasibility of this technology aspect diagnosis and location liver internal abnormality pathological change.
Embodiment 43
The interior liver of body, spleen 19The F NMR imaging
In 10 minutes, give the rat injection 2ml 20%v/v of 150g Perfluorononane (c by HSA polymer shell parcel 9F 20).Then rat is placed in the 4 Tesla MR I instruments, use 10cm 19The F coil working.Before collecting image, use the Patients Under Ketamine Anesthesia rat.Use T 1Weighting sequence and TR=1 second, the TE=20 millisecond, and data matrix 256 * 128 (i.e. 128 phase coding steps, 16 signal averaging numbers) obtains whole rat and single organ as liver, spleen and kidney 19The F magnetic resonance image (MRI).
Respectively in injection by the Perfluorononane of HSA protein polymer shell parcel 15 minutes, make the rat imaging after 2 hours and 24 hours.In a word, obtain the high-quality imaging of performance liver and spleen form, shown this technology unusual pathological change feasibility in diagnosis and location contain the organ of liver RES.
Embodiment 44
Utilize in the body 19The F NMR imaging is measured local temperature
In 10 minutes, give the rat injection 5ml20%v/v of 300g Perfluorononane/2% pentane (or perfluor nonadecanoic acid and 1% cholesterol) by HSA polymer shell parcel.Then this Mus is put into 15cm coil (Siemens 1.5 Tesla MR I magnetic resonance machines).With TE is that 10 milliseconds and TR collected imaging (256 * 256 matrix) in 300 seconds.Before image data, use the Patients Under Ketamine Anesthesia rat.In 15 fens clock times, make liver, spleen imaging so that 5 millimeters sheet is thick.Encase gentle rat with heating cushion, respectively image data when room temperature and about 37 ℃.
Embodiment 45
Utilize 19The F NMR imaging is carried out oxygen mensuration in the body
In 10 minutes, give the rat injection 5ml 20%v/v of 300g Perfluorononane by HSA polymer shell parcel.Then rat is put into 16cm coil (Sienens 1.5 Tesla MR I magnetic resonance machines).With TE is that 70 milliseconds and TR gathered imaging (256 * 256 matrix) in 3 seconds.Before image data, rat put into a controllable device.At first rat is put into oxygen room to increase the metabolism of oxygen, collect breadth of spectrum line and imaging then.Next step reducing the consumption of oxygen, and collects breadth of spectrum line and imaging to rat injection ketamine again, observes breadth of spectrum line and imaging intensity changes, and this content with the interior dissolved oxygen of rat body is consistent.Under higher oxygen concentration, measure maximum breadth of spectrum line.Sheet with 5 millimeters thick makes the imaging after 15 minutes of liver spleen.Encase the anesthesia Mus with heating cushion, when room temperature and 37 ℃, collect two groups of data respectively.
Embodiment 46
Preparation paclitaxel granule
Be lower than the paclitaxel solid particle of 10 micron granularities up to acquisition with ball mill grinding paclitaxel crystal (Sigma Chemical).Particle suspending in isotonic saline solution, and is measured its granular size by particle counter (Elzone, Particle Data) counting.Continue to grind and all be lower than 5 microns up to particulate granularity 100%.The preferred size that is used for venous transfusion is to be lower than 5 microns, it would be desirable to be lower than 1 micron.
Also can be lower than 10 microns up to all grain graininess and obtain the paclitaxel granule in addition by in water, the paclitaxel suspension being carried out sonication.
Until obtaining muddy liquid paclitaxel is precipitated out by in the paclitaxel alcoholic solution, adding water from its ethanol liquid, also can obtains to be lower than 10 microns paclitaxel granule, also can in adding the water process, carry out sonication, up to obtaining muddy liquid paclitaxel solution.Final mixed liquor is filtered and drying, just obtained the pure paclitaxel granule of desired particle size.
By carrying out spray drying and can prepare fine paclitaxel granule to being dissolved in volatile organic solvent such as alcoholic acid paclitaxel solution.Make flow of solution cross ultrasonic nozzle formation and contain alcoholic acid paclitaxel drop.Along with ethanol evaporates, obtain high-quality paclitaxel granule in spray dryer.Can change granularity by the concentration that changes paclitaxel ethanol liquid, flow rate of liquid and the sonication intensity that nozzle is flow through in adjusting.
Embodiment 47
The synthetic paramagnetism cation that is attached to polyanion
For instance, through alginate are distributed to dichloride gadolinium (GdCl 3) in the solution, can realize the synthetic of alginic acid gadolinium, for example, can be by to containing gadolinium ion (as, GdCl 3) solution carry out the ultrasound wave radiation and add a small amount of solution of sodium alginate synthesizing the microspheric form alginic acid gadolinium that is suitable for endocellular injection.Alginate are distributed in the gadolinium ion solution crosslinked through ultrasound wave radiation and multivalence gadolinium ion.Produce the alginic acid gadolinium granule of micron granularity.Except using the ultrasound wave radiation, also can use low or mixed at high speed method.
Perhaps, solution of sodium alginate (for example: Oleum Glycines, sunflower oil, toluene is covered not miscible organic solvent or oil, dichloromethane, chloroform and analog) go up or by its covering, make liquid accept the ultrasound wave radiation, and the alginate-containing water is distributed in the organic facies, (for example: GdCl add multivalent ion solution then 3, Mn-Cl 3, FeCl 3And analog).Therefore sodium alginate is crosslinked, and produces to be suitable for doing the minimum alginic acid gadolinium ball-type particle that the MRI contrast medium uses behind intravascular injection.Can use any basic synthetic technology to be used for making spheroid, fiber, plain film or the like with alginate and polyvalent cation.
The present invention has carried out concrete introduction with its certain preferred embodiment, should be pointed out that any modifications and variations are all within the scope of described and claim.

Claims (10)

1. one kind is used for the interior compositions that transmits biological product of body, and wherein said biological product are selected from:
A kind of solid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in a kind of polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of liquid is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of gas is scattered in arbitrarily in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant, and it is wrapped in the polymer shell basically fully,
A kind of and the bonded gas of polymer shell, or their any two or more combinations,
The maximum cross-section diameter of wherein said shell is not more than 10 microns, wherein said polymer shell is come down to by the crosslinked biocompatible material preparation of disulfide bond mode by a kind of, and wherein said polymer shell is modified by a kind of suitable reagent arbitrarily, and this reagent connects described polymer shell by a kind of covalence key arbitrarily.
2. according to the compositions of claim 1, wherein said biological product are to be selected from pharmaceutically active agents, diagnostic reagent or nutrient.
3. according to the compositions of claim 2, wherein said pharmaceutically active agents is to be selected from analgesic, anesthetis, antiasthmatics, antibiotics, antidepressant, antidiabetic drug, antifungal, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, antitumor agent, antianxiety drug, enzymatic activity agent, nucleic acid structure, immunopotentiating agent, immunosuppressant, physiologically active gas or vaccine.
4. according to the compositions of claim 3, wherein said pharmaceutically active agents is a nucleic acid structure.
5. according to the compositions of claim 2, wherein said diagnostic reagent is selected from the ultrasonic contrast medium, radiation contrast medium, or magnetic contrast medium.
6. according to the compositions of claim 5, wherein said magnetic contrast medium is a kind of fluorine-containing nuclear magnetic resonance agent.
7. according to the compositions of claim 6, wherein said fluorine-containing nuclear magnetic resonance agent is selected from:
(a) C XF 2X+Y-ZA Z, wherein
X＝1-30，
Y=2; Or Y is 0 or-2 when X 〉=2; Or Y is-4 when X 〉=4,
Z=0 to any integer of (2X+Y-1) and
A is selected from hydrogen, the halogen that defluorination is outer, and-CN ,-OR, wherein R is a hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, the fluorine alkenyl, alkynyl, the fluorine alkynyl, aryl, fluoro aryl, alkanoyl, the fluorine alkanoyl, alkenoyl, the fluorine alkenoyl, the alkynes acyl group, fluorine alkynes acyl group,
(b) [C XF 2X+Y '-ZA Z] aJR B-a, wherein:
X, Z, A and R as defined above,
Y '=+ 1; Or Y ' is-1 or-3 when X 〉=2; Or Y ' is-5 when X 〉=4,
J=O, S, N, P, Al or Si,
A=1,2,3, or 4 Hes
B=is 2 to the J of divalent, or
J to 3 valencys is 3, or
J to 4 valencys is 4,
(c) A '-[(CF 2) X-0] c-A ", wherein:
X as defined above,
A ' is selected from hydrogen, halogen, and-CN ,-OR, wherein R is H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, the fluorine alkenyl, alkynyl, the fluorine alkynyl, aryl, fluoro aryl, alkanoyl, the fluorine alkanoyl, alkenoyl, the fluorine alkenoyl, the alkynes acyl group, fluorine alkynes acyl group,
A " be to be selected from H or R, wherein R is the same defines,
C=1-300, or
(d)
Figure A2006100012790003C1
Wherein:
The same definition of X and
c′＝2-20，
And their any both or more mixture.
8. according to the compositions of claim 2, wherein said nutrient is to be selected from aminoacid, protein, nucleic acid, sugar, carbohydrate, fatsoluble vitamin, fat, or their any both or more combinations.
9. according to the compositions of claim 2, wherein said pharmaceutically active agents in described shell holds Xie Yuhuo and is suspended in a kind of bio-compatible dispersant.
10. according to the compositions of claim 9, wherein said bio-compatible dispersant is to be selected from Oleum Glycines, Oleum Cocois, olive oil, safflower oil, Oleum Gossypii semen, aliphatic with 4-30 carbon atom, cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, have the aliphatic series of 1-30 carbon atom or the alcohol of aromatics, have the aliphatic series of 2-30 carbon atom or the ester of aromatics, have the alkyl of 2-30 carbon atom, aryl or cyclic ethers, have 1-30 carbon atom and the alkyl or aryl halogenide of an above halogenic substituent can be arranged, ketone with 3-30 carbon atom, polyglycols, or their both or more combinations arbitrarily.
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