CN1803225A - 用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置 - Google Patents

用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置 Download PDF

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CN1803225A
CN1803225A CN200510122608.2A CN200510122608A CN1803225A CN 1803225 A CN1803225 A CN 1803225A CN 200510122608 A CN200510122608 A CN 200510122608A CN 1803225 A CN1803225 A CN 1803225A
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吴巍
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    • A61B17/22Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
    • A61B17/22004Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
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    • A61B17/22004Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
    • A61B17/22012Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves in direct contact with, or very close to, the obstruction or concrement
    • A61B2017/22024Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves in direct contact with, or very close to, the obstruction or concrement with a part reflecting mechanical vibrations, e.g. for focusing

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Abstract

用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置涉及一种用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置,应用于临床肿瘤新生血管的栓塞的物理治疗,该装置包括手柄(2)、超声输出头(5)、半椭球反射体(7)、水囊(10);在手柄(2)的前端设有半椭球反射体(7),超声输出头(5)的后半部分位于手柄(2)中,超声输出头(5)的前半部分位于半椭球反射体(7)中,在手柄(2)前部的超声输出头(5)的侧面设有注水、排气接头(6),该注水、排气接头(6)的内端与半椭球反射体(7)内部相连通,在半椭球反射体(7)前端的开口处设有水囊(10)。所述的超声输出头(5)的前端面位于半椭球反射体(7)的焦点处。

Description

用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置,应用于临床肿瘤新生血管的栓塞的物理治疗,属于无创肿瘤治疗的技术领域。
背景技术
癌症已成为威胁人类生命健康的第一大病症。目前,治疗癌症的基本方法有手术,放疗、化疗和免疫疗法,但这些治疗手段往往不能满足患者的治疗要求,且放疗、化疗易产生副作用。如何安全有效的治疗人体深部的恶性肿瘤,有效地抑制肿瘤生长成为人类与癌魔抗争的尖锐问题。
近年来,微泡试剂在超声影像诊断中的应用研究十分活跃。但利用微泡试剂等加强超声生物效应以用于治疗的研究,目前国内外均处于起步阶段。
由于体内空化核的含量极少,故在利用超声空化效应治疗时,需额外输入微泡剂以增加空化核的含量。
当前用于肿瘤的超声治疗多基于高频功率超声的热效应,其大多采用高频超声聚焦在肿瘤局部产生热量毁损瘤体组织。这种方法所需的超声功率高,产生的空化效应难于控制,可能对人体正常组织和器官产生不必要的损伤,不能用于肿瘤血管的栓塞治疗。
关于超声空化的研究指出:当液体中存在空化核,且空化核内含有蒸汽,则该液体的强度由下式计算:
p t = - p P + 2 3 3 ( 2 σ R 0 ) 3 p 0 - p P + 2 σ R 0 - - - ( 1 )
式中,pP为蒸汽压;
      R0为空化核的初始半径;
      σ是表面张力;
      p0是液体的静压强。
由式(1)可见,空化核半径R0愈大则该处的液体强度愈弱,反之,空化核半径R0愈小,液体强度也就愈强。含有空化核的地方就是液体强度比较弱的地方,也就是空化开始的地方。
使液体产生空化的最小压强即为液体的空化阈值。若液体的静压力为p0,声波交变声压幅值为pm,则液体中压强的变化为p0±pm。当pm>p0时,则p0-pm形成负压,这时空化核在负压作用下膨胀,当p0-pm>p*时,形成空化。对于含有半径为R0的空化核的液体,超声空化的空化阈值pc
pc=p0+pt                                            (2)
将式(1)带入式(2),则空化阈值为
p c = p 0 - p P + 2 3 3 ( 2 σ R 0 ) 3 p 0 - p P + 2 σ R 0 - - - ( 3 )
由此可见,超声空化阈值随不同液体而不同;同一液体,随温度压力状态、含气量以及空化核半径的大小和分布的不同而不同。水的空化阈值pc随含气量(相对饱和含气量)的减少单调上升。静压加大,含气减少,空化核也减少,因此空化阈值升高。实验证明,当液体中含气量大时,静压对空化阈值影响较大,而含气量小时影响较小;空化阈值和液体粘滞性有关,粘滞性大的液体空化阈值略高;空化阈值和声波作用的时间也有关系,声波作用的时间长,空化阈值下降,未除气的水表现得格外明显。空化阈值也与声波的频率有关,频率越高,空化阈值越高。此外,超声空化还受到声场中的气泡动态过程、声波的频率及空化泡发育或闭合等的影响。
文献的数据表明,在数十kHz超声工作频率上产生空化效应所需的超声声压或声强,仅是高频超声(数百kHz~数MHz)的数十分之一至数万分之一。同时,液体中的气体含量也是影响超声空化发生的重要因素。文献中的数据表明(如图1所示),在数十kHz超声工作频率上的含气水(即有微泡存在时)产生空化效应所需的超声功率(声强)约为10-1W/cm2数量级上;据此,我们在相关试验研究中,分别选择超声输出功率为0.5W、1.0W、1.5W进行超声联合微泡剂进行超声生物效应(安全性)试验。研究结果表明:超声联合微泡剂对组织作用,当超声功率较高时(1.5W)动物血ALT出现升高,较低的超声输出功率(1W)时肝肾功能未出现异常改变,将超声输出功率降低至0.5W时,肝肾功能未出现异常改变,肝、肾、心内膜、脑、皮肤、及皮下组织等均未见明显损伤。血气分析的观察也表明,同等剂量的微泡剂注射后在10分钟和60分钟内,未引起血气中CO2分压的明显改变。
而在超声联合微泡剂对荷瘤动物的试验研究中,当超声输出功率为0.5W时(作用时间30s),瘤体及外周即可见血管栓塞和肿瘤坏死,而正常组织中未见损伤和血管栓塞。
关于空化核(即气核或微泡)在超声作用下产生的压强(声强),文献指出:气泡闭合时在表面外距气泡中心为r处产生的压强P(r)为
p ( r ) = p 0 + R [ Z ′ Q 3 r - 4 r - 1 + ZQ r - 1 + P O ( Z - 4 ) ] - R 4 3 r 4 [ P O ( Z - 1 ) - Q Z ′ - Z r - 1 ] - - - ( 4 )
显然,气泡压缩到最小半径时产生的压强最大。根据式(5)可绘出如图2所示的曲线,它表示气泡闭合时产生的激波强度。显然,气泡原来半径愈大,闭合半径愈小(即Z愈大),产生的激波幅值就愈大。实际上,气泡的最大值Rm决定于声压振幅值Pm和声波频率。Pm愈大,Rm也愈大,因此产生的激波更强。因为超声频率低时,作用周期就长,气泡就能膨胀到相当之大,然后才闭合。
因此,采用低频聚焦超声辐射微泡剂,可在较低的功率(声强)下产生肿瘤血管的栓塞,阻断肿瘤的血供或营养通道,达到控制肿瘤的发展和治疗的目的,对人体正常组织和器官不产生不必要的无损伤。
发明内容
技术问题:本发明的目的是提供一种用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置,该装置能达到控制肿瘤的发展和治疗的目的,对人体正常组织和器官不产生不必要的损伤。
技术方案:本发明的用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置,包括手柄、超声输出头、半椭球反射体、水囊;在手柄的前端设有半椭球反射体,超声输出头的后半部分位于手柄中,超声输出头的前半部分位于半椭球反射体中,在手柄前部的超声输出头的侧面设有注水、排气接头,该注水、排气接头的内端与半椭球反射体内部相连通,在半椭球反射体前端的开口处设有水囊。
所述的超声输出头的前端面位于半椭球反射体的焦点处。
所述的水囊由固定夹固定在半椭球反射体前端的开口处。
本发明利用低频聚焦超声发生装置输出低频聚焦超声,在B超或其他医用图像系统的引导下,经皮辐射肿瘤局部由人体外周静脉注入的微泡剂,作用于肿瘤新生血管形成栓塞,阻断肿瘤的血供或营养通道,达到控制肿瘤的发展和治疗的目的。根据声学原理,由式(5)
x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 = c 2 - - - ( 5 )
确定的椭球体的一个焦点(F1)处发射超声时,会在另一焦点(F2)处产生汇聚,
当用半椭球体于肿瘤患者的体外发射超声时,即可在患者体内的瘤体处获得相应的超声功率(声强),诱导由人体外周静脉注入的微泡剂产生空化效应,毁损和栓塞肿瘤新生血管,阻断肿瘤的血供或营养通道,达到控制肿瘤的发展和治疗的目的,对人体正常组织和器官不产生不必要的损伤。
有益效果:
近年来,微泡试剂在超声影像诊断中的应用研究十分活跃。但利用微泡试剂等加强超声生物效应以用于治疗的研究,目前国内外均处于起步阶段。
由于体内空化核的含量极少,故在利用超声空化效应治疗时,需额外输入微泡剂以增加空化核的含量。
当前用于肿瘤的超声治疗多基于高频功率超声的热效应,其大多采用高频超声聚焦在肿瘤局部产生热量毁损瘤体组织。这种方法所需的超声功率高,产生的空化效应难于控制,可能对人体正常组织和器官产生不必要的损伤,不能用于肿瘤血管的栓塞治疗。
研究表明,在组织中含有微泡试剂时,低剂量超声即可产生过去高功率单纯超声才能诱导的声孔效应,目前已应用于加强血栓的消融。我们在实验中使用的微泡试剂,最初用于超声诊断,它可随血流到达组织器官,提高局部组织的空化核含量。我们在实验中仅用低功率的超声辐射,即可使微泡产生空化,破碎微血管管壁和部分周围组织,激活内源或外源性凝血,诱发大面积毛细血管血栓形成,阻断作用区域的直接血液供给途径;而没有微泡试剂的区域,少有血栓形成.实验中发现,单纯超声辐射作用引起的血管栓塞率较低,仅有34.15%的血管发生了不同程度的栓塞;超声+微泡试剂作用时,血管栓塞率显著提高,达到89.11%。
但是在我们过去的研究中采用的非聚焦的低频低功率超声辐射,作用的有效范围较难以控制,治疗的靶向型不强;采用聚焦的低频低功率超声辐射装置,可有效地提高治疗的靶向性,增加治疗的效率,控制不良反应的发生。
附图说明
图1是空化的阈值声强随超声频率的变化曲线图。
图2是气泡闭合时在其附近产生的激波压力幅值曲线图。
图3是本实用新型的结构示意图。图中有:弹簧1,手柄2,电缆线3,插头4,超声输出头5,注水、排气接头6,半椭球反射体7,固定夹8,固定螺丝9,水囊10。
具体实施方式
采用聚焦的低频低功率超声辐射装置的超声肿瘤治疗系统:
A、将微泡试剂按照治疗要求配制并输送至待治疗的区域;
B、为超声换能器提供驱动的能量;
C、传导连动装置;
D、用于肿瘤定位及治疗监控;
E、将电能转变为超声振动;
F、联接超声换能器与超声治疗头;
G、低频聚焦超声治疗装置(执行治疗的终端装置);等部分组成。
其中,低频聚焦超声治疗装置由图3中所示的弹簧1、手柄2、电缆3、插头4、超声输出头5、注水、排气接头6、半椭球反射体7、水囊固定夹8、紧固螺栓9和水囊10组成。
超声输出头5用于将电功率转化为超声功率输出,其前端面(超声辐射面)置于半椭球反射体7中的焦点F1处,手柄2的前部与半椭球反射体7交接处侧面设有注水、排气接头6,其内端与半椭球反射体7内部相连通,在半椭球反射体7前端的开口处设有水囊10,由水囊固定夹8和紧固螺栓9将水囊10与半椭球反射体7相互联结,共同组成低频聚焦超声治疗装置。
在治疗时,先由注水、排气接头6向低频聚焦超声治疗装置内注满去气水,并将空气排出;由超声输出头5在半椭球反射体7中的焦点F1处将电功率转化为超声功率辐射输出,经半椭球反射体7的反射聚焦将超声汇聚于如图4示意的位于体内的另一焦点F2处,产生超声生物效应,达到治疗肿瘤的目的。

Claims (3)

1.一种用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置,其特征在于该装置包括手柄(2)、超声输出头(5)、半椭球反射体(7)、水囊(10);在手柄(2)的前端设有半椭球反射体(7),超声输出头(5)的后半部分位于手柄(2)中,超声输出头(5)的前半部分位于半椭球反射体(7)中,在手柄(2)前部的超声输出头(5)的侧面设有注水、排气接头(6),该注水、排气接头(6)的内端与半椭球反射体(7)内部相连通,在半椭球反射体(7)前端的开口处设有水囊(10)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置,其特征在于所述的超声输出头(5)的前端面位于半椭球反射体(7)的焦点处。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置,其特征在于所述的水囊(10)由固定夹(8)固定在半椭球反射体(7)前端的开口处。
CN200510122608.2A 2005-11-29 2005-11-29 用于肿瘤超声辐射微泡剂的低频聚焦超声发生装置 Pending CN1803225A (zh)

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WO2018018725A1 (zh) * 2016-07-25 2018-02-01 西安交通大学 两阶段百微秒脉冲聚焦超声组织毁损方法

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