CN1788066A - 预防或处理井漏的油井处理方法 - Google Patents

预防或处理井漏的油井处理方法 Download PDF

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CN1788066A
CN1788066A CNA2004800129464A CN200480012946A CN1788066A CN 1788066 A CN1788066 A CN 1788066A CN A2004800129464 A CNA2004800129464 A CN A2004800129464A CN 200480012946 A CN200480012946 A CN 200480012946A CN 1788066 A CN1788066 A CN 1788066A
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贝努伊特·维迪克
拉法特·阿巴斯
特雷弗·芒克
罗杰·基斯
埃里克·尼尔森
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Prad Research and Development NV
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Abstract

本发明披露一种防止或处理在钻井期间井漏的方法，该方法包括将浓度为约0.5至6磅每桶的、长度为约10－25mm的水可分散纤维，例如玻璃纤维或聚合物纤维，添加到泵送的水基流体中，所述水基流体含有当量直径小于300μm的固体颗粒。具有固体颗粒的基流可为钻井液或为处理井漏而专门泵送的小体积丸粒。

Description

预防或处理井漏的油井处理方法
技术领域
本发明涉及预防或处理(curing)在钻探油井、气井和地热井等井期间遇到的井漏(loss circulation)问题的方法。
背景技术
井漏定义为在钻井或固井操作期间钻井液或水泥(cement)完全或部分漏失至高度可渗透区域、洞穴性地层和天然或派生裂缝(induced fracture)中。井漏的结果可包括：
-由于井内液面降低而引起的井喷(液体静压头的损失)；
-由于差的岩屑清除而引起的钻杆被卡住；
-由于不充分的胶结充填而引起的油层隔离失效；
-由于钻井液或水泥漏失、钻井时间增加和补注水泥操作而引起的成本增加；
-由于漏失至生产区而引起的地层损害；
-井漏失；
-井漏的严重性可从较轻(＜10bbl(1.5m3)/hr)至严重(流体全部漏失，不能使井眼完全充满或者获得返回至地面)。
处理井漏的方法之一是将材料(堵漏材料，LCMs)添加至要桥堵或堵塞渗透至地层的流体中。LCMs通常分成四种主要类型：
-粒状(例如，碎坚果壳(ground nut shell)、塑料或石灰石)；
-层状(例如，赛璐珞薄片)；
-纤维(例如，锯屑、干草、玻璃纤维)；和
-包胶液体吸收颗粒。
LCMs的大小可为200目至3/4英寸，并且根据漏失严重性，其浓度通常为8-120lb/bbl。
井漏时沉降的水泥塞(通常包括LCMs)也已经用于在钻探期间解决这些问题。包括泡沫水泥在内的低密度水泥也被认为是特别有用的。通常认为在水泥浆料中使用LCMs仅对较轻的或部分漏失有效，而对完全漏失的情况而言，泡沫水泥是唯一有效的方案。水泥浆料中最普遍使用的是LCMs粒状材料，例如硬沥青、碎煤(crashed coal)或碎坚果壳。已经尝试过赛璐珞薄片材料，但是面临的问题是在更高的负荷下混合浆料。在水泥浆料中很少使用纤维材料，这是因为存在堵塞固井设备的问题。EP 1284248中描述了已经提出的使用纤维的系统，该系统包括使用在低密度的水泥浆料中使用玻璃或聚合物纤维，在低密度的水泥浆料中固体材料以分散的粒度带存在。
不含Portland水泥的其它胶凝或粘稠系统也已经用作堵塞材料。这些系统的实例有胶凝剂，例如硅酸盐以及合适的激活剂。这种堵塞材料也可含有粒度在8-254微米范围内和浓度高至10lb(4.5kg)/bbl的桥堵材料，例如碾碎的碳酸钙。其它胶凝系统包括Sorel水泥(氧化镁、氯化镁和水)。
也已经提出了某些井底混合系统。这些包括包胶在乳液中的泥浆-柴油-油-膨润土(M-DOB)堵塞材料和多糖胶凝系统，该乳液在井底被剪切力破裂(参见EP 0738310)。后一系统的发展是结合有水泥的胶凝系统(参见WO00/75481)。
井漏问题和可行方案的详细情况可见于Baret，Daccord and Yearwood，Well Cementing，Chapter 6″Cement/Formation Interactions″，6-1至6-17。
本发明的目的是提供可用于钻探期间减少与井漏相关的问题的技术。
发明内容
在最广的意义上，本发明包括用水基流体处理处理井，所述水基流体含有当量直径少于300μm的固体颗粒和长度在约10mm至约25mm之间的水可分散纤维，添加的浓度为约0.5-6磅每桶流体(barrel of fluid)。
不希望受限于理论，发现水可分散纤维通过沿着筒壁(borewall)形成容易被小固体颗粒堵塞的网孔(mesh)而增强了滤饼的形成。
本发明的流体可为钻井液本身，并且在后一情况下，例如小固体颗粒可由添加用来增加钻井液重量的加重材料构成，所述加重材料包括例如，重晶石(硫酸钡)、赤铁矿(氧化铁)、钛铁矿(氧化铁钛)、菱铁矿(碳酸铁)、方铅矿(硫化铅)、四氧化锰或氧化锌。加重颗粒的平均粒度在20-200μm的范围内，即，比水可分散纤维的粒度小约100-1000倍的数量级。通常加重材料的用量为约0.2-2千克/升，更优选为0.25-1.5千克/升。
根据本发明的实施方案之一，水可分散纤维通常为长度为约10-15mm，直径为20μm的玻璃纤维。它们优选由耐碱性纤维的短切纤维制成，如石棉代用品纤维(asbestos-replacement fibers)等容易购买的产品一样，短切纤维具有水可分散的施胶系统(sizing system)。纤维的长度越长，其形成网状结构的能力越好。然而，高于15mm长的玻璃纤维已经被证实难以用可用于钻探平台(rig site)上的标准混合装置泵送。浓度通常为约1至3约磅/桶流体，尽管在特别重要的情况下(在这种情况下，该流体更容易作为相对短体积的丸粒而被泵送)要求较高浓度。
通常将纤维添加至用于混合钻井液的地面混合装置(surface mixingequipment)中。该纤维的浓度一般为1-5lb/bbl。如其它纤维材料、薄片和细粒尺寸的颗粒等其它LCMs也可以以相同的浓度添加。
根据本发明的另一实施方案，纤维为聚合物纤维，例如(酚醛novoloid)纤维，例如可利用长度为约18-22mm，直径为约21mm，以及水含量为35-45％的纤维(参见美国专利5782300，获取对合适纤维的更详细描述)。
如上所述，本发明的处理液可为目前用于钻井的流体，或者用于治愈井漏问题的专门混合的流体，可以为规定体积(limited volume)的丸粒。在后一情况下，该流体还可含有小尺寸的颗粒，即通常类似于钻井液中经常遇到的情况一样。在一个实施方案中，所述丸粒可为隔离剂(spacer)。
丸粒的一种特别优选形式包括纤维和水泥(例如微水泥(micro-cement))，任选添加有桥堵材料(bridging material)，例如碳酸钙或施胶的(sized)颗粒。这种丸粒可含有80％施胶碳酸钙和20％微水泥以及纤维。聚合物也可包括在内。
尽管这种丸粒可连续地泵送，但也需要混合和泵送一定容量，所述容量没有返回至地面，但仅对只到达井漏区域是足够的，从而防止堵塞地面设备(surface equipments)。
本发明的另一方面涉及该纤维在水泥浆料中的用途。在该方面，低密度的水泥浆料具有以分散的粒度带存在的固体成分并含有纤维，制备该水泥浆料并用加压气体泵送至井内，以便形成密度十分低的泡沫浆料，该浆料填充在井漏区域附近。
附图说明
以下将通过实施例并参考附图1描述本发明，图1显示了为解决井漏问题而供给低密度的泡沫水泥和纤维的系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明适于各种钻井液，如下表所示的水基和油基。
  水基泥浆   商品名
  ·膨润土泥浆·聚合物泥浆   M-I GelPolyPlus
  抑制性泥浆·包胶泥浆   MCAT
  ·二醇泥浆   Glydrill
  ·油藏钻探泥浆   StardrillDipro
  老系统·石膏泥浆·石灰泥浆
  外来水基泥浆·硅酸盐泥浆·导电泥浆·MMH·Aphrons，FazePro·甲酸盐泥浆   SigmaDrillSildrill
  油基泥浆   商品名
  ·柴油基泥浆·矿物油基泥浆   VersadrillVersaclean
  ·低毒性矿物油(LTMO)   Versavert
  合成油基泥浆
  ·直链α-烯烃·内烯烃   NovaplusNovatec
  ·酯类泥浆   PetrofreeFinagreen
  ·外来系统：缩醛，醚等   Ecogreen
以下两个实施例将说明根据本发明使用纤维材料解决井漏问题。
实施例1
钻探至垂直深度为2700m的井遭遇严重的井漏区域。该井是使用GelChem钻探泥浆钻探的，GelChem钻探泥浆具有下述性质：
粘度：77
PV/YP：19/15
凝胶强度：6/16
水漏失：8.2
pH：10
Cl：900
Ca：35
密度：1100kg/m3
塑性粘度：55-65cp
在本发明的过程开始时，将13袋(约295.1千克)水可分散的玻璃纤维(长为10-14mm，直径为20μm)添加至基本泥浆中，并泵送至井内。然后，再将8袋(约181.6千克)泵送至泥浆中，其后在地面观察到回流(returns)。最后，再添加11袋纤维(约249.7千克)，并泵送至其内，其后在地面观察到完全循环(即返回至地面的泥浆量等于泵送至井内的量)。总共将727千克纤维泵送至110m3的钻井泥浆(GelChem)内。
实施例2
钻探至垂直深度为630m的井遭遇严重的井漏区域。利用挠性管，利用密度为1050kg/m3和塑性粘度为55-65cp的GelChem钻探泥浆钻探井。起初，泵送碳酸钙或锯屑的LC丸粒，而没有任何效果。该处理分五个阶段进行：
1.将5袋(约113.5千克)水可分散的玻璃纤维(长为10-14mm，直径为20μm)添加至12m3泥浆中，并泵送经过挠性管。
2.将6袋(约136.2千克)纤维添加至12m3泥浆中并泵送经过挠性管。
3.将7袋(约158.9千克)纤维与泥浆混合，并泵送经过圆形套筒(annulus)(反循环)。
4.将12袋(约272.4千克)纤维与泥浆混合，并泵送经过圆形套筒(反循环)，其后观察到挠性管内返回至地面的回流。
5.将8袋(约181.6千克)纤维与泥浆混合，并泵送经过圆形套筒(反循环)，从而观察到完全循环。
总共将863千克纤维泵送至70m3泥浆中。
图1显示了为解决井漏问题，可将纤维和低密度的泡沫水泥浆料一起使用的系统。合适的低密度水泥描述于WO 01/09056中(USSN 10/049,198，在此引入作为参考)。可发泡这种浆料的方式描述于WO 00/50357中(USSN09/914,331，在此引入作为参考)。含有纤维的低密度水泥浆料描述于WO03/014040中(在此引入作为参考)。
在图1所示的系统中，在大槽10中制备基础水泥共混物。对于间歇式混合应用而言，将该共混物泵送经过泵送槽12，至间歇式混合器14中，在该点也添加纤维。然后将间歇式混合的浆料从混合器14中泵送出，经过另一泵送槽16。对连续的混合而言，并不要求第一泵送单元12和间歇式混合器14，并且纤维(和任何其它添加剂)是在泵送单元16直接添加的。将混合单元16的输出物经过止回阀20至泡沫产生器22中，止回阀20连接泡沫稳定剂源18和氮气源24。将泡沫浆料从产生器22泵送至井口26，并以常规的方式沿着井流下。如常规一样，也包括旁路管线28和坑(pit)的调节闸板30。
应当理解，在本发明的范围内，可作出各种变化。例如，纤维可与其它LCM结合，以及可用于各种类型的泥浆中。LCM可为胶凝系统的形式，例如含水泥的系统(上述碳酸钙和微水泥，或泡沫浆料)。可作为单独的丸粒、作为一系列丸粒、或者基本上连续地泵送该纤维，直至恢复循环。该纤维可通过钻杆、钻头或其它井下装置，或通过挠性管，经过圆形套筒泵送。

Claims (18)

1.一种井处理方法，其包括泵送流体，所述流体包括水基、当量直径少于300μm的固体颗粒和长度在约10mm至约25mm之间的水可分散纤维，所述纤维的浓度为约0.5-6磅每桶流体。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中所述纤维的直径为约20μm。
3.权利要求2的方法，其中所述纤维是玻璃纤维且长度为约10至约15mm。
4.权利要求3的方法，其中所述纤维的添加浓度是约1-3磅每桶流体。
5.权利要求2的方法，其中所述纤维是长度为约18至约22mm和水含量为35-45％的聚合物纤维。
6.权利要求4的方法，其中所述纤维是酚醛纤维。
7.权利要求1的方法，其中所述固体颗粒选自重晶石、赤铁矿、钛铁矿、碳酸钙、碳酸铁、方铅矿、四氧化锰、白云石、氧化锌、水泥以及它们的混合物。
8.权利要求2的方法，其中所述固体颗粒的直径小于75μm。
9.权利要求3的方法，其中至少50％的固体颗粒的直径在10-30μm的范围内。
10.上述权利要求中任一项的方法，其中所述流体进步一包括额外的堵漏材料。
11.权利要求10的方法，其中所述堵漏材料选自纤维材料、薄片和细粒尺寸的颗粒。
12.上述权利要求中任一项的方法，其中所述流体是作为钻井液而泵送的，并且水可分散的纤维在与井筒接触时形成能够增强滤饼形成的网状结构，由此减少了流体漏失进入地层中。
13.权利要求1-11中任一项的方法，其中所述流体是以规定体积的丸粒形式被泵送的，以修补(remedy)井漏问题。
14.权利要求13的方法，其中所述丸粒的流体包括水泥和桥堵剂作为当量直径小于300μm的固体颗粒。
15.权利要求14的方法，其中所述水泥是微水泥，并且所述桥堵剂是碳酸钙颗粒。
16.权利要求15的方法，其中微水泥与碳酸钙颗粒的重量比为80∶20。
17.权利要求13的方法，其中所述丸粒是隔离剂。
18.上述权利要求中任一项的方法，其中所述流体被发泡。
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