CN1710481A - Fully-solid-state electrochromic device and making method therefor - Google Patents
Fully-solid-state electrochromic device and making method therefor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The disclosed device is composed of transparent conducting layer, electrochromism layer, ionic conduction layer, ionic storage layer, and transparent conducting layer in sequence. Non-aqueous proton conducting material of Lewis base adulterated by Lewis acid component is adopted in the said ionic conduction layer. Comparing with traditional non-aqueous lithium salt in micromolecule or inorganic proton electrolyte, the electrolyte material adopted in the invention is easier to form film and easier to be dispersed. Comparing with device of using electrolyte of lithium ion conducting polymer, the disclosed device provides better effect of changing color and quicker response speed for changing color as well as more suitable to preparing electrochromism device in large area.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to function element and technical field of polymer materials, be specifically related to a kind of full-solid electrochromic device and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Electrochromism (EC) is meant material generation reversible color under the External Electrical Field of different directions.Prepared first electrochromic device Au/a-WO that can at room temperature work from Deb in 1969
3Behind/the Au, people have begun systematic study is carried out in electrochromism.Electrochromic device (ECD) automobile Antiglaring rear mirror, controlled smart window, Optical Electro-Chemistry can conversion and fields such as storage, low energy consumption display screen have a wide range of applications.Electrolyte provides the transmission channel of electrochromic effect desired ion.Electrolyte traditional among the ECD is generally liquid electrolyte, and there are the problems such as accumulation of the freezing of device package, liquid, side reaction product in this class electrolyte, so people have studied the high solid material of ionic conductivity and replace liquid electrolyte.Adopt ion conductive layer (the Lee K.H. of the polymer dielectric of lithium ion conducting in the document as ECD morely, ParkJ.K., J.Polym.Sci., Part B, Polym.Phys., 1996,34:1427-1433), but this type of electrolyte often will add plastifier improves its conductivity, and this makes it become gel-type or semigel type electrolyte, real all solid state lithium ion conducting polymer dielectric conductivity is still not high enough, and lithium ion ratio of ionic radii proton is big, and the ion transfer rate is slower than proton.The ion conductive layer that also has traditional sulfonic acid-based polymer proton conducting materials such as adopting Nafion to be used as ECD in the document (is appointed the person of outstanding talent, Li Xiaolin, Luo Yuqiang, Bi Jun, Chinese invention patent, application number 03140275.5), and traditional polymer proton conductive material mostly is the hydration shell of sulfonated polymer greatly, the proton transport process be unable to do without the participation of water, and all solid state dry state sulfonate film does not have the proton conductive ability.The present invention proposes a kind of lewis base polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material that mixes with Lewis-acidic components can obtain real all solid state ECD as the preparation method of electrolytical full-solid electrochromic device.Similar report is not arranged in the document as yet.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to propose a kind of conductance height, full-solid electrochromic device that color changeable effect is good and preparation method thereof.
The full-solid electrochromic device structure that the present invention proposes as shown in Figure 1, form by transparency conducting layer, electrochromic layer, ion conductive layer, ion storage, transparency conducting layer successively, wherein, ion conductive layer adopts the lewis base polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material that Lewis-acidic components is mixed.
Described transparency conducting layer is meant can provide transparent inorganic or the organic coating that electrically contacts between device and the external power, as In
2O
3: (tin indium oxide ITO), polythiophene (PTP), polypyridine (PPY) etc., but is not limited only to this to Sn.
Described electrochromic layer is meant and is accompanied by H
+Injection or extraction, the inorganic or organic coating of the optical absorption characteristics generation modulation of film as tungsten oxide, molybdena, yttrium oxide and polyaniline, polypyridine, polythiophene and derivant thereof etc., but is not limited only to this.
Described ion storage, claim again electrode layer, be meant when the working electrode electrochromic layer is injected into ion, supply with ion to dielectric substrate, and working electrode is when being drawn out of ion, ion collection is got up keeping dielectric substrate to be electroneutral inorganic or organic coating,, but be not limited only to this as nickel oxide etc.
The lewis base polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material that described ion conductive layer adopts Lewis-acidic components to mix, composed as follows:
100 parts in polymkeric substance (repetitive molal quantity)
Lewis-acidic components 0.1-80 part (molal quantity)
Nitrogen heterocyclic 0-50 part (molal quantity)
Described polymkeric substance refers to be polymkeric substance lewis base property, have certain transparency under filminess, as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyoxyethylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylate, polyvinyl butyral etc., but is not limited only to this.
Described Lewis-acidic components is meant can provide proton (H
+), nonvolatile inorganic, organic acid or acidic salt, as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphotungstic acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) etc., but be not limited only to this.
Described nitrogen heterocyclic is the nitrogenous heterocyclic organic molecule with lewis base property, as imidazoles, and the 1-methylimidazole, pyridine, the potpourri of one or more of nitrogen heterocyclics such as pyrazoles, but be not limited only to this.When polymkeric substance was 100 parts (repetitive molal quantity), nitrogen heterocyclic can be used 0-50 part (molal quantity).Available preferably 5-50 part.
The preparation method of the full-solid electrochromic device that the present invention relates to is as follows: at first, adopt the vacuum sputtering coating method to prepare electrochromic layer, ion storage layer respectively on clear glass; Adopt gel method on electrochromic layer or ion storage layer, to prepare ion conductive layer then, again that five tunics hot pressing successively are compound, also can adopt sol-gal process on other template, to prepare ion conductive layer, again that five tunics hot pressing successively are compound; Adopt epoxy resin that device is sealed at last.During sealing, note making the electrically conducting transparent layer segment exposed, or introducing pick out lead in advance.
Above-mentioned vacuum sputtering coating method is a conventional method, and the condition control of preparation process is distinguished to some extent according to the material difference that is adopted.
Preparation ion conductive layer used sol-gal process can adopt a kind of in following two kinds of methods, and concrete steps are as follows:
(1) is dissolved in the corresponding solvent according to the nitrogen heterocyclic of aforesaid mole proportioning, stirred 1-6 hour, prepare corresponding salt at 20-180 ℃ of following constant temperature with corresponding acidic components and alkalescence.Again polymkeric substance is dissolved in the corresponding solvent, to join in the reaction vessel by the salt that back prepares gained, mix, the method that adopts casting to film this solution goes up film forming at polyfluortetraethylene plate (or directly at device), after the vacuum drying, promptly get all solid state polymer non-aqueous proton conducting film.
(2) be dissolved in the corresponding solvent according to the nitrogen heterocyclic of aforesaid proportioning polymkeric substance, acidic components and the alkalescence of respective amount, stirred 1-6 hour at 20-180 ℃ of following constant temperature, mix, the method that adopts casting to film this solution goes up film forming at polyfluortetraethylene plate (or directly at device), after the vacuum drying, promptly get all solid state polymer non-aqueous proton conducting film.
The present invention has studied and has adopted the full-solid electrochromic device of different types of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material as ion conductive layer, find that polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material is than non-water lithium salts of traditional micromolecule or inorganic proton electrolyte, easier film forming, easier dispersion, device package is more easy, the color changeable effect excellence of device, the variable color speed of response is faster than the device that adopts the lithium ion conducting polymer dielectric.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 Structures of Electrochromic Devices and/synoptic diagram of color fading reaction.
The PVA-xNH of the different doping levels of Fig. 2
4H
2PO
4The conductivity of composite membrane is to the dependence on temperature curve.
The conductivity of Fig. 3 PVA/ acid, PVA/ imidazoles/sour composite membrane is to the dependence on temperature curve.
The coloured state of Fig. 4 full-solid electrochromic device and the attitude of fading, wherein, (a) for having added the coloured state of forward voltage, (b) for having added the attitude of fading of reverse voltage.
Fig. 5 has added the coloured state and the visible light spectrogram of attitude behind 30s under the 1.9v voltage that fade that has added reverse voltage of forward voltage for the full-solid electrochromic device of composite membrane.Wherein, (a) based on PAA/0.067H
3PO
4, (b) based on PVA/0.067H
3PO
4, (c) based on PVP/0.067H
3PO
4
Number in the figure: 1 is transparency conducting layer, and 2 is ion storage layer, and 3 is ion conductive layer, and 4 is electrochromic layer, and 5 is transparent substrate.
Embodiment
Following examples are only for further specifying the present invention, are not violating under the purport of the present invention, and the present invention should be not limited to the content that following experimental example is specifically expressed.
Raw materials used as follows:
The ITO electro-conductive glass, 80 Ω/, eastern safe vacuum coating Engineering Co., Ltd product.
Tungsten oxide is analyzed purely, and Shanghai chemical reagents corporation provides.
Nickel oxide is analyzed purely, and Shanghai chemical reagents corporation provides.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), number-average molecular weight Mn are 17200, Aldrich company product.
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is analyzed purely, and Shanghai chemical reagents corporation provides.
The preparation of each layer of electrochromic device:
(1) (80 Ω/) with 0.1% the NaOH and the mixed solution ultrasonic cleaning of hydrogen peroxide, use the acetone ultrasonic cleaning earlier again, rinse well with deionized water at last, are placed on dry for standby under the infrared lamp with the ITO electro-conductive glass.
(2) preparation of electrochromic layer: tungsten oxide powder (99.99% analysis is pure) is pressed into the small column about diameter 1cm, prepares against evaporation after 5 hours at 1200 ℃ of sintering; (Beijing instrument plant, the method deposition by electron beam evaporation among the coating chamber size Φ 450 * 537mm) prepares the tungsten oxide rete at DMDE450 type optical multilayer vacuum coating equipment.
(3) preparation of ion storage: the small column that nickel oxide powder (99.99% analysis is pure) is pressed into about diameter 1cm is directly used in evaporation, (Beijing instrument plant, the method deposition by electron beam evaporation among the coating chamber size Φ 450 * 537mm) prepares nickel oxide film at DMDE450 type optical multilayer vacuum coating equipment.
(4) preparation of ion conductive layer: 100 parts of (repetitive molal quantity) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (PVA) (MW=17200) are dissolved in deionized water, are stirred to PVA with magnetic stirring apparatus at 90-105 ℃ of following constant temperature and dissolve fully, get the thick liquid of transparent homogeneous.Cool to 70 ℃ then, add 6.7 parts of (molal quantity) ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)s, stirred 2 hours at 70 ℃ of following constant temperature, mix, method film forming on polyfluortetraethylene plate with this solution adopts casting to film after the vacuum drying, promptly gets all solid state polymer non-aqueous proton conducting film.
(5) assembling of full-solid electrochromic device: dielectric film that will make above adopts pressure sintering and other by mode shown in Figure 1, and which floor is compound, adopts the epoxy sealing device, notes making the exposed or introducing in advance of ITO layer segment to pick out lead during sealing.
The test of proton conductive layer and electrochromic device (ECD) performance:
(1) test of proton conductivity: adopt CHI-660 type electrochemical analyser (Shanghai occasion China instrument company) to measure the ac impedance spectroscopy of composite membrane, be converted into the direct current proton conductivity as shown in Figure 2.
(2) test of ECD transmitance: at the forward of ECD with oppositely add 1.9 volts voltage respectively, its electrochromic effect adopts transmittance that 760CTR twin-beam ultra-violet and visible spectrophotometer (Shanghai Precision Scientific Apparatus Co., Ltd) measures ECD as shown in Figure 5 as shown in Figure 4.
Raw materials used as follows:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (K=27.0-33.0), Shanghai moisten prompt chemical reagent company limited to be provided.
Imidazoles, Shanghai moisten prompt chemical reagent company limited to be provided.
Phosphoric acid (85wt%), Shanghai amalgamation factory products.
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyvinylpyrrolidones (repetitive molal quantity)
50 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
Similar shown in the preparation flow of other of full-solid electrochromic device layer and device assembling and the embodiment 1.The proton conductivity of the composite membrane that obtains and the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
Raw materials used as follows:
Polyacrylic acid, MW are 5-6M, ACROS company product.
Phosphoric acid (85wt%), Shanghai amalgamation factory products.
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyacrylic acid (repetitive molal quantity)
50 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
Similar shown in the preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material and full-solid electrochromic device and the embodiment 1.The proton conductivity of the composite membrane that obtains and the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
Embodiment 4
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Mn=17200) (repetitive molal quantity)
26 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
Similar shown in the preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material and full-solid electrochromic device and the embodiment 1.The proton conductivity of the composite membrane that obtains and the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyoxyethylenes (repetitive molal quantity)
6.7 parts of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)s (molal quantity)
Similar shown in the preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material and full-solid electrochromic device and the embodiment 1.The proton conductive performance of the composite membrane that obtains and the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Mn=17200) (repetitive molal quantity)
6.7 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
6.7 parts of imidazoles (molal quantity)
According to said ratio phosphoric acid and imidazoles are dissolved in the deionized water, stirred 4 hours, preparation phosphoimidazole salt at 90 ℃ of following constant temperature.Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is dissolved in deionized water, is stirred to PVA with magnetic stirring apparatus at 100 ℃ of following constant temperature and dissolves fully, get the thick liquid of transparent homogeneous.To join in the reaction vessel by the phosphoimidazole salt that back prepares gained, under 80 ℃, continue to mix.Method film forming on polyfluortetraethylene plate with this solution adopts casting to film after the vacuum drying, obtains all solid state PVA/ phosphoric acid/imidazoles composite proton conducting film.Similar shown in other flow process of the preparation of full-solid electrochromic device and the embodiment 1.The proton conductive performance of the composite membrane that obtains is seen Fig. 3, the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyvinyl butyrals (repetitive molal quantity)
6.7 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
6.7 parts of imidazoles (molal quantity)
The preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material is with identical shown in the embodiment 6.Electrochromic layer and ion storage layer adopt molybdena and nickel oxide respectively, are coated with shown in membrane process and device preparation flow and the embodiment 1 similar.The proton conductivity of the composite membrane that obtains and the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
Embodiment 8
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Mn=17200) (repetitive molal quantity)
6.7 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
6.7 parts of imidazoles (molal quantity)
The preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material is with identical shown in the embodiment 6.Electrochromic layer and ion storage layer adopt molybdena and nickel oxide respectively, are coated with shown in membrane process and device preparation flow and the embodiment 1 similar.The proton conductivity of the composite membrane that obtains is seen Fig. 3, the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Mn=17200) (repetitive molal quantity)
6.7 parts in sulfuric acid (molal quantity)
6.7 parts of imidazoles (molal quantity)
The preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material is with identical shown in the embodiment 6.Electrochromic layer and ion storage layer adopt molybdena and nickel oxide respectively, are coated with shown in membrane process and device preparation flow and the embodiment 1 similar.The proton conductivity of the composite membrane that obtains is seen Fig. 3, the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyacrylic acid (repetitive molal quantity)
6.7 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
6.7 parts of imidazoles (molal quantity)
The preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material is with identical shown in the embodiment 6.Electrochromic layer and ion storage layer adopt molybdena and nickel oxide respectively, are coated with shown in membrane process and device preparation flow and the embodiment 1 similar.The proton conductivity of the composite membrane that obtains such as Fig. 3, the electrochromic property of the device that obtains and Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
Embodiment 11
The raw material proportioning of prepared polymer proton conductive film is as follows
100 parts of polyoxyethylenes (MW=400000) (repetitive molal quantity)
6.7 parts of phosphoric acid (molal quantity)
6.7 parts of imidazoles (molal quantity)
The preparation flow of polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material is with identical shown in the embodiment 6.Electrochromic layer and ion storage layer adopt molybdena and nickel oxide respectively, are coated with shown in membrane process and device preparation flow and the embodiment 1 similar.The proton conductive performance of the composite membrane that obtains and the electrochromic property of device and Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5 similar.
In the foregoing description, the parameter of each component raw material and consumption and preparation process, only be the representative of choosing in order to describe the present invention, in fact a large amount of experiments show, all can obtain the full-solid electrochromic device with above-mentioned similar performance in experiment content part institute restricted portion.
Claims (7)
1, a kind of with the polymer non-aqueous proton conducting film as electrolytical full-solid electrochromic device, it is characterized in that forming by transparency conducting layer, electrochromic layer, ion conductive layer, ion storage, transparency conducting layer five-layer structure successively, wherein, ion conductive layer adopts the lewis base polymer non-aqueous proton conducting material that Lewis-acidic components is mixed.
2, full-solid electrochromic device according to claim 1 is characterized in that described transparency conducting layer is a kind of of tin indium oxide, polythiophene, polypyridine.
3, full-solid electrochromic device according to claim 1 is characterized in that described electrochromic layer is a kind of of tungsten oxide, molybdena, yttrium oxide and polyaniline, polypyridine, polythiophene and derivant thereof.
4, full-solid electrochromic device according to claim 1 is characterized in that described ion storage is a nickel oxide.
5, full-solid electrochromic device according to claim 1 is characterized in that the composed as follows of lewis base polymkeric substance that described Lewis-acidic components is mixed:
100 parts in polymkeric substance (repetitive molal quantity)
Lewis-acidic components 0.1-80 part (molal quantity)
Nitrogen heterocyclic 0-50 part (molal quantity)
Wherein, polymkeric substance is meant and is polymkeric substance lewis base property, have the transparency under filminess;
Lewis-acidic components is meant can provide proton (H
+), nonvolatile inorganic, organic acid or acidic salt;
Nitrogen heterocyclic is the nitrogenous heterocyclic organic molecule with lewis base property.
6, a kind of preparation method of full-solid electrochromic device as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that concrete steps are as follows: at first, adopt the vacuum sputtering coating method to prepare electrochromic layer, ion storage layer respectively on clear glass; Adopt gel method on electrochromic layer or ion storage layer, to prepare ion conductive layer then, again that five tunics hot pressing successively are compound, perhaps adopt sol-gal process on other template, to prepare ion conductive layer, again that five tunics hot pressing successively are compound; Adopt epoxy resin that device is sealed at last.
7, preparation method according to claim 5, the sol-gal process that it is characterized in that preparing ion conductive layer adopts a kind of in following two kinds of methods, and concrete steps are as follows:
(1) the mole proportioning according to component is dissolved in the acidic components of respective amount and the nitrogen heterocyclic of alkalescence in the corresponding solvent, stirs 1-6 hour at 20-180 ℃ of following constant temperature, prepares corresponding salt; Again polymkeric substance is dissolved in the corresponding solvent, to join in the reaction vessel by the salt that back prepares gained, mix, adopt method that casting films in polyfluortetraethylene plate or direct film forming on device this solution, after the vacuum drying, promptly get all solid state polymer non-aqueous proton conducting film.
(2) be dissolved in the corresponding solvent according to the mole proportioning of component nitrogen heterocyclic polymkeric substance, acidic components and the alkalescence of respective amount, stirred 1-6 hour at 20-180 ℃ of following constant temperature, mix, adopt method that casting films in polyfluortetraethylene plate or direct film forming on device this solution, after the vacuum drying, promptly get all solid state polymer non-aqueous proton conducting film.
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