CN1676413A - Bicycle crank arm - Google Patents
Bicycle crank arm Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1676413A CN1676413A CN200510062977.7A CN200510062977A CN1676413A CN 1676413 A CN1676413 A CN 1676413A CN 200510062977 A CN200510062977 A CN 200510062977A CN 1676413 A CN1676413 A CN 1676413A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- crank
- bicycle
- blank
- pipe
- bicycle crank
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
- B62M3/00—Construction of cranks operated by hand or foot
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
- B21D53/86—Making other particular articles other parts for bicycles or motorcycles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T74/00—Machine element or mechanism
- Y10T74/21—Elements
- Y10T74/2164—Cranks and pedals
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
- Motorcycle And Bicycle Frame (AREA)
Abstract
To provide a lightweight crank for a bicycle having high strength, high rigidity and high design property of a complicated shape, and a method for easily manufacturing the same. A crank body is constituted of a hydroformed tubular body, and a fastening member to connect a crank, a pedal and a crank shaft to each other is provided on the crank body. During the assembly, the outside diameter of the fastening member is set to be larger than the diameter of a hole formed in the crank body in order to pass a pedal shaft and the crank shaft therethrough, and the fastening member is inserted in a hollow part of the crank body from an end of the crank body for assembly.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to bicycle crank and manufacture method thereof.
Background technology
For pursuing higher moving velocity, wish the in light weight of all parts of bicycle.Wherein, changing the crank that rotatablely moves into as the power of scrunching with the people, is one of most important parts of bicycle, not only requires in light weight, and, also require to have outward appearance attractive in appearance as a kind of sign of bicycle for the high efficiency transmission power of scrunching requires it to have rigidity.
Fig. 1 is a concise and to the point block diagram of showing the structure of ordinary bicycle crank.
As shown in Figure 1, end at the crank body 10 that constitutes crank, be provided with when being used for the spline 12 that connects with crank shaft and dismounting can serviceable tool screw thread 12 (shown in the figure for being provided with the example of spline), be used for the screw 16 that connects with the pin stirrup and be provided with at the other end.In this manual, they are referred to as " connector ".
In the past,, manufacture the hollow crank body through forging with aluminum alloy for alleviating the weight of this bicycle crank.
In conjunction with Fig. 2 the manufacture method of existing hollow crank body is done following explanation here.
At first, as the 1st operation, shown in Fig. 2 (a), the bar steel is cut off and makes solid cylinder blank 20.Then shown in Fig. 2 (b), by forging above-mentioned columniform blank 20 is manufactured an end has peristome 25 and the cup-shaped blank pipe 22 of other end osed top to the 2nd operation.Secondly, in the 3rd operation, shown in Fig. 2 (c), be configured as crank-like and as crank blank 24, at this moment, the peristome 25 that forms in above-mentioned the 2nd operation also is closed by forging through the multiple tracks forging process.
Will as Fig. 2 (d) the 4th operation that is shown in be the half-blank crank body 26 that near net (near net) shape is shaped through further forging, cut into finished form shown in Fig. 2 (e) in the 5th operation by machine up, process screw 28 and spline slotted eye 30 respectively in pin stirrup one side and wheel disc one side.In the 6th operation, screw thread 32 and groove 34 etc. are set in screw 28 and spline slotted eye 30 respectively as required connect key element.At last, the surface of the crank 40 that as above constitutes is ground, produce finished product.
As mentioned above, when making existing crank, wanting with the expendable weight is that purpose is made hollow with crank and then needed through many procedures, and this will cause product cost to improve.
In addition, owing to cause shape from the bar forging, therefore, the wall thickness final thin of hollow bulb part will be difficult to accomplish that the wall of all sites is all very thin at least about 4mm, and it is difficult further expendable weight.
In addition, with regard to blank, owing to need be the shape of complexity at forging and molding under the hollow state, thereby can only be defined in material such as aluminum alloy.
Summary of the invention
Task of the present invention provide a kind of in light weight, intensity is high, rigidity is big and have very high complicated shape appearance design bicycle crank and can be at an easy rate with its produced manufacture method.
The present invention is:
(1) a kind of bicycle crank is characterized in that, the crank body is by constituting with the integrally formed body of hydroform method.
As above-mentioned (1) said bicycle crank, it is characterized in that (2) said crank body is provided with and is used for connector that crank is connected with pin stirrup and crank shaft.
As above-mentioned (2) said bicycle crank, it is characterized in that (3) external diameter of said connector is greater than being opened in hole on the crank body for penetrating pin stirrup axle and crank shaft, insert from the crank body end in the hollow bulb of crank body and assemble.
As any said bicycle crank of above-mentioned (1) to (3), it is characterized in that (4) two ends of the said crank body of hollow are not sealed and kept open state.
As mentioned above, as the present invention, with regard to material, can use high rigidity, high strength material, realize the crank of thin-walled property through the integrally formed one-tenth integral body of hydroform method as blank with the tubing that is easy to wall thickness is selected, intensity do not need very high end keep after hydroform method is shaped open state or with light materials such as plastics with above-mentioned opening capping, therefore, can make weight saving, intensity and rigidity increase.
In addition, because two pipe end former states keep open state, therefore, the crank body can represent it for hollow, has outward appearance extremely attractive in appearance.
Illustrate that as preceding much more very if with the cold forging method in past complicated shape as crank that is shaped, need operation, and the hydraulic forming rule can go out net shape so that one procedure is integrally formed basically, can make the cost reduction.
Therefore, according to the present invention, can produce in light weight, rigidity and intensity is improved, aesthetic property is improved bicycle crank with operation seldom.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the concise and to the point block diagram that the ordinary bicycle crank is described.
Fig. 2 (a)～(e) is the mode chart that the Fabrication procedure to existing hollow crank describes.
Fig. 3 (a)～(g) is the mode chart that the manufacture method to bicycle crank of the present invention describes.
Fig. 4 (a)～(c) is the concise and to the point block diagram of bicycle crank involved in the present invention.
The specific embodiment
Fig. 3 (a)～(d) is the mode declaration pattern specification figure with the manufacture method of hydraulic forming manufactured bicycle crank involved in the present invention.
Here said hydraulic forming is a kind of will being placed in as the tubing of blank in the mould and water filling in pipe, pushes the pressure rising that makes in the pipe with axle and makes it to be configured as the method for mold shape from pipe end in case of necessity.Therefore, have basically and can finish integrally formed characteristics with one procedure.Hydroform method itself as one of job operation is known, even if in the present invention also as long as former state is used this method, there is no particular restriction to it.The known manufacturing process though the present invention as above says so, but having broken in the past, the crank body is this routine of integral structure of closed at both ends, no matter be conceived to the end and be opening or opening all can not reduce the function this point, used the method that forms with hydroform method with tubing at first.
According to the present invention, at first, shown in Fig. 3 (a), preparation is as the tubing 30 of blank.Manufacture method to tubing does not at this moment have any restriction.Both can be that welded pipe also can be a seamless tube.
As blank, preferably proportion little with expendable weight, modulus of elasticity greatly to improve rigidity, yield point and tensile strength greatly to improve intensity.
But, if the intensity of blank is too high, the difficulty that then is shaped, therefore, it is soft and make intensity height behind the finished product preferably to add man-hour.
For realizing above-mentioned effect, can consider following two kinds of methods.
The 1st kind of method is to use the n value to be easy to generate the blank of flow harden greatly, and the flow harden when utilizing hydraulic forming improves the method for product intensity, for example can adopt the blank of similar SUS304.
The 2nd kind of method is that green strength is lower and be easy to processing, but the method for product intensity is improved by heat treatment in the back that is shaped, and for example beta titanium alloy carried out timeliness heat treatment and to methods such as carbon steel quench.
Next will form, but for bicycle crank, require shape attractive in appearance, therefore, it is unfavorable changing shape according to the forming limit of blank.
When forming with hydroform method, if the maxim of section girth is big with the difference of minimum value, then in use during with pipe that minimum perimeter polygon conforms to, the excessive and situation that can't be shaped of pipe expanding rate in the time of might occurring being shaped.In this occasion, as long as use a kind of like this preform blank pipe 32, promptly, the pipe that preparation conforms to the maxim of section girth, and shown in Fig. 3 (b) according to the girth distribution situation of finished form, the section diameter that changes the blank pipe by swaging or mould pull and stretch is made preform blank pipe 32 in advance.
Secondly, adopt hydroform method to form, same with common hydroform method at this moment, carry out preform with compression machine and make tubing be shaped according to hydraulic forming mold, produce preform blank pipe 34, shown in Fig. 3 (c).Afterwards, shown in Fig. 3 (d), be placed in preform blank pipe 34 in the hydraulic forming mold and, push with axle in case of necessity and make it internal pressure and raise and be shaped according to mold shape to intracontour waterflooding.For making interest of clarity, the explanation of mould etc. is omitted.
Secondly, be provided with and be used for the screw thread splined hole of axle of installation foot stirrup and wheel disc.
The blank 36 that hydraulic forming forms partly excises the unnecessary length of end shown in Fig. 3 (e), carries out the perforate processing of screw 38 and spline slotted eye 40 for the installation shaft of wheel disc axle and pin stirrup.As long as the perforate of this moment is with suitable machine up.
Afterwards, the screw thread splined engagement part 42,44 that is used for installing crank shaft and pin stirrup is bonded on the crank body.
The fastener here preferably has such structure, that is, be not to insert in each hole of being offered among Fig. 3 (e) to install, but shown in Fig. 3 (f), connectors such as screw thread splined engagement part can insert from the peristome of end.
This be because, be opened in the structure that the form in the hole on the hydraulic forming part is installed if be made into insertion, then just in case the junction surface cracking, crank body and pin stirrup will come off, this is very dangerous.And according to way of the present invention, even joint lost efficacy, the junction surface cracking can prevent that also crank from coming off.
The method that engages can be welding and bonding etc., there is no particular determination, but in order to prevent that weld part from HAZ taking place soften, is welded as suitable with laser.
Make final finished by above step, shown in Fig. 3 (g).
The various forms of bicycle crank 50 of the present invention is shown in Fig. 4 (a)～(c).
Fig. 4 (a) is the finished product that the peristome of the end of crank 50 is kept intact and do not carried out sealing and make.
Fig. 4 (b) has installed lid 52 in the peristome of the end of the crank 50 that forms through the operation of Fig. 3.Because end bearing load not, thereby the manufacturings such as plastics that should cover 52 usefulness lightweights get final product.
Know it is the thin-walled hollow at a glance, can give strong light weight sense, increase aesthetic feeling.
And being inside, Fig. 4 (c) filled the crank of lightweight filler 54.When using high strength material to pursue thin-walled property, the problem that rigidity reduces appears sometimes.In this occasion,, then can suppress the reduction of rigidity if fill the packing material 54 that constitutes by the Foamex of lightweight etc. in the inside of hollow.
As mentioned above, as the present invention,, thereby can make final finished integral body be the formation of thin-walled hollow form because blank has used incorporate pipe.
The shape of crank is that the position of its section Zhou Changda is positioned on the pipe end position in addition, and pipe end section is thinner shape, is fit to adopt hydroform method to form.
As the connectors such as screw thread spline that are used for connecting with pin stirrup and crank shaft, only the connector that need make separately in addition engages up and gets final product.
Below embodiment is described.
Produce bicycle crank involved in the present invention according to step shown in Figure 3.
The section girth of this crank is the 79.8mm of minimum value at pipe end, and maxim is 113mm, and length overall is 200mm.
[embodiment 1]
In this example, as blank, prepared the SUS304 welded pipe of diameter 27.1mm, wall thickness 1.5mm, it is the blank pipe of 79.8mm that two pipe end pull and stretch are become the girth of diameter 25.4mm, pipe end, be pressed in the hydraulic forming mold with the preform compression machine and form, form with hydroform method.
Secondly, with two pipe end excisions of unnecessary length part, punching out goes out the hole of pin stirrup one side and the hole of wheel disc one side.The connectors of making in addition separately such as screw thread spline are inserted from the end of hollow bulb make it chimeric, weld with laser.
Produced the finished product of the peristome finished product of keeping intact and the lid that is bonded with the plastics manufacturing of two pipe ends.
The crank of both ends open is appearance looks elegant not only, and peristome is blown over air-flow when bicycle running, forms unique style.
[embodiment 2]
In this example, prepared the beta titanium alloy pipe of diameter 34.0mm, wall thickness 1.5mm, the pipe expanding rate that the multistage pull and stretch of process makes each position forms with hydroform method in 5% similarly to Example 1.Then, implement timeliness heat treatment, its intensity and rigidity are increased.Afterwards, implement back processing similarly to Example 1.
As above the finished product of Zhi Zaoing has the surface of the uniqueness of titanium, and outward appearance is very attractive in appearance.
Secondly, list the preceence of the related method of the existing method that illustrates previously and the invention described above in the table 1.
Table 1
| Project | Existing method | Method of the present invention | |
| Embodiment 1 | | ||
| Blank | Aluminum alloy | ????SUS304 | Beta titanium alloy |
| Finished weight | 200g | ????200g | ????180g |
| Stock utilization | 60％ | ????90％ | ????90％ |
| Process number | 15 | ????5 | ????6 |
| Rigidity | 1 | ????1.2 | ????1.1 |
| Static strength | 1 | ????1.5 | ????1.2 |
| Strength at repeated alternation | 1 | ????1.3 | ????1.3 |
Wherein, rigidity, static strength, strength at repeated alternation are that the crank with existing method is 1 o'clock a ratio.The test condition of rigidity, intensity, strength at repeated alternation is, under the state that bicycle is sling, with the axle of wheel disc be fixed on make the pin stirrup be positioned among the above-below direction between on the position of position and applied load.The displacement of rigidity when applying permanent load, intensity with the load till plastic deformation takes place, strength at repeated alternation to repeat applied load 10
7Inferior above and load that fracture takes place is estimated.
No matter which, the performance of crank of the present invention all is better than the crank of existing method.Process number also reduces significantly, and operating cost has reduced half.
Claims (4)
1. a bicycle crank is characterized in that, the crank body is by constituting with the integrally formed body of hydroform method.
2. as the said bicycle crank of claim 1, it is characterized in that said crank body is provided with and is used for connector that crank is connected with pin stirrup and crank shaft.
3. as the said bicycle crank of claim 2, it is characterized in that the external diameter of said connector is greater than being opened in hole on the crank body for penetrating pin stirrup axle and crank shaft, insert from the crank body end in the hollow bulb of crank body and assemble.
4. as the said bicycle crank of arbitrary claim of claim 1 to 3, it is characterized in that two ends of the said crank body of hollow are not sealed and kept open state.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP105277/2004 | 2004-03-31 | ||
| JP2004105277A JP2005289166A (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2004-03-31 | Crank for bicycle, and its manufacturing method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1676413A true CN1676413A (en) | 2005-10-05 |
Family
ID=34880067
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200510062977.7A Pending CN1676413A (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2005-03-31 | Bicycle crank arm |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20050217417A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1582448A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2005289166A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1676413A (en) |
| TW (1) | TWI258445B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104058060A (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2014-09-24 | 株式会社岛野 | Bicycle crank assembly |
| CN105143031A (en) * | 2013-03-12 | 2015-12-09 | 骑行运动集团有限公司 | Crank spindle assembly and method of fabrication |
Families Citing this family (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4819305B2 (en) * | 2003-09-04 | 2011-11-24 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Method for manufacturing reinforcing member |
| US8459077B2 (en) * | 2005-02-15 | 2013-06-11 | Nsk Ltd. | Manufacturing method for metal member with through hole |
| DE602005021896D1 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2010-07-29 | Campagnolo Srl | Crankset for the bottom bracket, the drive shaft and the pedal crank of a bicycle |
| ATE524374T1 (en) * | 2006-02-20 | 2011-09-15 | Campagnolo Srl | BICYCLE BOTTOM BEARING |
| EP1829779B1 (en) * | 2006-03-03 | 2011-01-12 | CAMPAGNOLO S.r.l. | Bicycle bottom bracket assembly and adapter device for such an assembly |
| JP2007297040A (en) * | 2006-05-04 | 2007-11-15 | Campagnolo Spa | Crank arm assembly for bicycle |
| US7530291B2 (en) * | 2006-07-13 | 2009-05-12 | Chang Hui Lin | Crank device for bicycle |
| ITMI20070406U1 (en) * | 2007-12-05 | 2009-06-06 | Campagnolo Srl | ASSEMBLY OF CENTRAL MOVEMENT OF BICYCLE AND TREE FOR A SUCH ASSEMBLY |
| EP2110301B1 (en) * | 2008-04-17 | 2014-12-24 | CAMPAGNOLO S.r.l. | Assembly of bicycle components in mutual rotation and bicycle comprising such an assembly |
| EP2422113B1 (en) | 2009-02-27 | 2014-03-19 | Borgwarner Inc. | Automotive timing chain system component and method thereof |
| EP2230165B1 (en) * | 2009-03-16 | 2015-09-30 | Cycling Sports Group, Inc. | Unitary crown fork assembly and method of fabrication |
| EP2230167A3 (en) * | 2009-03-19 | 2013-10-02 | Cycling Sports Group, Inc. | Bicycle crank shaft assembly |
| US20110247455A1 (en) * | 2010-04-13 | 2011-10-13 | Robert Densmore | Crank arm protector |
| US10562588B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2020-02-18 | The Hive Global, Inc | Bicycle cassette with locking connection |
| US11142280B2 (en) | 2016-03-24 | 2021-10-12 | The Hive Global, Inc. | Bicycle crank with spindle attachment structure |
| CN111542471A (en) | 2017-08-21 | 2020-08-14 | 劲锋铁马股份有限公司 | Bicycle cone pulley with clamping connection |
| TWI625178B (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2018-06-01 | 亞獵士科技股份有限公司 | Method for manufacturing crank set of bicycle pedal |
| US10625815B2 (en) * | 2017-12-08 | 2020-04-21 | Alex Global Technology, Inc. | Method for manufacturing bicycle crank |
| US11932351B2 (en) | 2020-07-17 | 2024-03-19 | The Hive Global, Inc. | Conical bicycle cassette sprocket structure |
| US12030586B2 (en) | 2021-07-12 | 2024-07-09 | The Hive Global, Inc. | Seal for bicycle crank with differential chainring motion |
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| US602049A (en) * | 1898-04-12 | Bicycle crank-shaft | ||
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| US2350468A (en) * | 1941-11-04 | 1944-06-06 | Murray Ohio Mfg Co | Bicycle crank hanger assembly |
| US2305468A (en) * | 1942-10-07 | 1942-12-15 | Ferrigno Jerome | Indoor wind breaker |
| US3648542A (en) * | 1969-05-31 | 1972-03-14 | Dino Perotti | Pedal link assembly for bicycles |
| DE2359437A1 (en) * | 1973-11-09 | 1975-06-05 | Alfred Thun | BICYCLE PEDAL |
| US4171822A (en) * | 1978-01-10 | 1979-10-23 | Firma Alfred Thun & Co. Gmbh | Dual pedal crank assembly for bicycle |
| US4358967A (en) * | 1980-06-23 | 1982-11-16 | Kastan B Linn | Foot operated crank assembly |
| US4704919A (en) * | 1984-11-28 | 1987-11-10 | Durham Roger O | Two-piece crankshaft for bicycles |
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| US5924336A (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1999-07-20 | Richardson; Brian E. | Hollow bicycle crankshaft |
| DE19601125C2 (en) * | 1996-01-13 | 1999-01-28 | Thun Alfred & Co Gmbh | Pedal crank for a bike |
| JP3248676B2 (en) * | 1996-12-27 | 2002-01-21 | 株式会社シマノ | Bicycle crank and manufacturing method thereof |
| US5941135A (en) * | 1997-06-18 | 1999-08-24 | Schlanger; Raphael | Bicycle crankshaft assembly |
| US6314834B1 (en) * | 1999-01-25 | 2001-11-13 | Truvativ International Co., Ltd. | Hollow crank arm |
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| US6266990B1 (en) * | 2000-09-06 | 2001-07-31 | William Blair Shook | Method for integrally manufacturing an one-piece forged hollow crank of a bicycle |
| US6508002B1 (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2003-01-21 | Douglas Chiang | Bicycle crank arm and method of making same |
| ITTO20010621A1 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2002-12-27 | Campagnolo Srl | CRANK FOR BICYCLE AND PROCEDURE FOR ITS MANUFACTURE. |
| US6612033B1 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2003-09-02 | Cheng-Xun Jiang | Method for making hollow bicycle cranks |
| EP1350714A1 (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2003-10-08 | Campagnolo Srl | Hollow crank arm for a bicycle, and process for manufacturing the same |
| EP1378433A1 (en) * | 2002-07-05 | 2004-01-07 | Joris Van Raemdonck | Hollow bicycle crank |
-
2004
- 2004-03-31 JP JP2004105277A patent/JP2005289166A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-02-01 TW TW094103071A patent/TWI258445B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-03-24 US US11/087,553 patent/US20050217417A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-03-31 CN CN200510062977.7A patent/CN1676413A/en active Pending
- 2005-03-31 EP EP05007090A patent/EP1582448A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104058060A (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2014-09-24 | 株式会社岛野 | Bicycle crank assembly |
| CN104058060B (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2016-08-17 | 株式会社岛野 | Crank component of bicycle |
| CN105143031A (en) * | 2013-03-12 | 2015-12-09 | 骑行运动集团有限公司 | Crank spindle assembly and method of fabrication |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TWI258445B (en) | 2006-07-21 |
| EP1582448A2 (en) | 2005-10-05 |
| EP1582448A3 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
| TW200538350A (en) | 2005-12-01 |
| JP2005289166A (en) | 2005-10-20 |
| US20050217417A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
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