CN1606833A - 用于电力线上的数据通信的耦合电路装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于电力线上的数据通信的耦合电路装置包括调制器/解调器电路(6)、电源电路(Vcc2)和隔离装置(1)，其中调制器/解调器电路用于调制在电力线(2、3)上发送的数据信号，以及用于将已经在电力线上被发送的信号解调成数据信号，隔离装置用于提供与电力线的直流隔离。隔离装置包括被设置在调制器/解调器电路(6)与电力线(2、3)之间的光发射元件和光检测元件。隔离装置还可以被用来发送指示电源电路的状态或者过热状况的、或者是发送使能信号的数字控制信号。该数字控制信号通过在DC偏置电平中的数字平移或者通过完全地去除DC偏置信号而被编码在模拟数据信号中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于电力线上的数据通信的耦合电路装置。该电路装置被用来将数据耦合到电力线上，用于在该电力线上进行发送以及接收可能已经通过电力线被发送的数据。
背景技术
通信网络通常被用来在工业、住宅或者运输环境下在设备和系统之间传输数字数据。数字数据能够包含诸如语音、视频、控制或者状态信息之类的编码信息。为了发送和接收这种数据，需要一定类型的物理传输介质。例如有RF、同轴电缆、以太网双绞线、电话电缆和电力线电缆。
在现有技术中，已经有人建议使用电力线来发送和接收通信数据。在美国专利5,241,283和5,452,344中描述的这样的例子。电力线是一种连接介质，主要用来传送AC或DC电力至电子或电力电路。例如，房屋内的AC电力配送，或者汽车内的DC电压总线。电力线介质是在这些应用中实现数据网络的有利的介质，因为它是一种普遍存在的介质，并且这种通信链路实现方式节省下了实现额外的连接电缆的成本。
电力线通信信号一般通过由国家管制所分配的频段中的载频被发送。在所分配的频段中，被发送的数据信号一般利用诸如ASK(振幅移位键控法)、FSK(频移键控法)、扩频技术之类的各种方案进行调制。调制功能一般由调制器/解调器集成电路(IC)执行。调制/解调功能还可以形成为微处理器或者微控制器的一部分。经调制的发送和接收信号随后经由耦合电路被耦合到电力线上。在电力线被用来传送AC电力的情况下，耦合电路还必须滤除AC电力频率。在使用DC电力线的情况下，耦合电路仅必须阻断电力线的DC电压。
另外，在很多情况下，电力线配送的电压电平被认为对生命具有潜在的危险。为了保护使用者，通常对电连接到电力线电压的所有电路进行直流隔离(galvanic isolation)。在一些情形下，这可以通过系统外罩或者机械结构的方法来实现，但是在很多情况下，这并不是可行的方案，因为使用者必须在电气上直接接入低压电路。在这种情形下，通常将低压电路与高压电路直流隔离。在这种情形下，实现直流隔离的一般方法是使用变压器将经调制的信号耦合到电力线上。变压器必须能够耦合通信通带(passband)内的大信号电流。另外，变压器的结构还必须满足相关的国家和国际安全要求。这两个因素一起意味着减小耦合变压器的物理尺寸和成本的能力是有限的。
利用变压器将低压电路耦合到电力线上的另一个问题是通信通带内的高压电涌或瞬态被直接耦合到低压电路中，不仅潜在地损坏电力线接口元件，而且也损坏被互连的电路。使用电涌防护设备减小了这一问题，但是仍然存在对整个系统鲁棒性的潜在风险。
另一种提供直流隔离的方法是使用多个光耦合器来隔离调制器/解调器IC与系统微控制器之间的数字输入/输出。在这个方法中，电力线调制解调器被完全地与系统直流隔离开。
这种方法的优点是电力线上的任何电涌瞬态只冲击到电力线调制解调器元件。系统低压电路被有效地保护起来，将所有潜在的电涌损坏都仅隔离于电力线调制解调器，显著地提高了整个系统的鲁棒性。但是，这种构造不能被用于内部实现调制器/解调器功能的系统微控制器的情况。在这种情况下，微控制器通用输入/输出端口一般需要直接连接到低压侧电路上。
由于电力线介质主要是被希望用于传送电力，因此它并不具有用于发送或者接收经调制的通信数据的理想特性，尤其是在线路阻抗和衰减损失方面。为了成功地发送经调制的信号通过电力线，收发器设备必须能够发送相对高的信号功率电平。为了满足这一要求，必须利用模拟线路驱动器对调制器电路的输出进行缓冲。
模拟线路驱动器功能可以通过若干方法实现。它可以利用若干分立元件或者利用集成模拟线路驱动器IC来实现。或者，它可以被集成在调制器/解调器IC内。但是，现实是用于调制器/解调器功能的最适合、最低成本的IC技术并不是最适合于线路驱动器的电压和功率需求，这阻碍了在调制器/解调器IC内集成线路驱动器。因此，将调制器/解调器结合在同一IC上，导致或者牺牲调制器/解调器的功能，或者牺牲线路驱动器电路的功能。由于这个原因，通常线路驱动器功能都设置在调制器/解调器IC的外部。
发明内容
因此本发明的一个目的是提供用于符合权利要求1的前序的电力线上的数据通信的耦合电路装置，该装置避免或者减少了所提到的现有技术的问题。
具体而言，本发明的一个目的是提供这样一种耦合电路，该耦合电路确保安全绝缘，保护低电压系统电路免受潜在的过载状况的损坏，并且该耦合电路可以以节省空间的方式被设计，尤其是具有高的集成度。
根据本发明，所提及的目的是通过如权利要求1所定义的电路装置实现的。
本发明利用了光隔离器技术来提供直流隔离。在使用光隔离器件来提供直流隔离的现有技术的途径中，隔离被设置在调制器/解调器电路的数字输入/输出端处。2001年3月7～10日Gerrit Telkamp发表于科隆的文章“将电力线通信用于家庭设备”(by Gerrit Telkamp：“Using Power-LineCommunication for Domestic Appliances”，Cologne，7-10 March 2001)中给出了示例。本发明与已知途径的显著不同首先在于被集成的光学隔离被设置在信号调制器/解调器与电力线之间。在优选实施例中，被光隔离的信号是模拟类型的。
本发明允许对耦合电路的节省空间的设计，构造了可靠的隔离，有效地防止了来自电力线的高压电涌或瞬态被耦合到低压电路中。根据本发明的实施例，发送电源并不必须被隔离，使得可以使用简单、低成本的非隔离离线电源。在其中只有少量被隔离的功率是可用的系统中，或者在其中电力通信设施是在后期添加的系统中，这尤为有利。
在另一个实施例中，隔离装置中的光通道还被用来发送数字控制信号，所述数字控制信号可以是发送使能信号、指示电源状态的信号或者指示过热状况的信号。优选地，通过在DC偏置电平中的数字平移或者通过完全去除DC偏置信号，将数字控制信号编码在模拟数据信号中。
附图说明
以下将参考附图详细说明本发明的实施例。
图1是图示了本发明第一实施例的电路示意图。
图2是图1所示的电力线数据存取装置的更为详细的电路图。
图3示出了具有改善的线性度的电力线数据存取装置的其他实施方式。
图4示出了具有用于改善的电源的欠电压闭锁电路的电力线数据存取装置的另一实施例。
图5示出了图1实施例的具有改善的电源的替代实施例。
图6图示了图2和3实施例的具有外部带通滤波器的变体。
图7图示了其中变压器被用来向电力线数据存取装置提供电源电压的实施例。
具体实施方式
参照图1，其上传送数据的电力线用端子2、3指示。要被耦合到电力线的数据由传送线路4上的外部电路(未示出)提供，而已经经电力线发送的数据以及要被供应给随后的数据处理电路的数据由接收线路5供应。图中的字母TX表示“发送”，字母“RX”表示“接收”。信号流的方向用箭头指示。线路4上的输入TX信号被供应给调制器/解调器电路6，而经调制的输出信号被供应给数据存取装置1。方框1中的虚线17表示输入和输出电路之间的直流隔离。数据存取装置1形成本发明的一个重要部分，以下将更为详细地讨论。
数据存取装置1连接到电源电路7(Vcc2电源)，电源电路7又经由电感10和电容12耦合到电力线。电路7还包括调整电路8、整流电路9、稳压二极管11和电容13。块1还经由带通电力线耦合电路18耦合到电力线，所述带通电力线耦合电路18包括电容14、15和电感16。
图2更为详细地示出了数据存取装置1。有着信号“经调制的TX”、“TX使能”和“经调制的RX”的线路被连接到调制器/解调器电路6。装置1主要由输入集成电路19(“输入IC”)、输出集成电路20(“输出IC”)、连接到输入IC的发光二极管21(“LED1”)和连接到输出IC的发光二极管22(“LED2”)构成。用于检测二极管21发射的光的光电二极管24被设置在集成电路20上，与二极管21相对。用于检测二极管22发射的光的光电二极管23被设置在集成电路19上，与二极管22相对。输入集成电路、输出集成电路和光电二极管被设置在共同的封装件30中。光信号正向通路传送经调制的TX信号。光信号返回通路传送经调制的RX信号。集成电路19参照低压电路接地，而集成电路20参照电力线接地。
除了分别将光电二极管23和24集成在集成电路19和20上外，也可以使用分立的光电二极管。此外，除了通过将发光二极管和光电二极管构造成面对面结构来实现光耦合外，还可以使用反射性圆顶结构，其中发光二极管和光电检测器被并排安装在相邻的引线框架上。
如图2所示，集成电路19包括LED驱动级(driver stage)25，其以正向电流驱动发光二极管21。该正向电流等于DC偏置电流和与模拟TX输入电压线性相关的电流的和。当电路1处于发送配置时，发光二极管21总是处于接通状态，具有连续的正向电流。选择正向偏置DC电流和发光二极管21的类型以确保正向电流对光输出信号的线性特性。这是最小化非线性度以及因此产生的谐波失真所必需的。
输出集成电路20包括光电检测放大器26，其产生与发光二极管21的光发射线性相关的输出电压。输出线路驱动器经由外部AC耦合电路被AC耦合到光电检测放大器，最小结构的外部AC耦合电路由电容器构成。该AC耦合电路主要从光电检测放大器的输出中移除了DC偏移电压。该AC耦合电路还可以包括滤波电路，以减小在调制器或者光通道中产生的剩余谐波。进入AC耦合电路的耦合管脚的输出阻抗足够低，以使得它能够直接驱动带通滤波器，而不需要中间缓冲级。图6示出了具有外部带通滤波器60的一个示例。
集成电路20还包括LED驱动级27，其以正向电流驱动发光二极管22。该正向电流等于DC偏置电流和与来自电力线耦合电路18的模拟RX输入信号相关的电流的总和。在额定工作过程中，发光二极管22总处于接通状态，具有连续的正向电流。集成电路19包括光电检测放大器28，该放大器产生与二极管22的光发射相关的输出电压。RX输出级经由外部电容器被AC耦合到光电检测放大器。这里还可以包括其它的外部滤波器元件，以从接收到的信号中滤除噪声。
如上所述，人们希望发送(TX)通道中的光传输具有线性特性。图3示出了本发明的另一个实施例，其可以被实现以进一步改善线性度。与图2所示实施例的本质差异在于使用了额外的光电二极管29来监测发光二极管21的输出信号并向LED驱动器25提供反馈，以改善电压对光输出的线性特性。
本发明的一个实施例中使用了板上(on-board)调整电路，使得它能够工作于较宽的Vcc2工作范围上，所述范围一般为7.5V到18V。人们经常希望减小Vcc电源的大小和成本。在变压器耦合结构中，TX电源必须被隔离。但是，本发明的一个固有特征是不需要隔离TX(Vcc2)电源。这意味着可以使用简单、低成本、非隔离离线电源。该类电源在只有少量被隔离电力可用的系统中尤为有利，所述系统例如为没有自身内部电源的USB(通用串行总线)接口设备。在其中后期增添电力通信设施的已有系统中，它同样尤为有利。低成本电容器类型电源(图1)可以容易地被包括作为电力线通信模块的一部分，并且不需要其它的系统级电源开销。
但是，在这样的装置的实现中，存在一些非典型的情况，其中异常的工作状况会导致Vcc2电源跌落至其所需最小工作电平以下。在这种情况下，要求能够检测这样的状况并且采取正确的措施。由于将Vcc2与低压电路直流隔离，在被隔离侧对Vcc2的监测存在问题。但是，这个问题可以通过采用Vcc2电压检测电路并结合跨过直流隔离将Vcc2的状态回传的方法来解决。图4示出了对应的示例。
根据图4，Vcc2监测电路被集成到输出电路中，在输出电路中它直接监测Vcc2。如果Vcc2跌落至所需最小工作电压电平以下，则触发输出信号。Vcc2监测电路的比较器电路32有迟滞作用，被用来防止当Vcc2经过触发阈值时的颤动。比较器32的输出信号禁用RX LED2驱动器27和偏置电路，有效地完全关闭了发光二极管LED2。在输入IC的被隔离侧，光电检测器输出信号被送往电压比较器电路33。在一个输入端施加参考电压电平VREF 2，在另一个输入端施加来自光电检测器的输出信号。参考电压VREF 2相当于一个电压电平，其稍微高出在光电二极管上没有照射的情况下来自光电检测放大器的预期电平。因此，当驱动级27被禁用时，触发比较器的输出。比较器信号的输出然后被送往封装件上的一个外部连接管脚，指示Vcc2上的欠电压状况。该输出信号还有一些其它用途，例如，它能够被用来检测向电力线插入设备，并触发自动连接软件例程。
线性模拟线路驱动器31被用来向电力线上驱动信号。保护特征被集成到线路驱动器，以防止过热和过电流。在出现低阻抗负载的情况下，需要限制峰值输出电流，以防止线路驱动级的过电流损坏或者过热。这种限流不应导致在预期峰值负载状况下输出波形的失真，这也很重要。为了限制峰值电流，随着以及当峰值电流水平到达峰值电流阈值时，输出级的电压增益逐渐减小。限流阈值水平或者是内部设置的固定水平，或者是可以经由外部连接的元件被设置的水平。过热保护包括实现电路以监测输出IC的温度。当IC温度超过安全工作温度时，该过热电路禁止TX线路驱动器的工作。一种过热保护电路的变体还可以包括对过热信号和Vcc2监测信号的线一或运算(wire-oring)。通过这种方法，可以在直流隔离的低压电路侧检测过热/过电压状况。
为了避免在RX模式期间衰减所接收到的信号，模拟线路驱动器必须被切换到高阻抗三态模式。为了满足这个要求，在输入IC上采用TX使能输入控制信号。该输入信号直接禁用输入IC上的LED1驱动级25，有效地切断了包括DC偏置电流的LED1正向电流。在输出IC上，光电检测器的输出端被连接到比较器电路34的一个输入端，并且向另一个比较器输入端施加电压VREF1。VREF1相当于一个电压电平，其稍微高出在没有照射的情况下在光电检测级的输出端上测量到的输出电压。
比较器具有迟滞作用，被用来使光电检测器或者LED1驱动器上的瞬态噪声不正确地触发输出的可能性最小化。比较器的输出启用TX输出级中的偏置电路，并在三态模式和激活模式之间切换输出线路。该三态电路的一个重要特征在于它避免了需要其它光通道来传送三态信号。该装置的另一个优点在于如果Vcc1不存在则TX输出自动地切换到三态模式。这在某些应用中具有优势，例如，如果Vcc1是电池供电的，并且如果该电池用尽了，则TX驱动器自动地切换到三态状况下。
以下将参照图5说明图1所示的实施例的一个替代实施例。这两个实施例之间的差异主要是关于Vcc2电源。图5所示的替代实施例的主要优点在于当以RX模式运行电力线数据存取装置时非常低的耗散。电力线调制解调器的一个特征是在运行于发送模式时的传送电力需求比在运行于接收模式时的高出很多。事实上，10∶1的TX∶RX功率需求比并不异常。在图1所示的供电配置中，当运行于RX模式时，电源电路所供应的多余的功率被损耗在稳压二极管中。这导致功率浪费，而这在高能量效率设备(“绿色”设备)中是不希望出现的。
图5所示的电路通过有效地将Vcc2电源切换到低功率模式，显著地降低了浪费的功率。被用来将电路切换到低功率模式的信号LPM是从装置1的内部信号得到的，所述内部信号被用于在发送模式和三态模式之间切换TX级。当装置1运行于RX模式时，LPM信号接通晶体管T2。晶体管T2可以是MOS、双极或者达林顿类型的晶体管。晶体管可以如图5所示是在装置1的外部，或者可以被集成在输出IC本身中。连接到T2的集电极的是电容器Caa。当运行于发送模式时，电容器Caa为装置1的主要Vcc2功率需求提供来源。接通晶体管T2有效地从整流器51和稳压二极管ZD1转移走了Caa的源电流。在这种情形下，晶体管T2中的功耗对应于经过Caa的电流和T2的饱和电压的乘积，所述饱和电压一般非常小(＜0.5V)。因此，T2中的功耗显著地低于在其它情况下在稳压二极管ZD1中所耗散的。
为了满足当运行于RX模式时的装置1的Vcc2电力需求，使用了并联供电电路。并联电路包括电容器Cbb和整流器52，它们被连接到稳压二极管和Vcc2调整器的输入端。Cbb的电容值比Caa的小若干倍。这两个电容器的电容比是装置1的RX/TX模式功率需求比的直接函数(directfunction)。应该认识到，并不总是需要采用调整器，在某些应用中只有稳压二极管可能就足够了。此外，应该理解，p类型的晶体管可以被用来代替上述的n类型晶体管，在这种情况下LPM信号被反相。同样，可以使用外部光电耦合器来传送LPM信号。
还应该注意到，还可以从更多的传统装置来提供Vcc2，例如用于系统电源电路中的降压变压器。在这种情况下，Vcc2电源将从如图7所示的变压器的次侧70上的绕组获得。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于电力线上的数据通信的耦合电路装置，包括：
a)调制器/解调器电路，用于调制在电力线上发送的数据信号，以及用于将已经在电力线上被发送的信号解调成数据信号，
b)电源电路(Vcc2)，
c)隔离装置，用于提供与电力线的直流隔离，所述隔离装置采用光学隔离，
其特征在于，
d)包括了光发射元件(21、22)和光检测元件(23、24)的所述隔离装置(1)被设置在所述调制器/解调器电路(6)和所述电力线(2、3)之间。
2.如权利要求1所述的耦合电路装置，其中所述隔离装置(1)包括输入集成电路(19)和输出集成电路(20)，所述输入集成电路(19)具有用于检测对应于来自所述电力线的数据信号的光信号的光检测元件(23)，所述输出集成电路(20)具有用于检测对应于被供应到所述电力线的数据信号的光信号的光检测元件(24)。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的耦合电路装置，还包括具有光检测元件(29)的控制电路，监测所述隔离装置(1)中的光发射元件(21)的输出，以改善所述隔离装置(1)中光信号的传输的线性度。
4.如权利要求1至3中的任何一个所述的耦合电路装置，还包括在所述耦合电路的所述输出级处被耦合到所述电源电路(Vcc2)的电源电压检测电路(32)，和用于将指示所述电源电路的输出电压电平的电压电平的信号经由所述隔离装置发送回所述耦合电路的所述输入级的装置。
5.如以上权利要求中任何一个所述的耦合电路装置，包括耦合到所述输出集成电路(20)的带通滤波器(60)。
6.如以上权利要求中任何一个所述的耦合电路装置，其中所述数据信号和控制信号在所述隔离装置中的同一光通道中传送，所述光通道包括光发射元件和光电检测器。
7.如权利要求6所述的耦合电路装置，其中
通过调制所述光发射元件的输出信号将所述数据信号作为模拟信号发送，
所述控制信号是数字信号，
在同一光通道上同时发送所述模拟数据信号和所述数字控制信号，
通过在被施加到所述光发射元件的所述模拟信号的DC偏置电平中进行数字平移，或者通过完全地去除所述DC偏置信号，将所述数字控制信号编码在所述模拟光信号中，以及
所述数字信号的状态由所述光电检测器输出电压的DC偏置电平与固定的参考电压(Vref1)的比较决定，或者由最小光电检测器输出电压与固定参考电压的比较决定。
8.如权利要求7所述的耦合电路装置，其中所述数字控制信号是发送使能信号、指示所述电源(Vcc2)的状态的信号或者指示过热状况的信号，并且所述数字控制信号被从所述耦合电路的输出级经由所述隔离装置供应到输入级。
9.如以上权利要求中任何一个所述的耦合电路装置，包括：
非隔离电源，其中电容器(Cbb)与AC电力线、整流器(52)、稳压二极管(ZD1)以及调整器(50)串联，
包括电容器(Caa)和整流器(51)的并联电路，其中所述并联电路包括用于响应于指示低功率或者接收模式的信号，旁路经过所述电容器(Caa)回流进入所述电力线的电流的装置。
10.如以上权利要求中任何一个所述的耦合电路装置，其中所述输入集成电路(19)、所述输出集成电路(20)和所述光发射元件(21、22)被设置在作为单个器件的共用封装件中。
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2001
- 2001-12-20 EP EP01130362A patent/EP1322047A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-09-11 AU AU2002366851A patent/AU2002366851A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-09-11 US US10/498,185 patent/US7183900B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-11 WO PCT/EP2002/010155 patent/WO2003055096A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-09-11 EP EP02805272A patent/EP1459458B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-11 CN CN028257820A patent/CN1606833B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103297092A (zh) * | 2013-06-09 | 2013-09-11 | 深圳市歌盟科技有限公司 | 一种通过电力线传输广播信号的系统 |
| CN109565264A (zh) * | 2016-08-02 | 2019-04-02 | 科尼克电子测量仪器有限及两合公司 | 隔离放大器 |
| CN109565264B (zh) * | 2016-08-02 | 2023-12-05 | 科尼克电子测量仪器有限及两合公司 | 隔离放大器 |
| CN111954985A (zh) * | 2018-04-20 | 2020-11-17 | Arm有限公司 | 对于功能电路块的电力分配 |
| CN111954985B (zh) * | 2018-04-20 | 2024-01-23 | Arm有限公司 | 对于功能电路块的电力分配 |
| CN113454869A (zh) * | 2019-01-08 | 2021-09-28 | 能源广场公司 | 用于管理多模式电耦合的耦合管理器和操作方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1459458B1 (en) | 2011-11-09 |
| CN1606833B (zh) | 2011-05-18 |
| EP1322047A1 (en) | 2003-06-25 |
| EP1459458A1 (en) | 2004-09-22 |
| US7183900B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 |
| WO2003055096A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
| AU2002366851A1 (en) | 2003-07-09 |
| US20050069321A1 (en) | 2005-03-31 |
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