CN1605715A - 修理金属件、尤其是燃气涡轮马达的涡轮叶片的工艺 - Google Patents
修理金属件、尤其是燃气涡轮马达的涡轮叶片的工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种金属件,尤其是一燃气涡轮马达的转子或定子叶片的修理工艺,该工艺包括一通过在其部分的表面上焊接一耐磨损材料进行加载而形成耐磨损层(93CC、94CC)并部分地加工该耐磨损层,其特征在于,该工艺包括:所述耐磨损层的一校正阶段,其中,留有微量(T)的所述耐磨损层依赖于校正区域的底部的至少部分而生存;以及,一使用焊接来沉积新的耐磨损材料层的沉积阶段。本发明特别涉及带有一护围的涡轮叶片,并同时具有确保新的耐磨损材料层的良好粘着和防止金属基底内出现缺陷的优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及金属件(metallic pieces),尤其是燃气涡轮叶片。具体来说,本发明集中在叶片的零件的修理上,这些叶片涂复有耐磨损材料涂层,以在马达操作过程中抵抗因主要摩擦引起的约束。修理的工艺应用于转动的转子叶片或固定的定子叶片。
背景技术
转动的涡轮叶片包括:一根部,叶片通过根部固定到转子的圆盘上;一确定气体流向的平台;以及,一翼型部分。根据马达和涡轮机级,翼型部分在其远离根部的端部处终止在一称之为护围(shroud)的横向元件内,该护围限定气体流向(gas vein)的外表面。护围包括一前导边缘和一相对于气体流动方向为横向定向的尾部边缘。两个边缘通过两个侧边缘连接,护围通过侧向边缘接触于转子上的两个邻近叶片的护围。这些侧向边缘具有一所谓的Z轮廓:两个轴向部分通过一大致横向部分而互连。
为了对操作过程中它们经受到的振动起阻尼作用,叶片安装在圆盘上,围绕它们的主轴线设有一扭转约束(torsion constraint)。护围设计成叶片支承时放置在该扭转约束之下,使其邻近的叶片沿着诸所述部分横向表面。由于振动与两个接触表面之间传递的应变,导致张力下的摩擦,这是磨损的主要因素。
在叶片的内平台或分配器扇形(distributor sector)接触表面上也会遇到这样的磨损问题。叶片或邻近扇形的侧向边缘呈Z字形式,尤其是,一横向部分也是如此。由于振动,这些部分是磨损的部位。
在马达的运行条件下,构成叶片的材料通常耐受这些磨损现象的能力较低。为了延长该金属件的保存期,通过涂敷耐磨损材料来保护上述敏感部分。如美国专利6164916中所描述的,这可以用硬度提高的特殊合金的小板块铜焊到金属基底上,它们形成与邻近金属件相连的支承表面。根据其它已知技术,为了制造新的金属件,在基底材料通过打磨已经局部地去除到一预定的深度之后,可开始对待保护的表面逐渐地加载,同时,利用一耐磨材料的棒材熔化为金属基底的上层。必要的热量可借助于合适的热源提供。这可由惰性气体保护的电弧,或由激光束来形成。
发明内容
本发明涉及的该金属件包括一耐磨损表面,它通过钎焊加载耐磨损的材料而形成。这种技术在本技术领域内称之为“硬质合金化”。根据该技术可使用钴基合金(alloy based on cobalt)。这些钴基合金在市场上的商标名为“钨铬钴合金”。
尽管由耐磨损层赋予了该保护,但由于摩擦和严重的运行条件,接触区域不能阻止其变化。超过了磨损的某一阈值,就必须修理和恢复叶片的几何尺寸。例如,在涡轮机叶片的情形中,如果因磨损引起的材料损失变得太大,则叶片上的扭转约束消失,代之以出现振动。
本发明的目的是修理这样的金属件:它的通过加载材料产生的耐磨损区域损坏了,并不再能发挥功能。
根据本发明,燃气涡轮机的金属件局部地包括一通过焊接一耐磨损材料进行加载而形成的原始耐磨损层,且其所述原始耐磨损层部分地磨损。这样的金属件修理工艺的特点在于:它包括一耐磨层的校正阶段以及一通过焊接一新的耐磨损材料层的沉积阶段,在该校正阶段微量的所述原始耐磨损层依赖于校正区域基底的至少一部分而生存。
耐磨材料较佳地是通常用于本技术领域内和适于应用的钴基合金。
通过本发明的工艺可确保后来借助于钎焊被施加的材料的满意的粘着,以及,尤其是在校正区域基底内保存有微量的耐磨材料。还令人惊奇地发现:该中间层在钎焊过程中形成足够的保护手段来避免缺陷在金属基底内的扩散。这种保护在Z外形的部分内是特别地有利,该Z外形位于耐磨材料的纵向部分与涂敷的横向部分之间的凹角内。该部分是重要的,因为它是缺陷形成的首选的部位。
因此,当修理涉及到一Z外形的面时,至少在外形的凹角区域内延伸有微量的耐磨材料。借助于优点,原始层的校正以这样的方式继续进行:微量的耐磨材料在金属基底与新层之间形成一中间层。校正之后,在此情形中,在校正区域的全部基底上延伸有微量的耐磨材料。
该工艺还适用于移动的叶片和定子叶片。尤其是,它适用于带有护围的移动的涡轮叶片,该护围是呈Z外形并在外形的底部包括一凹陷部。这样一凹陷部由在Z字凹角区域内的圆形孔形成。其目的是防止该区域内裂纹发展。
根据另一特点,利用应用于具有Z外形护围叶片的工艺,借助于一砂轮来去除一定量的材料,相对于耐磨层的表面的初始边磨到一预定的深度,由此实施耐磨层的校正。如果需要的话,则砂轮可包括一Z字外形。例如,在护围的校正阶段中,砂轮本身被连续地校正。该特点使金属件的校正程序可自动化。
同样地,本发明的目的是提供一种包括控制的工艺,利用一诸如渗出(sweating)的无破坏性方法来控制修理质量,尤其是存在或不存在缺陷的情况下。
根据另一特点,该目的是这样达到的:在沉积一新的耐磨材料层之前,着手一清洁阶段,以便去除任何污物沉积和/或由金属件使用导致的氧化。尤其是,该清洁阶段包括一化学清洗阶段后的喷砂阶段。
事实上,待修理的金属件已在产生表面沉积的环境中发挥功能。在诸如渗出的无破坏性方法控制之前,合适的清洁可防止在真空下的加热阶段中会污染加热炉壁的任何沉积。
根据另一特点,用从40至90μm,尤其是50μm的低颗粒度的粉末进行喷砂。这有效地避免了对翼型部分的涂层的损坏。
根据另一特点,在应用于包括排出冷却空气的表面孔的叶片的工艺中,空气通过翼型部分吹入,喷砂以干式进行,夹带的空气的压力低于吹入空气的压力。
附图说明
参照附图,从以下对本发明工艺的实施例的描述,将会显现出该工艺的其它的优点和特征,在诸附图中:
图1示出一带有护围的涡轮机叶片的侧视图;
图2示出一带有护围的涡轮机叶片的平面图;
图3示出包括一耐磨层护围的部分的放大的视图;
图4是用打磨方法的校正装置的示意图;
图5是图4的侧视图;
图6示出叶片和就位的磨光砂轮的护围。
具体实施方式
图1和2示出使用在承受极端工况,例如,一军用发动机的马达的高压级中的涡轮叶片。该叶片包括:一根部3;一平台5,它形成限定通过涡轮的气流的内壁的一元件;以及,气流掠过翼型部分7。该翼型部分7在径向外端处与护围9连结,形成限定通过涡轮级的气体流向的外壁的一元件,叶片安装在该涡轮级上。图2示出护围9的平面图。
在此型式中,具有大致平行六面体形状的护围包括一垂直于气流的上游面91、一平行于前者的下游面92以及连接上述两个面的两个侧面93和94。该图还示出带有冷却通过内部腔室的流体的通风孔71、72的翼型部分。平行于上游面和下游面的两个叶片95形成与图中不可见的邻近的定子的壁相连接的迷宫式接头。护围的侧壁93包括彼此平行的纵向部分93A和93B,它们彼此偏离。它们通过一壁元件93C连接,该壁元件93C与壁93B形成一80°的角。全部的三个元件93A、93B和93C形成一所谓的Z外形。该壁元件93C用一耐磨材料层93CC涂敷,该耐磨材料诸如商标名为“钨铬钴合金”的市场上的产品范围内的钴合金。根据一已知工艺,该材料层以这样方式获得,即,以预定的深度脱离金属的基底,然后赋予耐磨的材料。通常采用TIG钎焊或激光方法施加该材料。
同样地,壁94包括两个平行的部分94A和94B,它们由一横向壁94C连接。后者定向的方向与壁93C的方向相反。
材料层93CC和94CC具有一预定的厚度,厚度的量级为1至3mm。在叶片安装在转子上之后,由于施加在翼型部分上的扭转约束,各个护围通过横向壁元件93C和94C支承在邻近两个叶片的护围上。
在图2所示的实例中,加工成圆弧的凹陷部93E制作在由两个元件93C和93B形成的凹角的角顶区域内。这同样地施加在带有凹陷部94E的另一侧面94上。
图3示出材料层93CC的放大的区域。由于经受上述的摩擦作用该材料层发生磨损,直到在马达运行一定数量的循环之后为止,图中表面93C背后是用虚线表示的93C’。
如果不是过度磨损,相对于表面93C的初始边小于预设的距离D,则修理叶片就变得经济。这是本发明工艺的目的。
根据第一阶段,分别移去材料层93CC、94CC部分。
执行该工艺阶段的一装置已示意地图示在图4中。该装置包括一外形呈Z字形的、分别与面93或94的外形互补的砂轮M。一具有金刚石型表面的指轮(thumbwheel)MO抵靠于该砂轮,并设计来再生其外形。一机架C被拖带在垂直于砂轮轴线的轨道上。该机架支承了叶片,以使护围9的位移与砂轮的Z表面相切,并接触在外形的横向部分93C或94C的预设深度上。叶片在机架C上的安装也可见图6所示。
根据机架位移方向的视图5示出了砂轮去除材料层93CC、94CC中的一定量材料后达到某一深度的情形,该深度通过相对于砂轮调节机架的位置而被确定。通过机架的侧向位移进行这种调节。图3示出了通过点划线表示的、由砂轮M起动去除层的限值L。
在新的状态下确定相对于对应于94C的表面93C的以及对应于94CC的材料层93CC的初始边的材料去除的深度P。例如,假定在新的状态下该层的厚度为3mm,通过打磨材料被除去达到1mm深度,假定P至少等于磨损深度D。
如图3和5所示,在全部的耐磨层长度上较佳地有一小量T。该材料还未被去除到金属的基底。然而,本发明涵盖这样的情形:材料层被挖空而仅在校正区域的底部部分上留有一微量的耐磨材料。该微量的耐磨材料构成以后焊接的一附着区域。
根据本发明的一特点,至少一微量T1的耐磨材料保持在邻近对应于94E的凹陷部93E的部分上。
校正阶段还包括一阶段,如果需要的话,通过该阶段利用打磨来去除校正区域附近的叶片的保护涂层,以露出构成叶片的金属。对于护围,其外表面和内表面被磨成一分别邻近材料层93CC和94CC的区域。
该工艺包括一叶片的清洁阶段,该阶段可在耐磨层校正或在校正之后的其它操作之前实施。
选择被修理的叶片通常包括硬质的异种材料的沉积,其成分、氧化产物或污染物特别地取决于马达操作的环境条件。重要的是在进入到真空炉前去除该沉积物,因为构成沉积物的材料将污染真空炉壁,并干扰真空炉的处理过程。
开始清洁过程,以使翼型部分的最小厚度的保护涂层不发生变化。
清洁的范围包括碱性脱脂,其后进行化学酸洗。将金属件通过几个特定的槽来实施化学酸洗,诸槽由专业人员准备。它们包括一系列的强碱槽、一系列的高锰酸槽以及一弱酸槽来中和强碱的侵蚀作用。
清洁结束后进行干式喷砂,例如用金刚砂喷砂。金刚砂颗粒度应较低,例如50μm,这样不会损坏涂层。
当叶片包括有用来排出在翼型部分上的冷却空气的孔时,在最一般的情形中,在喷砂操作过程中,叶片中的空气通过叶片的内部凹腔吹入,以避免砂粒堵塞。为此目的,要确保喷砂空气的压力小于通过翼型部分的孔逃逸空气的压力。
再将这样清洁和校正后的金属件传输到钎焊工位,例如TIG型钎焊。
钎焊在惰性气体,例如氩气保护下用钨电极来实施。
填充材料与组成微量初始耐磨层的材料相同,它以连续的液滴施加,例如6或7滴。尤其是,部分T1的微量的形式确保材料的沉积不带到凹陷部93E或94E的区域中,以防止缺陷的发展。
一旦耐磨金属的填充完成,则开始最终的机加工来将金属层恢复到公称的外形尺寸。为此目的,使用一具有与护围的外形互补的外形的砂轮。图6示出校正之后相对于砂轮M’沿翼型部分的护围的沉积的视图。砂轮的外形较佳地正确对应于护围的外形。特别从图中可以看到:砂轮具有一适用于凹陷部的突缘。
当金属件经这样加工而返回到初始边时,通过连续的控制完成修理操作,所述控制集中在对可能存在的因钎焊形成诸如裂纹之类的缺陷的检测。
该金属件在真空炉中经受一预定时间的热处理而进行整理以去除约束,如果必要的话,敞开可能已形成的裂纹。
下一步骤是用透过检测法进行测试。该试验模式包括在待检查的表面上涂敷一被称之为渗透剂的荧光液体,该液体渗透到以裂纹和孔的形式存在的缺陷内。多余的渗透剂则被清洗掉。用一紫外线灯进行照射则可看见存在的任何缺陷。
Claims (12)
1.一种修理燃气涡轮马达的金属件用的工艺,它包括一通过在该金属件的部分表面上焊接一耐磨损材料进行加载而形成一耐磨损层(93CC、94CC),并部分地加工所述耐磨损层,其特征在于,该工艺包括:所述层的一校正阶段,其中,留有微量(T)的所述耐磨损层依赖于校正区域的底部的至少一部分而生存;以及,一使用焊接来沉积新的耐磨损材料层的沉积阶段。
2.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,该工艺应用于移动的叶片或定子叶片。
3.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,该工艺应用于带有护围(9)的移动的涡轮叶片。
4.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,该工艺应用于这样的叶片,其护围(9)的Z字形外形包括一在外形底部的凹陷部(93E、94E)。
5.如权利要求1至4中任何一项所述的工艺,其特征在于,借助于一如此放置的砂轮(M)以致能相对于所述耐磨层的表面(93C、94C)的初始边去除一预设厚度的(P)的材料,使所述耐磨损层(93CC、94CC)得以校正。
6.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,其砂轮(M)包括一Z字外形。
7.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,其砂轮(M)在耐磨损层的校正阶段中连续地校正砂轮本身。
8.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,该工艺还包括在沉积一新的耐磨层之前的一清洁阶段,以便消除因使用金属件造成的污染和/或氧化的任何沉积物。
9.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,清洁阶段包括一化学清洁阶段,其后是一喷砂阶段。
10.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,喷砂用一低颗粒度的粉末来实施。
11.如上述权利要求中所述的工艺,其特征在于,该工艺应用于这样的叶片,该叶片包括用于冷却空气的表面凹腔或排出孔,其中,空气通过翼型部分吹入,喷砂是干式实施,使夹带的空气压力低于吹入的空气的压力。
12.如上述权利要求中任何一项所述的工艺,其特征在于,包括一金属件的无破坏性控制阶段。
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FR0311885A FR2860741B1 (fr) | 2003-10-10 | 2003-10-10 | Procede de reparation de pieces metalliques notamment d'aubes de turbine de moteur a turbine a gaz |
FR0311885 | 2003-10-10 |
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EP (1) | EP1522369B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN100416044C (zh) |
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CA (1) | CA2481939C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE602004022369D1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2331307T3 (zh) |
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2004
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- 2004-10-05 AT AT04300655T patent/ATE438476T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-10-05 PL PL04300655T patent/PL1522369T3/pl unknown
- 2004-10-05 IL IL164430A patent/IL164430A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2004-10-05 DE DE602004022369T patent/DE602004022369D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-05 ES ES04300655T patent/ES2331307T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-08 US US10/960,704 patent/US7509736B2/en active Active
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Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2481939C (fr) | 2012-09-18 |
DE602004022369D1 (de) | 2009-09-17 |
ES2331307T3 (es) | 2009-12-29 |
FR2860741B1 (fr) | 2007-04-13 |
CA2481939A1 (fr) | 2005-04-10 |
ATE438476T1 (de) | 2009-08-15 |
IL164430A0 (en) | 2005-12-18 |
EP1522369A1 (fr) | 2005-04-13 |
PL1522369T3 (pl) | 2010-01-29 |
US7509736B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 |
CN100416044C (zh) | 2008-09-03 |
US20050120555A1 (en) | 2005-06-09 |
FR2860741A1 (fr) | 2005-04-15 |
IL164430A (en) | 2010-11-30 |
EP1522369B1 (fr) | 2009-08-05 |
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C56 | Change in the name or address of the patentee |
Owner name: KEMA SNEH CO., LTD. Free format text: FORMER NAME: SNAKE HORSE ENGINE CO.,LTD. |
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CP01 | Change in the name or title of a patent holder |
Address after: France Patentee after: Snecma S. A. Address before: France Patentee before: Snecma Moteurs |