CN1554601A - Multifunction water pumping aerator - Google Patents
Multifunction water pumping aerator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1554601A CN1554601A CNA2003101179006A CN200310117900A CN1554601A CN 1554601 A CN1554601 A CN 1554601A CN A2003101179006 A CNA2003101179006 A CN A2003101179006A CN 200310117900 A CN200310117900 A CN 200310117900A CN 1554601 A CN1554601 A CN 1554601A
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- rises
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 238000005276 aerator Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 title abstract 3
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 abstract description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000220317 Rosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013536 elastomeric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012851 eutrophication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 many organic matters Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012946 outsourcing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Landscapes
- Aeration Devices For Treatment Of Activated Polluted Sludge (AREA)
Abstract
The multifunctional water pumping aerator as one efficient water mixing and aerating apparatus consists of central ascending tube, aerating chamber, air chamber and air releasing pipe. The central ascending tube is one circular tube capable of regulating length automatically based on water level, and its lower part constitutes aerating chamber and air chamber together with a large outside pipe. Via the perforated air releasing pipe installed in the inlet of the aerating chamber, compressed air is filled to the aerating chamber and filled air forms the large rising bubbles in the central ascending tube to drive the upward water flow in the central ascending tube. The multifunctional water pumping aerator is installed floated in water and anchored with bottom anchoring pier, and may be set in reservoir to inhibit the growth of algae, improve bottom ecological environment and inhibit the dissolving and diffusion of phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, etc. in water.
Description
Affiliated technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of waterpower mixed aeration device, be specially adapted to mix stratified reservoir water of waterpower and lake water because the depth of water is big, and in water supplemental oxygen.
Background technology
The capacity of reservoir and water body in lake is big, the depth of water big, flowability is little, brings some negative influences thus.Because it is mobile little, nutritive substances such as many organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus are assembled at reservoir and lacustrine deposit, provide sufficient nutrient to plant planktons such as algae, while is owing to water is mobile little, algae can stably be rested in the surface water, accept competent illumination and a large amount of breeding, brought the body eutrophication problem, influenced water quality.Because the depth of water is big, mobile little, form the water body demixing phenomenon easily, promptly in summer, the water body that temperature height and density are light is stable to be distributed in the upper strata, the water body that the temperature low density is big sinks to the end, storehouse (lake); Winter is then opposite, and temperature low especially (less than the 4 ℃) water body that density is light is distributed in the water body upper strata, and temperature higher (near the 4 ℃) water body that density is big sinks to the end, storehouse (lake), causes between the levels water body static relatively.This can make lower floor's water body dissolved oxygen reduce, and is in anoxic condition, makes the aquatic ecological environmental degradation, and materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese discharge to the water body dissolving in the bed mud, make water quality deterioration.The data introduction is arranged, a kind of " blooming cylinder " device is abroad arranged, utilize pressurized air to mix water layer up and down, do not regulate automatically and the oxygenation function but this device itself does not possess water level.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide the oxygenation of a kind of energy and the blended aerating apparatus that pumps up water, this device can be with surface water and bottom water thorough mixing, simultaneously to the water body oxygenation.It can regulate self length automatically, to adapt to the variation of water level.
The imagination that the present invention addresses the above problem is: a straight barrel vertically is installed in reservoir (lake), and the cylindrical shell import is near reservoir (lake) end, and outlet is near the water surface.Be to adapt to the variation of water level, this straight barrel is divided into up and down independently two joints, and two joints connect for the sleeve cell-type, and next saves stationkeeping, and last one energy-conservationly fluctuates with fluctuation in stage, thereby regulates whole straight length.A subsidiary solarization air cell and an air chamber are full of water in the solarization air cell in the lower end of cylindrical shell, and pressurized air is fed the solarization air cell bottom continuously with the form of small bubbles, and bubble contacts with water in the process that solarization air cell rises, with oxygen dissolution in water.Air chamber is positioned at the top of solarization air cell, for half sealing chamber, collect from the bubble of solarization air cell, after air chamber is full of air, gas in the air chamber discharged to straight barrel in moment, form a big gas bullet, and float rapidly, water body upwards flows in the promotion cylindrical shell, thereby make bottom current direction surface, surface water is aspirated downwards, forms the circulation exchange between the levels water body, reaches and mixes the purpose of water layer up and down.
The technical scheme that addresses the above problem is: the multi-functional aerator that pumps up water that is provided is columnar structured, and tube, solarization air cell, air chamber, air releasing tube, float, anchoring pier etc. are formed by rising.Said rising tube is the straight-run of pipe road, and import is tubaeform, exports to be mushroom-shaped, and outlet can make current direction diffusion all around with bottom-up flowing water flow guiding horizontal direction.The rising tube is relatively independent two joints up and down, and a last joint diameter is bigger slightly than next joint, and can be enclosed within the outside of next joint, and the energy relatively sliding is located automatically by fastening screw when sliding into the equilibrium theory of tide each other.Said solarization air cell and air chamber are an annular space, are at the bigger straight tube of one section diameter of outside outsourcing of the tube hypomere that rises, surround an annular space between inside and outside straight tube, lower openings, and top is sealed by top board.The lower semisection of this annular space is a solarization air cell, and upper semisection is an air chamber.The annular space of air chamber is separated into shellring shape space by annular water seal board and overflow plate again, and water seal board is interior, and overflow plate outside.Shellring shape space ecto-entad is followed successively by air storage chamber, water tight compartment and the slit of giving vent to anger, and three Room communicate successively.All having hole on the inwall of air chamber and solarization air cell communicates with the tube that rises.Said air releasing tube is an annular pipeline, is positioned at the below ingress of solarization air cell, and the side that this pipeline makes progress is offered the aperture of a row 2mm diameter.Said float is that synthetic resins or floating drum etc. can be used to provide buoyancy at the object of water float, guarantees that in vertical suspension of the multi-functional aerator that pumps up water and the water, float can directly bundle and be fixed on the tube that rises.Said anchoring pier is a weight, is sunken to reservoir (lake) end, is used for the multi-functional aerator that pumps up water of anchoring.
The operation scheme of the multi-functional aerator that pumps up water is: behind the pressurized air bubbling air releasing tube, the aperture from pipeline discharges to water, and bubble rises through solarization air cell, and in this process, the oxygen dissolution in the bubble is diffused in the water.Bubble can drive on the current direction when rising and flow, and this part oxygenated water stream enters the tube that rises through the hole on solarization air cell's upper end inwall, rises to the water surface.Tail gas bubble after the oxygenation directly rises and enters air storage chamber, and air storage chamber has been collected the bubble from solarization air cell, and tolerance progressively accumulates, and squeezes water-outlet body, and forcing wherein, the water surface constantly descends.When the underwater in the water tight compartment drops to the water seal board lower edge, gas in the air storage chamber climbs over water seal board by water tight compartment in moment, enter the slit of giving vent to anger, enter the tube that rises by the hole on the slit top inner wall of giving vent to anger, the air storage chamber space after the exhaust is filled by the water in the solarization air cell.The gas that enters the rising tube is combined into a big gas bullet, has stopped up a whole transverse section of rising, and floats rapidly, has formed the piston flow that rises, and the water body acceleration that promotes in the rising tube is risen, and goes out an outlet of rising until the gas bullet.Subsequently, the reduction of speed under inertia effect of the current in the tube that rises rises, and forms until next gas bullet.Next joint of tube that rises is fixed on the anchoring pier, the position relative fixed, and a last joint floats in the water end face and water surface hold the line.When water level descended, under action of gravity, the fastening screw that is positioned at a joint rising tube lower end was compressed, and a last joint rising tube saves the tube that rises to lower slip along next.When sliding into the equilibrium theory of tide, latch ejects, inject in the chute of next joint cylindrical shell, and the relative fixed of lower shell in the maintenance, otherwise under the ascending current of pulsation promoted, a last joint cylindrical shell can ceaselessly pump, and influence is normally used.When the water level height that rises, the depth of immersion of the tube that rises strengthens, and fastening screw bounces back under the hydraulic pressure effect, and last a joint cylindrical shell is at the buoyancy float downward, and the tube that rises extends.When rising to the water surface, latch place hydraulic pressure reduces, and latch ejects, and two joint rising tubes are in locking-in state again.When the tube that rises is elongated to maximum length,, guarantee that joint does not disconnect up and down each other by the hook drawknot.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
Because the position of the present invention high hydraulic pressure, low oxygen content in the bottom is provided with solarization air cell, the oxygen-transfer efficiency height.The tube that rises is designed to Collapsible structure, can regulate spontaneous length automatically, to adapt to change of level, all the time water outlet is transported to the top layer, mixes fully.Residual air after the oxygenation discharges with concentrated, intermittent mode, forms piston flow, water lift efficient height.The invention solves the aerator that pumps up water with the automatic adjusting problem of change of level, and with oxygenation with pump up water to mix and organically combine, realized the unification of two big functions, mixed water layer up and down, destroyed the levitated state of algae, forced it to move, suppressed its growth to deep water; Give bottom water body oxygenation, changed anaerobic environment, improve the aquatic ecotope in bottom, suppressed materials such as phosphorus in the bed mud, ammonia nitrogen, iron, manganese and in water, dissolved diffusion, stablized water quality.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 1 is the structure iron of one embodiment of the invention.
Accompanying drawing 2 is the connection locating structure figure that save the tube that rises in the present embodiment up and down.
Accompanying drawing 3 is structure iron of similar devices " blooming cylinder " in the world.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1: the tube 6,15,17 that rises is the straight tube of rigidity, and lower inlet (41) is horn-like, and top outlet (42) is a mushroom, and the top cover 20 of mushroom outlet is fixed on the base plate 19 by 4 retaining plates 18.The tube 17 that rises is enclosed within the outside of the tube 15 that rises, and can slide up and down each other.There is last pilot seal circle 30 on the top that rises tube 15 on the bottom, and there is following pilot seal circle 29 bottom that rises tube 17 on the top.The outside that rises tube 17 lower ends on the top is equipped with two fastening screw casees 16, is symmetrically arranged.There is watertight compartment 27,28 in the outside that rises tube 15 on the bottom, and the top that rises tube 17 on the top is provided with watertight compartment 32, and watertight compartment is used to provide buoyancy, keeps the multi-functional aerator that pumps up water to suspend in water.The tube sectional that rises is made, and connects with flange 10,13,14.The outer bigger straight tube 5 of diameter that is with of hypomere rising tube 6, straight of size is connected and fixed by retaining plate 7, has surrounded solarization air cell 21 and air storage chamber 23, and air storage chamber is by top board 12 sealings.Top board is fixed with water seal board 11 12 times, is fixed with overflow plate 9 on the hypomere rising tube 6, and water seal board 11 and overflow plate 9 have surrounded the water tight compartment 25 and the slit 24 of giving vent to anger.Giving vent to anger has hoop slit 26 on the top inwall of slit 24, has hole 22 on the inwall of solarization air cell, and the outside of hole is provided with train of dress shape baffle plate 8, stops the bubble in the solarization air cell 21 directly to enter the tube 6 that rises.The below ingress of solarization air cell 21 is equipped with annular air releasing tube 4, and its upper surface has the aperture of 2mm diameter.Be connected with compressed air pipe 3 on the air releasing tube 4.The tube 6 of rising is fixed on the concrete anchoring pier 1 by anchor chain 2.
Shown in the accompanying drawing 2: there is last pilot seal circle 30 on the top that rises tube 15 on the bottom, and there is following pilot seal circle 29 bottom that rises tube 17 on the top, and the pilot seal circle is an elastomeric material.The outside that rises tube 17 lower ends on the top is equipped with two fastening screw casees 16, is symmetrically arranged.Rise on the bottom on tube 15 barrels and be provided with latch chute 33 with fastening screw case 16 corresponding positions, a series of rollers 34 are arranged in the chute 33, roller 34 can roll around its central shaft.Latch case 16 is made up of air cavity 36 and latch slideway 39, is cylindrical, and both are fixing with bolt 43, are lined with rubber elastic membrane 37 therebetween.Air cavity 36 is an enclosed space.Latch 35 and two hoop rolling bearings 38 are arranged in the slideway 39.Latch 35 is cylindrical, and root is fixed on the rubber diaphragm 37, and the end is whittled into sharp triangle inclined-plane, and the inclined-plane is following.Under standard state, latch 35 ends are stretched between latch chute 33 interior any two rollers 34.
During operation, pressurized air enters air releasing tube 4 through air-supply duct 3, and discharges small bubbles to solarization air cell 21, and bubble continues to rise and enters air storage chamber 23 and water tight compartment 25.The current that drive when bubble rises are walked around train of dress shape baffle plate 8, in hole 26 enters the tube 6 that rises.Along with the accumulation of bubble, the water level of air storage chamber 23 and water tight compartment 25 constantly descends, and when water level dropped to the lower edge of water seal board 11, gas climbed over water seal board 11 in moment, enters the tube 15 that rises through give vent to anger slit 24 and hoop slit 26.Gas is gathered into a big bubble 40 very soon in the tube 15 that rises, be full of the whole transverse section of the tube 15 that rises, and forms the piston flow that rises.Ascending current spreads through mushroom export orientation horizontal direction.In this operational process, the oxygenation current that rise in the solarization air cell enter the tube 6 that rises continuously, and the gas in the air chamber to be intermittent type enter the tube 15 that rises, and form piston flow.The tube 17 of rising provides buoyancy to swim in the water by watertight compartment 30, the basic and water surface hold the line in top, and this moment, latch 35 ends were stretched in the latch chute 33 between any two rollers 34.When water level descends, rise tube 17 on the top and descend, the acute angle bevel of latch 35 is by 34 extruding of the roller under it, and latch 35 is squeezed in the slideway 39, rises tube 17 on the top and is able to smooth decline.When water level rose, rubber diaphragm 37 places hydraulic pressure strengthened, and rubber diaphragm 37 is pressed in the air cavity 36 (as shown in phantom in FIG.) by hydraulic pressure, thereby retracts latch 35, rose tube 17 on the top and floated in buoyancy.When the tube that rises was elongated to maximum length, pilot seal circle 29,30 tangled up and down, guaranteed that joint rising tube does not disconnect up and down.
Accompanying drawing 3 is depicted as the structure iron of similar devices " blooming cylinder " in the world.Bottom arranged outside at the tube 15 that rises has air chamber 44, and the top is provided with floating chamber 45, and the bottom is anchored on the anchoring pier 1, and air-supply duct 3 is directly sent into air in the air chamber 44.With resemblance of the present invention be: be provided with the air chamber 44 that can produce the gas bullet.The present invention by comparison, main innovate point is: set up solarization air cell 21 in the air chamber bottom, and in ingress of solarization air cell perforated pipe 4 gas distributions have been set, produce small bubbles in solarization air cell, in water, the dissolved oxygen current enter in the tube 6 that rises by hole 26 with oxygen dissolution; With two joints that the tube that rises is designed to slide mutually, can regulate rising tube length degree automatically to adapt to the variation of water level, as far as possible lower floor's water body is risen to the top layer, adopt fastening screw 16 to locate automatically between joint rising tube up and down.
Claims (4)
1, a kind of multi-functional aerator that pumps up water comprises rise tube (6,15,17), a solarization air cell (21), air chamber (23,24,25), air releasing tube (4), it is characterized in that said risings tube is straight-tube shape, is made up of straight of belled two joints up and down; Said solarization air cell and air chamber are semiclosed annular space, are positioned at around the outside of the tube lower end of rising, and solarization air cell is following, and air chamber is last, and two Room communicate, solarization air cell's lower ending opening, air chamber top closure.There is hole to communicate between air chamber and solarization air cell and rising tube.Air releasing tube (4) is the annular perforations pipe, is positioned at solarization air cell lower ending opening place.
2, as the said aerator that pumps up water of claim 1, it is characterized in that said rising tube can regulate length automatically to adapt to the variation of water level, its structure is slidable each other two joints up and down, two internodes adopt telescopic connection, rise tube (17) diameter on the top greater than rising tube (15) on the bottom, and be enclosed within liter tube (15) outside on the bottom, there is latch case (16) to locate between two sections rising tubes.
3, as the said latch case of claim 2 (16), it is characterized in that latch (35) is fixed on the elastica (37), and a side of elastica (37) is near water, opposite side is airtight air cavity (36).Latch (35) slides in slideway (39), and rolling bearing (38) is installed in the slideway.It is corresponding with latch (35) to have chute (33) on the outer wall of next joint rising tube, and a series of rollers (34) are arranged in the chute (33).
4,, it is characterized in that watertight compartment (27,28,32) being set at the outside and the top of the tube that rises as the said aerator that pumps up water of claim 1.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2003101179006A CN1323040C (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2003-12-23 | Multifunction water pumping aerator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2003101179006A CN1323040C (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2003-12-23 | Multifunction water pumping aerator |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1554601A true CN1554601A (en) | 2004-12-15 |
| CN1323040C CN1323040C (en) | 2007-06-27 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2003101179006A Expired - Lifetime CN1323040C (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2003-12-23 | Multifunction water pumping aerator |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1323040C (en) |
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| CN1309664C (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2007-04-11 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Reinforced biological contacting oxidation water correction apparatus |
| CN101037276B (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2010-05-19 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Apparatus for improving aerating reinforced active carbon adsorption water source quality |
| CN102128287A (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2011-07-20 | 扬州大学 | Universal water drain valve for air delivery pipe |
| CN102351329A (en) * | 2011-08-31 | 2012-02-15 | 东南大学 | Shallow water type flow rising circulation reoxygenation device |
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| CN2066442U (en) * | 1990-01-19 | 1990-11-28 | 陆文彬 | Device for improving water quality with way of forcing convection circulation in deep water |
| JP3330237B2 (en) * | 1994-08-03 | 2002-09-30 | 株式会社丸島アクアシステム | Diffuser |
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| CN1309664C (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2007-04-11 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Reinforced biological contacting oxidation water correction apparatus |
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