CN1542061A - Plastic foam electrically-conducting paint and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Plastic foam electrically-conducting paint and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN1542061A CN1542061A CNA031144004A CN03114400A CN1542061A CN 1542061 A CN1542061 A CN 1542061A CN A031144004 A CNA031144004 A CN A031144004A CN 03114400 A CN03114400 A CN 03114400A CN 1542061 A CN1542061 A CN 1542061A
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Abstract
The conductive paint for formed plastic is produced through dissolving dispersant in 0.5-1.5 wt% in proper amount of pure water via stirring, adding graphite in 5-9 wt% and carbon black in 1-4 wt% via stirring to dissolve, adding filming agent in 10-15 wt%, co-filming agent in 8-9 wt% and proper amount of pure water via further stirring to dissolve, adding proper amount of alkali solution to regulate pH value of the system to 9-11, homogenizing and dispersing treatment for 6-20 hr, and sieving to eliminate impurity. It has the features of homogeneous dispersion, strong attachment and other features, and is coated to surface of foamed plastic to lower surface resistance and result in excellent electroplating performance.
Description
[technical field]
The present invention relates to a kind of electrically conducting coating and manufacture method thereof, relate in particular to a kind of electrically conducting coating and manufacture method thereof that is used to apply porous plastics.
[background technology]
At present, the subject matter of the electrically conducting coating that uses in applying the porous plastics operation is that solids easily flocculates in the coating after placing the long period, precipitation is many, and shaking up property is poor, and sticking power is relatively poor, the decarburization phenomenon is in use arranged, thereby be unfavorable for using, and cost an arm and a leg.
[summary of the invention]
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiency of above-mentioned prior art and a kind of good dispersity, strong adhesion, technology is simple, cost is low porous plastics electrically conducting coating are provided.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of porous plastics electrically conducting coating is characterized in that: the main ingredient and the weight percent of this coating are as follows:
Graphite 5～9%
Carbon black 1～4%
Membrane-forming agent 10～15%
Secondary film formers 8～9%
Dispersion agent 0.5～1.5%
Alkaline solution is an amount of, is controlled at 9～11 with system pH and is advisable
Water surplus
Wherein membrane-forming agent is an one or more combination among polyvinyl chloride resin, styrene-acrylic resin, pure third resin and the silicone resin;
Secondary film formers is an one or more combination among mandelic resin, polyvinyl alcohol and the ethylene glycol.
One or more combination among described dispersion agent employing alkylbenzene semi-annular jade pendant acid sodium, dibutyl naphthalene semi-annular jade pendant acid sodium, alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl allyl polyethenoxy ether and the polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Described graphite can be used crystalline flake graphite, amorphous graphite or synthetic graphite, and the graphite mean particle size is 1～3 μ m.
Described graphite particle size less than the content of the graphite particle of 3 μ m greater than 50%.
Described carbon black is a conductive carbon black, and its granularity is less than 100nm.
Described alkaline solution is an ammoniacal liquor.
A kind of manufacture method of porous plastics electrically conducting coating may further comprise the steps:
(1). with weight percent is that 0.5～1.5% dispersion agent adds in an amount of pure water stirring and dissolving to;
(2). graphite and carbon black are added in the solution of (1) formation, weight percent is respectively 5～9% and 1～4%, stirring and dissolving;
(3). the membrane-forming agent with 10～15%, 8～9% secondary film formers and an amount of pure water add in the mixed solution of (2) formation, stirring and dissolving;
(4). adding weight percent in the mixed solution that (3) form is an amount of alkaline solution, makes system pH be controlled at 9～11;
(5). the mixed solution that (4) are obtained carries out homodisperse processing 6～20 hours;
(6). the decon that sieves, obtain the finished product electrically conducting coating, wherein, the order number of sieve can be 100～300 orders.
The homodisperse processing can be adopted one or more in colloidal mill, sand mill, ball mill or the vibration mill in described (5).
Porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention has the following advantages:
(1) good dispersity, prevented from caking;
(2) shake or roll the back foam few;
(3) porous plastics had extremely strong sticking power;
(4) stable performance after long-time the placement;
(5) cost is low;
(6) resistance was low after porous plastics applied this electrically conducting coating.
[embodiment]
The weight percent of graphite is 5～9% in the porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention, if shared weight percent is excessive, the viscosity of electrically conducting coating is bigger, and porous plastics applies the back graphite particle and comes off easily; If shared weight percent is too small, graphite particle can not fully contact, and influences electroconductibility.
Graphite can be used crystalline flake graphite, amorphous graphite or synthetic graphite, with the crystalline flake graphite is preferred, mean particle size should be 1～3 μ m, wherein less than the graphite particle content of 3 μ m greater than 50%, select less graphite particle for use, help the stable of whole coating system, can place the long period and sedimentation does not take place, graphite particle is too little, increases manufacturing cost; Requirement greater than 50% is in order to limit big graphite particle quantity, and uses small-particle graphite as far as possible.
The weight percent of carbon black is 1～4% in the porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention, if shared weight percent is excessive, the viscosity of electrically conducting coating is bigger, is unfavorable for levelling; If shared weight percent is too small, carbon black can not fully be filled the space that graphite particle forms, and is influential to electroconductibility.
Carbon black is a conductive carbon black in the porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention, and its granularity, can not finely contact because some graphite granule is too big each other less than 100nm, and the small grain size carbon black can better enter between graphite granule, as the bridge that conducts electricity between the graphite.
The weight percent of membrane-forming agent is 10～15% in the porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention, if shared weight percent is excessive, graphite particle is increased at interval, can not effectively conduct electricity; If shared weight percent is too small, porous plastics applies the back graphite particle and comes off easily, also can influence conductivity.
Membrane-forming agent adopts one or more in polyvinyl chloride resin, styrene-acrylic resin, pure third resin and the silicone resin, serves as preferred to mix use.
The weight percent of secondary film formers is 8～9% in the porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention, if shared weight percent is excessive, rate of film build is slower, is unfavorable for applying; If shared weight percent is too small, make film forming inhomogeneous, influence conductivity.
Secondary film formers adopts the wherein one or more combination in mandelic resin, polyvinyl alcohol and the ethylene glycol, is preferred with the polyvinyl alcohol.
The weight percent of dispersion agent is 0.5～1.5% in the porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention, if shared weight percent is too small, can not make system fully obtain disperseing; If shared weight percent is excessive, surpass critical numerical value, can cause unnecessary waste.
Dispersion agent adopts one or more in alkylbenzene semi-annular jade pendant acid sodium, dibutyl naphthalene semi-annular jade pendant acid sodium, alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl allyl polyethenoxy ether, the polyvinylpyrrolidone, serves as preferred to mix use.
Alkaline solution is used for regulating coating system pH value of the present invention in the porous plastics electrically conducting coating of the present invention, and this alkaline solution can adopt ammoniacal liquor; The pH value of system is as the criterion in 9～11 intervals, in this pH value scope, and graphite particle dispersed best.
In the manufacture method of electrically conducting coating of the present invention, at first be that 0.5～1.5% dispersion agent is dissolved in an amount of pure water with weight percent, add 5～9% graphite, 1～4% carbon black after the stirring and dissolving, add 10～15% membrane-forming agent, 8～9% secondary film formers and an amount of pure water after the stirring and dissolving, the an amount of alkaline solution of adding is modulated at 9～11 with system pH after continuing stirring and dissolving, slurry is carried out homodisperse to be handled 6～20 hours, sieve and remove impurity, just can obtain the finished product electrically conducting coating, wherein, the order number of sieve can be 100～300 orders.Carrying out homodisperse handles and can adopt a kind of and several in colloidal mill, sand mill, ball mill or the vibration mill.Fully with the fully emulsified combination of each component of coating, improved the stability of product in the preparation process, the shaking up property that has satisfactorily resolved the prior art existence is poor, the problem that sticking power is relatively poor.
Prove that through sample, lab scale, pilot scale electrically conducting coating of the present invention has the following advantages:
(1) good dispersity, prevented from caking;
(2) shake or roll the back foam few;
(3) porous plastics had extremely strong sticking power;
(4) stable performance after long-time the placement;
(5) cost is low.
The porous plastics face that covers resistance value after being coated with this electrically conducting coating is low.
Graphite and carbon black are conductive particle, and the size of its content can be embodied from the following examples and comparative example the electrically conducting coating Effect on Performance:
Embodiment one
Get alkyl polyoxy ethyl ether 3 grams, stir in the pure water 80 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 21 gram graphite, 6 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 36 gram benzene emulsions again, 24 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 34 ml waters, and with 96 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the ball mill ball milling 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 470 Ω/cm.
Embodiment two
Get alkyl polyoxy ethyl ether 3 grams, stir in the pure water 80 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 15 gram graphite, 3 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 36 gram benzene emulsions again, 24 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 43 ml waters, and with 96 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the vibration mill handled 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 490 Ω/cm.
Embodiment three
Get alkyl polyoxy ethyl ether 3 grams, stir in the pure water 80 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 27 gram graphite, 12 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 36 gram benzene emulsions again, 24 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 22 ml waters, and with 96 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the vibration mill handled 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 500 Ω/cm.
Comparative example one
Get alkyl polyoxy ethyl ether 3 grams, stir in the pure water 80 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 9 gram graphite, 15 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 36 gram benzene emulsions again, 24 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 37 ml waters, and with 96 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the vibration mill handled 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 1900 Ω/cm.
Comparative example two
Get alkyl polyoxy ethyl ether 3 grams, stir in the pure water 80 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 30 gram graphite, 1.5 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 36 gram benzene emulsions again, 24 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 29.5 ml waters, and with 96 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the vibration mill handled 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 2100 Ω/cm.
In above embodiment and the comparative example, except graphite, carbon black and pure water, the weight percent of all the other each components is all constant, and graphite, carbon black weight percent and pairing porous plastics face resistance value are as shown in table 1:
Table 1:
| The graphite weight percent | 3％ | 5％ | 7％ | 9％ | 10％ |
| The carbon black weight percent | 5％ | 1％ | 2％ | 4％ | 0.5％ |
| Resistance value (Ω) | 1900 | 490 | 470 | 500 | 2100 |
From above embodiment and comparative example and table 1 as can be seen, the weight percent of graphite and carbon black was respectively 5～9% and 1～4% o'clock, and it is lower that this electrically conducting coating is coated with porous plastics face resistance value.
The content size of membrane-forming agent and secondary film formers can be embodied from the following examples and comparative example the electrically conducting coating Effect on Performance:
Embodiment four
Get sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate 4 grams, stir in the pure water 100 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 32 gram graphite, 12 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 50 gram silicone resins again, 34 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 28 ml waters, and with 140 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the ball mill ball milling 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 470 Ω/cm.
Embodiment five
Get sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate 4 grams, stir in the pure water 100 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 32 gram graphite, 12 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 40 gram silicone resins again, 32 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 40 ml waters, and with 140 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the ball mill ball milling 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 450 Ω/cm.
Embodiment six
Get sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate 4 grams, stir in the pure water 100 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 32 gram graphite, 12 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 60 gram silicone resins again, 36 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 16 ml waters, and with 140 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the ball mill ball milling 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 480 Ω/cm.
Comparative example three
Get sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate 4 grams, stir in the pure water 100 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 32 gram graphite, 12 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 64 gram silicone resins again, 24 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 24 ml waters, and with 140 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the ball mill ball milling 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 1800 Ω/cm.
Comparative example four
Get sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate 4 grams, stir in the pure water 100 gram adding tempering tanks, stirred 0.5 hour, then 32 gram graphite, 12 gram carbon blacks are added the tempering tank high speed and stirred 0.5 hour.Add 32 gram silicone resins again, 48 restrain polyvinyl alcohol and 28 ml waters, and with 140 milliliters of ammoniacal liquor the system pH value are transferred to 10, stir 0.5 hour.
Above-mentioned slurry is transferred in the ball mill ball milling 14 hours.Vibration screening (200 order) again, the back electric magnetic iron remover deironing of sieving just obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating.Apply porous plastics with this electrically conducting coating, drying, recording porous plastics face resistance value is 1900 Ω/cm.
In above embodiment and the comparative example, except membrane-forming agent and secondary film formers, the weight percent of all the other each components is all constant, and membrane-forming agent and secondary film formers weight percent and pairing porous plastics face resistance value are as shown in table 2:
Table 2:
| The membrane-forming agent weight percent | 8％ | 10％ | 12.5％ | 15％ | 16％ |
| The secondary film formers weight percent | 12％ | 8％ | 8.5％ | 9％ | 6％ |
| Resistance value (Ω) | 1900 | 450 | 470 | 480 | 1800 |
From above embodiment and comparative example and table 2 as can be seen, the weight percent of membrane-forming agent and secondary film formers was respectively 10～15% and 8～9% o'clock, and it is lower that this electrically conducting coating is coated with porous plastics face resistance value.
Claims (8)
1. porous plastics electrically conducting coating, it is characterized in that: the main ingredient and the weight percent of this coating are as follows:
Graphite 5～9%
Carbon black 1～4%
Membrane-forming agent 10～15%
Secondary film formers 8～9%
Dispersion agent 0.5～1.5%
Alkaline solution is an amount of, is controlled at 9～11 with system pH and is advisable
Water surplus
Wherein membrane-forming agent is an one or more combination among polyvinyl chloride resin, styrene-acrylic resin, pure third resin and the silicone resin;
Secondary film formers is an one or more combination among mandelic resin, polyvinyl alcohol and the ethylene glycol.
2. by the described porous plastics electrically conducting coating of claim 1, it is characterized in that one or more combination among described dispersion agent employing alkylbenzene semi-annular jade pendant acid sodium, dibutyl naphthalene semi-annular jade pendant acid sodium, alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl allyl polyethenoxy ether and the polyvinylpyrrolidone.
3. by the described porous plastics electrically conducting coating of claim 1, it is characterized in that described graphite can be used crystalline flake graphite, amorphous graphite or synthetic graphite, the graphite mean particle size is 1-3 μ m.
4. by the described porous plastics electrically conducting coating of claim 3, it is characterized in that, described graphite particle size less than the content of the graphite particle of 3 μ m greater than 50%.
5. by the described porous plastics electrically conducting coating of claim 1, it is characterized in that described carbon black is a conductive carbon black, its granularity is less than 100nm.
6. by the described porous plastics electrically conducting coating of claim 1, it is characterized in that described alkaline solution is an ammoniacal liquor.
7. manufacture method as the described porous plastics electrically conducting coating of claim 1～6 may further comprise the steps:
(1) weight percent is respectively 0.5～1.5% dispersion agent and adds in an amount of pure water stirring and dissolving to;
(2) graphite and carbon black are added in the mixed solution of (1) formation, weight percent is respectively 5～9% and 1～4%, stirring and dissolving;
(3) add in the mixed solution of (2) formation 10～15% membrane-forming agent, 8～9% secondary film formers and an amount of pure water to stirring and dissolving;
(4) in the mixed solution that (3) form, add proper quantity of lye, make system pH be controlled at 9～11;
(5) mixed solution that (4) are obtained carries out homodisperse processing 6～20 hours;
(6) slurry that (5) the are obtained decon that sieves obtains the finished product electrically conducting coating, and wherein, the order number of sieve can be 100～300 orders.
8. by the manufacture method of the described porous plastics electrically conducting coating of claim 7, it is characterized in that the homodisperse processing can be adopted one or more in colloidal mill, sand mill, ball mill or the vibration mill in described (5).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031144004A CN1295284C (en) | 2003-04-29 | 2003-04-29 | Plastic foam electrically-conducting paint and manufacturing method thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031144004A CN1295284C (en) | 2003-04-29 | 2003-04-29 | Plastic foam electrically-conducting paint and manufacturing method thereof |
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| CN1542061A true CN1542061A (en) | 2004-11-03 |
| CN1295284C CN1295284C (en) | 2007-01-17 |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101165820B (en) * | 2006-10-18 | 2011-08-24 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Carbon black conductive fluid |
| CN101434813B (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2011-12-14 | 河北省电力研究院 | Preparation of anti-corrosive conductive coating |
| CN102321893A (en) * | 2011-09-06 | 2012-01-18 | 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 | Preparation process of foam metal carrier for post-treatment |
| CN102344754A (en) * | 2010-07-31 | 2012-02-08 | 姜善波 | Two new graphite deep processing products and preparation method thereof |
| CN105040434A (en) * | 2015-08-25 | 2015-11-11 | 福建鑫华股份有限公司 | Antistatic midsole material and preparation method thereof |
| CN106167602A (en) * | 2008-12-11 | 2016-11-30 | 未来碳有限责任公司 | Conductive preparation with and preparation method thereof |
| CN110381614A (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2019-10-25 | 东莞市中科智恒新材料有限公司 | Far infrared heating material, the preparation method of far infrared heater and far infrared heater |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60156769A (en) * | 1984-01-26 | 1985-08-16 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | Conductive water-disperse coating |
| JP2872473B2 (en) * | 1991-12-27 | 1999-03-17 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Conductive paint for prevention of marine organism adhesion |
| CN1203251A (en) * | 1998-06-18 | 1998-12-30 | 石峰 | Ageing-resistant high-elastic colour water-proof paint |
| JP3696762B2 (en) * | 1999-09-30 | 2005-09-21 | 日立粉末冶金株式会社 | Conductive paint for alkaline battery positive electrode can |
| DE19951133A1 (en) * | 1999-10-23 | 2001-04-26 | Henkel Kgaa | Agent for coating metal surfaces comprises an organic binder, an electrically conducting powder, water and active ingredients and/or auxiliary aids |
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2003
- 2003-04-29 CN CNB031144004A patent/CN1295284C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101165820B (en) * | 2006-10-18 | 2011-08-24 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Carbon black conductive fluid |
| CN101434813B (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2011-12-14 | 河北省电力研究院 | Preparation of anti-corrosive conductive coating |
| CN106167602A (en) * | 2008-12-11 | 2016-11-30 | 未来碳有限责任公司 | Conductive preparation with and preparation method thereof |
| CN102344754A (en) * | 2010-07-31 | 2012-02-08 | 姜善波 | Two new graphite deep processing products and preparation method thereof |
| CN102321893A (en) * | 2011-09-06 | 2012-01-18 | 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 | Preparation process of foam metal carrier for post-treatment |
| CN105040434A (en) * | 2015-08-25 | 2015-11-11 | 福建鑫华股份有限公司 | Antistatic midsole material and preparation method thereof |
| CN110381614A (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2019-10-25 | 东莞市中科智恒新材料有限公司 | Far infrared heating material, the preparation method of far infrared heater and far infrared heater |
| CN110381614B (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2022-02-18 | 东莞市中科智恒新材料有限公司 | Far infrared heating material, preparation method of far infrared heating body and far infrared heating body |
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| CN1295284C (en) | 2007-01-17 |
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