CN1504587A - Low density iron base material for golf bar head - Google Patents
Low density iron base material for golf bar head Download PDFInfo
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- CN1504587A CN1504587A CNA021530246A CN02153024A CN1504587A CN 1504587 A CN1504587 A CN 1504587A CN A021530246 A CNA021530246 A CN A021530246A CN 02153024 A CN02153024 A CN 02153024A CN 1504587 A CN1504587 A CN 1504587A
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Abstract
A low density ferric based golf rod material whose components are 28.0-31.5 wt.% manganese, 7.8-10.0 wt.% aluminum, 0.90-1.10 wt.% carbon, 0.35-2.5 wt.% titanium, 0.8-1.5 wt.% silicon or 5.0-7.0 wt.% chromium, the rest proportion is constituted using iron as base material. After the casting article cooling procedure or plastic working process, heat treatment is proceeded at a temperature of 950-1270 deg. C for 1-24 hours, the fine texture of ferric base with evolution phase of dissimilar proportion can be obtained, whose material density amounts to the range of 6.1-6.6g/cubic cm.
Description
Technical field
The invention relates to a kind of golf club head material of low density iron-based, refer in particular to a kind of density between 6.1～6.6g/cm
3Between the scope, and have high rust-preventing characteristic, be suitable for making the casting of golf club or forge the bar head, to reach the practicality material that good design change space, high rust-preventing characteristic and good forging surface etc. require.
Background technology
Alloy is meant " in a kind of metal the inside, adding one or more other kinds metal or non-metallic element, the material with metallic character that forms ".
Academicly, metal is meant the pure metal element, so-called " pure " metal is a kind of relative saying, wherein what can exist trace element or compound, be called impurity, otherwise, if the element that adds or keep for some specific purposes then is called " alloying element ", so general alleged pure metal is meant the refining element of involuntary adding alloying element.
When pure metal adds other kinds metal or non-metal alloy element and after being mixed with alloy, the character of itself also can change, for example fusing point reduction, intensity rising, ductility reduction, resistance increase, Heat conductivity reduction, heat treatment performance enhancement, solidity to corrosion variation and magnetic variation etc., after also being mixed with alloy because of pure metal, its machinery, physics and chemical property all are improved, therefore can need along with the design of machinery, utensil, select suitable alloying element for use and control its content, to be mixed with the alloy material that share.
For example: high-strength low-alloy steel of industrial frequent utilization (HSLA) and alloy tool steel promptly are, wherein, high-strength low-alloy steel is to add 2% with interior a small amount of alloying element, as titanium, vanadium, niobium element, and obtain high strength is its characteristic, and widely applies to highway and railroad bridge, railway goods carriage, motor bus car body, agricultural machine or shoveling instrument etc.
In addition, alloy tool steel then is by adding alloying elements such as chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, make those alloying elements in steel, form carbide, make that it has that hardening depth is dark, abrasion performance and high temperature resistant softening characteristic, generally can be used as cutting tool or hot-work mould, or withstand shock, attrition resistant occasion.
The complete golf ball of one cover has the handle that comprises club head (wood Head), iron club head (IronHead), pitching wedge bar head (Pitching Wedge), sand pit club head (Sand Wedge), putter head (putter), shaft (being divided into metallic rod and carbon fiber bar), gum cover (for the frictional force of absorption bulb and club contact surface and attractive in appearance) and rubber material.
Generally speaking, the rear portion of rod head is generally rounded, shaft length is longer, the main use kicked off or long distance strike, and according to bar head gradient and shaft length difference, divide into No. 1 (driver), No. 2 (brassie), No. 3 (spoon), No. 4 (braffy) and No. 5 (cleek), also have recently No. 7 and No. 9 rods releases, generally can comply with individual skill, physical efficiency and hobby and select; The shaft length of driver is between 43.5～46.5 inches, bar head gradient is between 7.0～11.5 degree, No. 2 later rods, its shaft length is successively decreased with 0.5 inch, bar head gradient increases progressively with 3 degree, and shaft length is long more, can beat ball far more, bar head gradient is big more, can beat ball high more.
Club head was to be made by wood in the past, and main raw is a kaki, but in recent years because of considering its erosion resistance, toughness and high strength weight ratio, change gradually with metallic substance to make the bar head.
At present common material such as pure titanium, 6-4 titanium alloy, SP700 titanium alloy, 15-3-3-2 titanium alloy, 2041 titanium alloys, 2205 duplex stainless steels, 17-4PH stainless steel, AISI431, AISI455, AISI456, aviation are popular high price materials of being familiar with pure titanium, 6-4 titanium alloy, SP700 titanium alloy, 15-3-3-2 titanium alloy, 2041 titanium alloys again wherein with Al-Li alloy and beryllium copper etc.Those metallic substance not only are widely current at present, even have outmatched on the wooden rod head.
As for, golf iron mainly is general reference iron, pitching wedge and a sand wedge, mainly in order to ball is hit to object point, it is shorter slightly than rod to it is characterized by carry for iron, but can beat ball higher, and direction is grasped easily, about 39.5 inches of the shaft length of No. 1 iron, bar head gradient 14 degree, No. 2 the later shaft length of bar is successively decreased with 0.5 inch, bar head gradient increases progressively with 4 degree, and the user can bat according to the club that target range is selected to be fit to.
Be commonly used to make the metallic substance of iron club, be mainly stainless steel series, as AISI304,17-4PH stainless steel, AISI431,2205 duplex stainless steels, AISI455, AISI456, beryllium copper or forging soft iron etc.Also have use 6-4 titanium alloy, SP700 titanium alloy, 15-3-3-2 titanium alloy or 2041 titanium alloy forgings or be rolled into thin plate and make hitting panel after, be bumped into again on the body that materials such as 17-4PH stainless steel, AISI431,2205 duplex stainless steels, AISI455 or AISI456 make.
In addition,, and hit function, also have and iron club is made hollow design occur with long distance and accuracy in recent years for making iron with traditional rod and iron advantage.
In addition, pitching wedge of using as Approach around iron still includes in the fruit mountain range and the sand wedge that is used for the sand pit batting, both all belong to wedge for this, this class club is heavier because of its bar head, gradient is bigger, thus lift easily, and short-range ball-handling is splendid.
The hitting panel of push rod is perpendicular to the ground, and its purpose can not lift for making the smooth and easy rolling of ball, and push rod is paid attention to " striking sensation " most, therefore uses soft material usually, as soft iron, copper alloy or aluminium alloy etc., also adopts titanium alloy or AISI304 etc. sometimes.
In addition, the capitiform difference according to push rod can be divided into four kinds of patterns such as D, Pin, T and L again, and D type push rod is thicker because of its bar head bottom, haves a sense of security, but is difficult to catch only wonderful striking sensation; Pin type push rod has chase (hollow back formula) because of its bar head back side, and is connected on gooseneck, and striking point on the ball center broad, so depart from the central point batting a little, course of action can be too not crooked yet; T type push rod invests bar head central authorities because of its shaft, bats with central point easily; L type push rod is then the same with other club, and shaft is connected in bar head root, thus square stance can with the same perceived that swings, its shortcoming is that square stance easily departs from central point.
At present, the manufacture of golf iron head mainly contains accurate lost wax casting method and forges two kinds of processing methods, consult shown in the table one,
Table one is accurate lost wax casting method and the feature comparison sheet that forges the golf club head of processing method manufacturing
| Feature | Accurate lost wax casting method | Forge processing method |
| Ball-handling property | Low | Good |
| Happy district | Little | Greatly |
| Striking distance | In | Far away |
| The center of gravity mutability | Little | Greatly |
| Moment of inertia | Little | Can be big |
| Flexibility | Little | In |
| Accuracy | Little | Greatly |
| Stability | Little | Greatly |
Table two is commonly used to make the material and the mechanical properties comparison sheet thereof of golf club head.
| Mode | Material number | Yield strength Mpa | Tensile strength Mpa | Unit elongation % | Density 10 3kg/m 3 | Hardness | Remarks |
| Casting | 17-4PH | ?611.8 | ?964.9 | ?23 | ?7.8 | ?HRc30 | 1030 ℃ 1 o'clock+720 ℃ 5 o'clock |
| 431SS | ?661.0 | ?752.5 | ?22 | ?7.7 | ?HRc20 | 720 ℃ 3 o'clock | |
| 255SS | ?682.1 | ?773.6 | ?14 | ?7.8 | ?HRc25 | 1060 ℃ 1 hour | |
| 304SS | ?210.9 | ?527.4 | ?40 | ?8.0 | ?R B88 | 1030 ℃ 1 hour | |
| Pure titanium | ?436.0 | ?492.3 | ?18 | ?4.5 | Anneal | ||
| Ti-6AL-4V | ?879.0 | ?949.4 | ?12 | ?4.5 | Solution treatment+ageing treatment | ||
| Forge | 304SS | ?225.0 | ?506.3 | ?64 | ?7.9 | Forging+anneal | |
| S25C | ?309.4 | ?562.6 | ?31 | ?7.9 | ?R B82 | ||
| Ti-6AL-4V | ?1075.9 | ?1146.3 | ?14 | ?4.5 | ?HRc36 | ||
| 455SS | ?1635.1 | ?1716.6 | ?13.28 | ?7.8 | ?HRc45 | ||
| 465SS | ?1760.6 | ?1866.3 | ?10.72 | ?7.8 | ?HRc51 |
Also there is few part to utilize overlay coating (as nickel plating, cobalt, diamond) or panelling processing method in addition, generally speaking, the cost of accurate lost wax casting method is the most cheap, have many-sided advantage but forge processing method, and industrial existing accurate lost wax casting method of making iron club and the material mechanical character of forging processing method of being used in is as shown in Table 2.
The designer trends of golf iron head mainly are the batting for success, and good striking point on the ball is arranged.Its main design direction is as follows:
1. bulb maximizes: comprise rod head volume between 280～310cc, even can reach 400cc, or the iron head of large size (Oversize) is arranged, its characteristics are the happy district of the batting that increases club, to improve successful batting probability and to increase hitting distance.
2. centre of gravity: for reaching stable hitting and striking point on the ball, and increase twisting inertia and improve hitting distance, lowering the center of gravity is to be recent tendency.
3. low atmospheric drag and hollow back formula are strengthened scope of attack design: hit with striking point on the ball and reduce the amount of torsional energy loss for reaching stable, nearest development trend is a Computer Design, change the club head shape, to lower air resistance coefficient, and change different centers of gravity and happy district, even opinion is not the scope of attack of iron club or rod head, all utilizes height to be pressed into mode and makes the scope of attack.
In addition, just present industrial mass-produced bulb characteristic is done following explanation:
1. solidity to corrosion demand: be standard with the stainless salt-fog test corrosion situation of 17-4PH precipitation hardening type generally, its test condition is about 35 ℃, 5%NaCl, 48 hours.
2. the material performance requirement of rod head: be claimed range with tensile strength 1100～1500Mpa generally, and unit elongation is primary demand with 10%, intensity is high more good more with the unit elongation combination certainly, to increase bulb volume or the happy design space of distinguishing.
3. the material performance requirement of iron club: be claimed range generally with tensile strength 700～1000Mpa, and unit elongation is a primary demand with 10%, certainly intensity is high more good more with the unit elongation combination, to increase bulb volume or increase hitting time and design space such as handling.
In addition, the golf club specification is to be under the fixed factor with the nose heave amount of bar, generally speaking, another significant consideration when density of material or strength of materials ratio are material selection, traditional metallic rod head of past is to be material with the iron-based, corrosion-resistant material as high strength such as stainless steel or tool steel is main, and its density is between 7.8～8.1g/cm
3Between, with aluminium base material perhaps, as the precipitation hardening type aluminium alloy, its density is between 2.7～2.8g/cm
3Between, the strength ratio of these two kinds of materials (strength/density) is all less than 1.8 * 10
4M, the mechanical properties of part material and strength ratio are as shown in Table 3.
Table three is commonly used to make material and the mechanical properties and the intensity rate comparison sheet of golf club head.
| Characteristic | Ti(JIS2) | ?Ti-6Al-4V | ?304 | ?17-4PH | ?2041-T4 |
| Proportion (* 10 3kg/m 3) | 4.51 | ?4.42 | ?8.03 | ?7.90 | ?2.80 |
| Tensile strength Mpa | 563.4 | ?1056.3 | ?507.0 | ?1077.5 | ?427.0 |
| Yield strength Mpa | 521.1 | ?985.9 | ?225.4 | ?985.8 | ?290.0 |
| Specific tenacity | 1.249 | ?2.390 | ?0.631 | ?1.364 | ?1.525 |
Recently owing to the exploitation and the mass production of titanium alloy, its density is between 4.5～4.8g/cm
3Between, so the strength ratio of titanium alloy can reach 2.3 * 10
4More than the m, make the design of golf club produce variation greatly, its major defect is:
Because the titanium alloy price is still higher, be not suitable for 3 using widely, in other words, if can develop low density, high-elongation or high tenacity, and has the new material of certain intensity, and reasonable price, then low density will make the design space of bulb become big, and suitable intensity will make the stable and minimizing hitting panel thickness of hitting distance, to increase the design space, high-elongation or toughness then can make the ball-handling performance increase, and the strike effect performance that so can make golf iron head is to the most desirable.
Over nearly one, 20 year, iron-aluminum-manganese alloy steel series is through domestic and international experts and scholars' extensive studies, show that different alloy designs can make iron-aluminum-manganese alloy steel have characteristics such as high strength, high tenacity, low temperature resistant, high temperature resistant and abrasion performance respectively, following paper or patent all have detailed description to these character:
1.C.H.Kao deliver Deng the people, 1988, Journal of Materials Science, the 23rd, 744 pages, title " Effect of Manganese on the Oxidation of Fe-Mn-Al-Calloys ".
2.Charles people such as J. deliver, and 1981, Met.Prog., 71 pages, title " PhaseDecomposition of Rapidly Solidified Fe-Mn-Al-C Austenitic Alloys ".
3.J.B.Duh, wait the people to deliver, nineteen ninety, Corrosion, the 46th, 983 pages, title " Effect of Potential on the Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Rate ofFe-Al-Mn Alloy in 3.5%NaCl Solution ".
4.J.C.Benz, wait the people to deliver, 1985, Journal of Metals, 36 pages, title " An Assessment of Fe-Mn-Al Alloys as Substitutes for StainlessSteels ".
5.J.C.Garcia, wait the people to deliver, nineteen eighty-two, Metal Progress, 47 pages, title " Development of Oxidation Resistant Fe-Mn-Al Alloys ".
6.Kazunori Sato waits the people to deliver, and 1988, Scripta Metallurgica, the 22nd, 899 pages of the 6th volumes, title " Age Hardening of an Fe-30Mn-9Al-0.9C Alloyby Spinodal Decompos9ition ".
7.K.H.Han, wait the people to deliver, 1998, Scripta Metallurgica, the 22nd, 1873 pages, title " A Further Contribution to the Phase Constitutionin (Fe
0.65Mn
0.35)
0.83Al
0.17-xC Pseudo-Binary System ".
8.K.H.Han deliver, 1999, Materials Science and Engineering, 1 page, title " The microstructures and mechanical properties of anaustenitic Nb-bearing Fe-Mn-Al-C alloy processed by controlledrolling ".
9.T.F.Liu institute delivers nineteen ninety, No. the 4968357th, United States Patent (USP), title " Hot-RolledAlloy Steel Plate ".
10.S.C.Tjong deliver Deng the people, 1986, Materials Sciene andengineering, 203 pages, title 1986, " The microstructure and stresscorrosion creaking behaviour of precipitation-hardened Fe-8.7Al-29Mn-1.04C alloy in 20 NaCl solution ".
11.X.J.Liu, wait the people to deliver, 1996, Metallurgical TransactionsA, the 27th, 2429 pages, title, 1996, " Experimental Study of the PhaseEquilibria in the Fe-Al-Mn System. ".
12.Schmatz D.J. delivers, nineteen sixty, Trans.ASM, the 52nd, 898 pages, title " Structure and Properties of Austentic Alloys ContainingAluminum and Silicon ".
13.Krivonogov people such as G.S. deliver, and 1975, Phys.Met. ﹠amp; Metallog, the 4th, 29 pages, title " Phase Trasformation Kinetics in Steel9G28Yu9MVB ".
14.Banerji S.K. delivers, and 1978, April, Met.Prog,, 59 pages, title " An Austenitic Stainless Steel Without Nickel or Chromium, ".
15.Charles people such as J. deliver, and 1981, Met.Prog., 71 pages, title PhaseDecomposition of Rapidly Solidified Fe-Mn-Al-C Austenitic Alloys ".
16.Grcia people such as J. deliver, nineteen eighty-two, Met.Prog., 47 pages, title Development of Oxidation Resistant Fe-Mn-Al Alloys ".
17.Wang people such as R. deliver, nineteen eighty-three, Met.Prog., 72 pages, title " NewStainless Steel Without Nickel or Chromiun for alloysApplications ".
Generally speaking, past scholar expert can reduce column direction down at the research category of iron alumal:
1. solidity to corrosion: experts and scholars successively study at uniform corrosion, stress corrosion, the high temperature corrosion of bubble burn into, pitting and the hydrogen diffusion of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy both at home and abroad.
People's results of study such as Charles show: the aluminium element content in iron-aluminum-manganese alloy is when 6.5%w.t. is above, and the surface can form the continuous protective layer (Al of one deck
2O
3), make iron-aluminum-manganese alloy at normal temperatures, corrosion stability is better than plain carbon stool and low alloy steel, under neutral environment, near AISI 4xx stainless steel.1987, people such as S.C.Chang are with in complete austenite type, ferrite type and the artificial seawater of two-phase sections-manganese-aluminium alloy between pH value 5～8, inquire into the line erosion speed of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy, by result of study as can be known: aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), silicon (Si), molybdenum being added with of element such as (Mo) help iron-aluminum-manganese alloy is resisted uniform corrosion in seawater character.In addition, two-phase iron-aluminum-manganese alloy produces pitting mutually at ferrite easily, if add molybdenum (Mo) element, can lower the tendency of alloy uniform corrosion and pitting.
1988, people such as J.B.Duh study the corrosion fatigue phenomenon discovery of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy in NaCl solution: the folded difference energy of difference row (stacking fault energy) of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy was low than AISI 316 stainless steels, so have preferable fatigue resistance.
2. high thermal resistance: 1988, people such as S.C.Chang study the high-temperature oxidation resistant characteristic of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy and find: add the high-temperature oxidation resistance that 1% silicon (Si) and 3% chromium (Cr) can be promoted alloy in iron-aluminum-manganese alloy, its major defect is: the increase of carbon (C) content then is unfavorable for resistance to high temperature oxidation.
1989, people such as W.S.Yang studied iron-aluminum-manganese alloy and find at high temperature air and nitrogen environment: the iron-aluminum-manganese alloy of high Mn content makes nitrogen infiltrate easily, and forms the AlN structure easily.
3. castibility and flowability: iron-aluminum-manganese alloy steel is face-centred cubic structure (FCC) that at room temperature general material of its ductility is the commercial cast steel and the cast iron excellence of body-centered cubic structure (BCC).Show according to the past former research results: iron-aluminum-manganese alloy has good castibility and flowability, its major defect is: the mechanical properties of the iron of as-cast condition-Al-Mn series integration gold has very big difference again, and for example: extremely crisp, the middle aluminium spiegeleisen of high, middle aluminium alloy has had toughness, low aluminium alloy toughness is good.Yet after being cast into foundry goods, the thermal treatment through suitable can produce structural hardening effect, and obtains excellent intensity and unit elongation.
1999, the inventor instructed the paper of the Liu Xing of master student National Pingtung University of Science ﹠ Technology birch to point out, found in research contains the ferrous alloy thin slice foundry goods of 10% aluminium, 5～40% manganese, 1.0% carbon:
(1) microstructure is typical α+γ dual phase steel, is the mixing zone of γ+κ+κ ' mutually through electron microscope observation: γ; α is DO mutually
3" mixing zone, wherein κ is non-preface L1 to+κ mutually
2Structure (Fe, Mn)
3AlC
xCarbide, κ ' are prefaceization (order) L ' 1
2Structure (Fe, Mn)
3AlC
xCarbide, and along with manganese content increases, the zone of α phase diminishes gradually in the duplex structure.
(2) manganese content is changed by 5～4 0w.t.% in the alloy, and its hardness value scope is at HR
C31～44, tensile strength is at 65～91kg/mm
2In the scope, unit elongation is between 16～30%, and when manganese content reached 15w.t.%, iron-aluminum-manganese alloy had highest hardness value HR
C43.3, and the maximum tensile strength value 90.5kg/mm
2
4. the research of high strength, high-ductility alloy: the iron of high strength, high tenacity-aluminum-manganese alloy steel, meaning be with the stainless ductility of austenite base and steel alloy quench, intensity after the tempering, iron-aluminum-manganese alloy steel to obtain high strength and high tenacity mechanical properties can by:
(1) content of control aluminium, manganese, carbon, through years of researches, Kayak finds ideal composition scope: contain 8.0～10.0w.t.% aluminium, 25.0～30.0w.t.% manganese and 1.0w.t.% carbon in the iron.
(2) thermal treatment (solution treatment): can obtain the complete austenite phase of face-centered cubic (FCC) structure via 950～1200 ℃ solution heat treatment.
The ageing treatment of (3) 450～750 ℃ of different times, can in the austenite base, obtain fine (Fe, Mn)
3AlC
xThe phase carbide is integrated and is separated out, because (Fe, Mn)
3AlC
xIn the base, integrate equably and separate out, so can obtain the iron-aluminum-manganese alloy steel of high strength and high tenacity.
In addition, what Materials Research Laboratories professor Liu Zengfeng of university of communications utilized new alloy designs theory success develops " Hot-Rolled Alloy Steel Plate " patent, show in this patent: suitable alloy designs, can make iron-aluminum-manganese alloy steel under the hot rolled state, must not pass through any subsequent heat treatment again, then its mechanical properties just can reach or be better than to need at present through Austenitizing, quenching and tempered commercial with or the Q.T. alloy steel plate of military usefulness.Achievement in research according to them is found, iron-aluminium-manganese-carbon alloy is after solutionizing, quenching and timeliness are handled, and according to the alloy ingredient difference, its mechanical properties: tensile strength is between 80～200ksi, yield strength is between 70～160ksi, and unit elongation is then between 50～25%.
In addition, with aluminium, manganese, constituent contents such as carbon are done suitable allotment, and add a spot of titanium, niobium, v element (Ti+Nb+V 0.5wt%), after the hot rolling of alloy designs and stepless control cleverly, then iron-aluminium-manganese hot rolled alloy steel plate (must not pass through any subsequent heat treatment) again under hot-rolled state, can have between tensile strength between 120～200ksi and the yield strength between 80～160ksi, simultaneously its unit elongation and impact value still can remain on 60～30% and 180～40ft-1b between, its mechanical properties can reach even be better than to need at present to pass through Austenitizing, the Q.T. alloy steel plate of commercial usefulness of quenching and tempered or military usefulness.Such as No. the 4968357th, United States Patent (USP) announcement.
The typical composition and the mechanical properties of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy that the past scholar is studied (are consulted the 18th page) as shown in Table 4.
Table four is typical composition and mechanical properties comparison sheets thereof of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy that experts and scholars study in the past.
In addition, the inventor once researched and analysed ferrous alloy that contains 9.2% aluminium, 30% manganese and 1.0% carbon and the ferrous alloy that contains 7.8% aluminium, 30% manganese and 0.8% carbon, the result shows: the ferrous alloy that contains 10% aluminium, 30% manganese and 1.0% carbon through 1050 ℃ of thermal treatments in 1 hour after, hardness value is HR
b94.7～88.4, tensile strength values is 922～805Mpa, the yield strength value is 640～560Mpa, and unit elongation is 48～57%, and density is 6.68～6.84g/cm
3, after 48 hours, show that its corrosion stability is not good with 5% salt jet of water through salt-fog test, and the material surface roughness after 1080 ℃ of forge hot processing is Ra=3.2～6.1 μ m.
In addition, the inventor also development once has the ferrous alloy that comprises 25～31% manganese, 6.3～7.8% aluminium, 0.65～0.85% carbon and 5.5～9.0% chromium, through suitable forging processing and heat treatment technics control, can increase this alloy by the bulb salt-fog test, and the alloy unit elongation is reached between 60～80%.
Generally speaking, iron-aluminum-manganese alloy has excellent in mechanical properties and low density characteristic, be fit to very much be applied to the golf club head field, therefore, took up to develop iron-aluminum-manganese alloy steel in domestic these several years to be applied to golf club head, as No. the 58525th, Taiwan patent, its major defect is:
Its density is approximately between 6.65～6.95g/cm
3Between, still have not foot phenomenon of solidity to corrosion.
In view of this, the inventor utilizes the theory of alloy designs and fabrication process, designs the golf club head material of low density iron-based of the present invention, has the low density characteristic between 6.0～6.6g/cm to provide a kind of
3Between, and the material with splendid corrosion stability is different from over the category of experts and scholars institute research and design, more meets in order to make the material of design requirementss such as golf club head different shapes or centre of gravity counterweight.
Summary of the invention
Main purpose of the present invention provides a kind of golf club head material of low density iron-based, contain 28.0～31.5w.t.% manganese in its material, 7.8～10.0w.t.% aluminium, 0.90～1.10w.t.% carbon and 0.35～2.5w.t.% titanium, wherein also can add 0.8～1.5w.t.% silicon or 5.0～7.0w.t.% chromium, all the other ratios all are that substrate combination forms with iron, because the chromium that it added, silicon all has splendid Chinese People's Anti-Japanese Military and Political College's cavitation erosion corruption, and again can be after foundry goods process of cooling or plastic working, through 950～1270 ℃ of temperature heating thermal treatment in 1～24 hour, promptly obtain (Ti, Fe) C of austenite base and different ratios
xPrecipitated phase makes its density of material reach 6.1～6.6g/cm
3Scope reaches the purpose that the golf club of a kind of low density and high rust-preventing characteristic head material is provided.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: a kind of golf club head material of low density iron-based, it is characterized in that: it comprises that in weight percent 28.0～31.5% manganese, 7.8～10.0% aluminium, 0.90～1.10% carbon, 0.35～2.5% titanium and all the other ratios are combined by base material with iron, and density of material is 6.1～6.6g/cm
3This material is processed 900～1100 ℃ of temperature forge hots, makes to forge material lifting surface properties, and its surfaceness is between 2.4～3.0 μ m.
This material also comprises interpolation 5.0～7.0% chromium, to increase the salt-fog resistant test performance of material.
This material also comprises interpolation 0.8～1.5% silicon, the flowability when casting to increase.
Describe in detail below in conjunction with preferred embodiment and accompanying drawing
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram of different forging temperatures to the surface roughness affect of the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is that the material of embodiments of the invention is through the metallograph (a) of 1100 ℃ of thermal treatments after 2 hours.
Fig. 3 is that the material of embodiments of the invention is through the scanning electron microscope diagram (b) of 1100 ℃ of thermal treatments after 2 hours.
Fig. 4 is alloy (Ti, Fe) C of embodiment of the invention numbering 2
xPrecipitated phase contain spirogram (a).
Fig. 5 is alloy (Ti, Fe) C of embodiment of the invention numbering 3
xPrecipitated phase contain spirogram (b).
Fig. 6 is that the embodiment of the invention is numbered 4 alloys (Ti, Fe) C
xPrecipitated phase contain spirogram (c).
Fig. 7 is alloy (Ti, Fe) C of embodiments of the invention
xThe X-luminous energy of precipitated phase is scattered instrument distribution composition analysis chart.
Fig. 8 is alloy (Ti, Fe) C of embodiments of the invention
xPrecipitated phase (001) (a) direction select district's diffraction chart.
Fig. 9 is alloy (Ti, Fe) C of embodiments of the invention
xPrecipitated phase (1,1,2) (b) direction select district's diffraction chart.
Figure 10 is alloy (Ti, Fe) C of embodiments of the invention
xPrecipitated phase (011) (c) direction select district's diffraction chart.
Figure 11 is the electron micrograph of the material of embodiments of the invention, bright field photo (a) synoptic diagram.
Figure 12 is that the electron micrograph (100) of the material of embodiments of the invention is selected district's diffration figure (b).
Figure 13 is that material of the present invention is in order to make golf club casting bar head and the synoptic diagram that forges hitting panel.
Embodiment
The invention relates to a kind of golf club head material of low density iron-based, its main elementary composition composition is iron, manganese, aluminium, carbon, titanium, wherein also can add silicon, chromium element;
Wherein, the composition of manganese is 28.0～31.5w.t.%, the composition of aluminium is 7.8～10.0w.t.%, the composition of carbon is 0.90～1.10w.t.%, and the composition of titanium is 0.35～2.5w.t.%, and the composition of chromium is 5.0～7.0w.t.%, the composition of silicon is 0.8～1.5w.t.%, remaining ratio is all combined material with iron by base material, (consults the 19th page) as shown in Table 5, and table five is embodiments of the invention and comparative example composition subordinate list.
Wherein number 1～10 and be composition category of the present invention, numbering 11～20 is a comparing embodiment.
Its character (is consulted the 20th page) as shown in Table 6, and table six is character subordinate lists of embodiments of the invention and comparative example.
Wherein number 1～10 and be composition category of the present invention, numbering 11～20 is a comparing embodiment.Wherein number 2 alloys, for heat-treat discovery in 2 hours, its density 6.596g/cm 1100 ℃ temperature
3, tensile strength can reach 986Mpa, yield strength 763.4Mpa, and unit elongation 38.5%, density is 6.518g/cm
3, and in salt-fog test with 5% salt jet of water 48 hours and bombard test and can reach criterion of acceptability 3000 the time.
Number 6 alloys, heat-treat discovery in 2 hours 1100 ℃ temperature, its tensile strength can reach 1247.4Mpa, yield strength 895.6Mpa, and unit elongation is 10.1%, meets the bulb production standard, density is 6.273g/cm
3, and in salt-fog test with 5% salt jet of water 48 hours and bombard test and can reach criterion of acceptability 3000 the time.
Comparing embodiment is numbered 11 alloys, is the alloy that United States Patent (USP) is developed for No. 4968357, and its tensile strength is 1321.4Mpa, yield strength 1242.8Mpa, and unit elongation 36.9%, density is 6.871g/cm
3
Comparing embodiment is numbered 12 alloys, is the alloy that United States Patent (USP) is developed for No. 4968357, and its tensile strength is 878.5Mpa, yield strength 635.7Mpa, and unit elongation 27.8%, density is 6.695g/cm
3
Above-mentioned materials through bombarding 3000 of tests, all can reach criterion of acceptability, and its salt-fog test does not then reach ideal standard with 5% salt jet of water 48 hours, and in addition, its density surpasses desired design target of the present invention.
Comparing embodiment is numbered 19 alloys, heat-treats discovery in 2 hours 1100 ℃ temperature, and its tensile strength is 834.5Mpa, yield strength 632.9Mpa, and unit elongation 37.5%, density is 6.738g/cm
3, can reach criterion of acceptability in 48 hours through bombarding 3000 of tests and salt-fog test with 5% salt jet of water, and its density surpasses re-set target of the present invention.
Comparing embodiment is numbered 20 alloys, heat-treats discovery in 2 hours 1100 ℃ temperature, and its tensile strength is 821.5Mpa, yield strength 618.9Mpa, and unit elongation 43.5%, density is 6.649g/cm
3, can reach criterion of acceptability in 48 hours through bombarding 3000 of tests and salt-fog test with 5% salt jet of water, and its density surpasses re-set target of the present invention.
In addition, as shown in Figure 1, number 2 alloys, shown in curve 1, material imposes golf iron head trial-production through 900～1200 ℃ of forging temperatures, finds that its surfaceness can be changed to 5.8 μ m by 2.4 μ m along with the rising of forging temperature, therefore, if to satisfy high-quality forging surface Ra less than 3 μ m below, the hot forging temperature of alloys range material then of the present invention should be below 1100 ℃.
Below be described as follows one by one at the design proportion of various interpolation elements, limited field and for the influence of material character respectively again:
Manganese: manganese normally with iron coexistence because manganese combines with sulphur easily, can eliminate sulphur and cause hot short harmful effect, and manganese can remove the oxide compound in the material for material, in high carbon steel, manganese can be combined into Mn with carbon
3C, and and Fe
3C is compatible to be synthesized (Fe, Mn)
3C, but the intensity of strongthener and sclerosis energy.
Generally speaking, when manganese content is lower than 23.5w.t.%, easy generating unit is divided the ferrite phase in manufacturing processed or the finished product, manganese content is unfavorable for processibility or extensibility, if during greater than 32w.t.%, then will impel β-Mn to separate out at crystal boundary, cause fragility, therefore, its manganese content scope of design of material of the present invention answers strictness to be limited between 28.0～31.5w.t.%.
Aluminium: aluminium is a kind of splendid reductor, and it not only can face upward the growth of system crystal grain, forms dispersion oxide or nitride, increases the corrosion stability of alloy, and can effectively promote ductility, processibility and the toughness of material.
Generally speaking, when aluminium content during greater than 7.3w.t.%, then alloy can have good corrosion stability, if during the big 10.5w.t.% of aluminium content, then will impel B2 or DO
3Separate out mutually, cause fragility, therefore, its aluminium content scope of design of material of the present invention answers strictness to be limited between 7.8～10.0w.t.%.
Carbon: carbon is except separating out the effect for carbide, and it also is the element of austenite stable phase, and along with carbon content increases, ferrite reduces and austenite is more stable.
Generally speaking, when carbon content during greater than 0.5w.t.%, material can be stablized and form the austenite phase, still, and in the present invention, owing to adjust the interpolation of titanium elements, therefore the alloy carbon content must surpass 0.9w.t.%, numbers 17 alloys, carbon content 0.81w.t.% as comparing embodiment, heat-treat discovery in 2 hours 1100 ℃ temperature, though its density is 6.517g/cm
3, being lower than design objective, its salt-fog test is unsatisfactory.
In addition, carbon content will increase the grain boundary carbide amount of separating out during greater than 1.3w.t.%, and ductility is had disadvantageous effect.Therefore, its carbon content scope of design of material of the present invention answers strictness to be limited between 0.90～1.10w.t.%.
Chromium: when adding chromium in material, not only can increase the corrosion and the oxidation resistivity of material, can promote the sclerosis energy and the hot strength of material again, especially the wear resistant for high carbon steel more has extremely significant effect.
Generally speaking, when chromium content is lower than 5.5w.t.%, the bar head that this material is done is not met the salt-fog test standard, as number 20 alloys, during chromium content 3.82w.t.%, its salt-fog test is unsatisfactory, and when chromium content during greater than 8.0w.t.%, then alloy forms the duplex structure that austenite and ferrite are formed, and reduces the alloy corrosion stability, and the bar head that alloy is done does not meet the salt-fog test standard.As number 19 alloys, and chromium content 8.77w.t.%, its salt-fog test is also undesirable.Therefore, its chromium content design interpolation scope of material of the present invention answers strictness to be limited between 5.0～7.0w.t.%.
Silicon: silicon has the pore of preventing in material forms, promotes contraction and increase the Molten Steel Flow characteristics, but when silicone content during greater than 1.5w.t.%, will make alloy embrittlement.As number 15 alloys, and silicone content 2.01w.t.%, its unit elongation is unsatisfactory.Therefore, material of the present invention will help the processing procedure of foundry goods raw material if can add the silicon of 0.8～1.5w.t.%.
Titanium: titanium can reduce the density of material and increase the corrosion stability of material, generally speaking, titanium content is when 0.35w.t.% is following, it reduces density of material and increases material corrosion stability DeGrain, and work as content more than 2.5w.t.%, can reduce the unit elongation of material again, make unit elongation be lower than the expected value of bar head manufacturing below 10%.Add 0.35～2.5w.t.% titanium in addition, will help material to form (Ti, Fe) C of austenite base and different ratios
xThe microstructure of precipitated phase, as Fig. 2-shown in Figure 6, wherein (Ti, Fe) C
xPrecipitated phase will help the material grains refinement, this precipitated phase is to scatter instrument distribution instrument (EDS) through the X-luminous energy to analyze carbide for titanium, iron, carbon constituted, as shown in Figure 7, and be face-centred cubic structure (FCC), as Fig. 8-shown in Figure 10 through the penetration electron microscope observation.
Therefore, since low-density Ti element solid solution in the base or (Ti, Fe) C
xSeparate out, can effectively reduce density of material to 6.6～6.1g/cm
3, if make the bar head with this material, it is long-pending to obtain bigger rod head body at same weight specification restriction following, makes the bar head have bigger shaped design and changes the space.Therefore, its titanium elements design interpolation scope of material of the present invention answers strictness to be limited between 0.35～2.5w.t.%.
Generally speaking, when making golf club with material of the present invention, if with forging molding, then can 900～1100 ℃ of temperature heat forged, can obtain the following best surface precision of Ra=3 μ m, if 1100～1200 ℃ of temperature hot-work, except meeting increases zone of oxidation, the surface roughness Ra that makes workpiece greater than 3 μ m, is unfavorable for the golf club quality.
By above-mentioned design, the golf club head material of low density iron-based of the present invention is had the following advantages:
1. physical strength:, make the material grains refinement because aluminium, manganese, carbon content suitably controls, and adds titanium in the material, as Fig. 2-shown in Figure 3, its tensile strength values is between 921.5～1247.4Mpa, and the yield strength value is between 756～895.6Mpa, if make the bar head with this material, can bring into play the best requirement of golf club, in addition, if through suitable ageing treatment, can improve the strength of materials again, as number 3,4 alloys, be because (Fe, Mn)
3AlC
xCarbide integrate separate out in the base due to, as Figure 11-shown in Figure 12.
2. low density: because aluminium, manganese, carbon content suitably controls, and adds 0.35～2.5w.t.% titanium elements, making material is to have austenite phase base, base solid solution partly low density (Ti, Fe) C of low density Ti element and different ratios
xThe composition of precipitated phase is so can effectively reduce density of material to 6.6～6.1g/cm
3, if make the bar head with this material, rod head body that can be bigger under same weight specification restriction is long-pending, makes the bar head have bigger shaped design and changes the space.
3. solidity to corrosion: because be added with 5～7w.t.% chromium and 0.35～2.5w.t.% titanium in its material, those elements all have splendid effect for Chinese People's Anti-Japanese Military and Political College's cavitation erosion corruption, can reduce the manufacturing cost of golf club simultaneously.
In sum, under suitable Composition Control and forging temperature condition, the golf club head material of the low density iron-based that the present invention is designed, have low density, high strength, salt-fog resistant test and forge characteristics such as surface quality is good, material of the present invention is in order to make the example of golf club head, as shown in figure 13, real in making the best materials of golf club head, have novelty, creativeness and practicality.
Table four is typical composition and mechanical properties comparison sheets thereof of iron-aluminum-manganese alloy that experts and scholars study in the past
| The steel grade numbering | ????Fe | ????Al | ????Mn | ????C | Other | Mechanical properties | Remarks | ||
| ????U.T.S.(Mpa) | ???Y.S.(Mpa) | ????El(％) | |||||||
| ?FeAlMn-1 | ????bal. | ????5 | ????30 | ????0.3 | ??0.1Nb | ????682.1 | ????370.0 | ????43 | ?J.K.Han?etc.，Material?scienee ?&?Engineering，91，1987， ?pp73～79 |
| ?FeAlMn-2 | ????bal. | ????8 | ????30 | ????1.0 | ????921.4 | ????512.1 | ????54 | ?R.Wang?etc.，Metal?Progress， ?March?1983，pp72～76 | |
| ?FeAlMn-3 | ????Bal. | ????10 | ????20 | ????1.0 | ????1020.0 | ????777.1 | ????44 | ||
| ?FeAlMn-4 | ????bal. | ????5 | ????20 | ????1.0 | ????842.8 | ????419.3 | ????59 | ||
| ?FeAlMn-5 | ????bal. | ????8.5 | ????30.1 | ????0.88 | ????874.2 | ????455.7 | ????58 | ?H.J.Lai?etc.，J.of?Material ?science，24，1989， ?pp2449～2453 | |
| ?FeAlMn-6 | ????bal. | ????8 | ????30 | ????1.0 | ????921.4 | ????514.2 | ????54 | ?D.J.Schmatz，Transactions?of ?The?ASM，52，1960，pp899 | |
| ?FeAlMn-7 | ????bal. | ????6.72 | ????31.28 | ????0.55 | ????870.0 | ????433.5 | ????62 | ?S.J.Chang?etc.，Wear?science ?&?Engineering，91，1987， ?pp73～79 | |
| ?FeAlMn-8 | ????bal. | ????8.38 | ????29.78 | ????1.14 | ????890.7 | ????716.4 | ????30 | ||
| ?FeAlMn-9 | ????bal. | ????7.38 | ????27.1 | ????0.86 | ??0.16Ti+0. ??10Nb | ????1321.4 | ????1242.8 | ????36.9 | ?T.F?Liu，U.S.Patent?4968357 |
| ?FeAlMn-10 | ????bal. | ????9.03 | ????28.3 | ????0.85 | ????878.5 | ????635.7 | ????27.8 | ||
Table five is embodiments of the invention and comparative example composition subordinate list
*Numbering 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 is a comparative example
| Numbering | Composition | |||||||
| ????Fe | ????Mn | ????Al | ????C | ????Ti | ????Cr | ????Si | Other | |
| ??1 | ????Bal. | ????29.50 | ????7.85 | ????0.97 | ????0.38 | ????0.90 | ||
| ??2 | ????Bal. | ????28.42 | ????7.93 | ????0.93 | ????0.75 | |||
| ??3 | ????Bal. | ????30.15 | ????7.95 | ????1.04 | ????0.96 | ????1.29 | ||
| ??4 | ????Bal. | ????29.51 | ????7.82 | ????1.06 | ????1.51 | ????6.04 | ||
| ??5 | ????Bal. | ????30.25 | ????7.95 | ????0.96 | ????2.05 | ????6.15 | ????1.01 | |
| ??6 | ????Bal. | ????29.20 | ????7.89 | ????0.92 | ????2.50 | |||
| ??7 | ????Bal. | ????29.45 | ????8.96 | ????1.09 | ????0.51 | ????1.11 | ||
| ??8 | ????Bal. | ????28.52 | ????9.02 | ????1.05 | ????1.72 | ????6.98 | ||
| ??9 | ????Bal. | ????29.53 | ????8.87 | ????0.98 | ????2.09 | ????5.52 | ????1.23 | |
| ??10 | ????Bal. | ????29.13 | ????9.98 | ????0.94 | ????2.01 | ????6.06 | ||
| ??11 | ????Bal. | ????27.10 | ????7.38 | ????0.86 | ????0.16 | ????0.10Nb | ||
| ??12 | ????Bal. | ????28.30 | ????9.03 | ????0.85 | ||||
| ??13 | ????Bal. | ????28.46 | ????4.11 | ????0.74 | ||||
| ??14 | ????Bal. | ????28.65 | ????8.02 | ????0.98 | ||||
| ??15 | ????Bal. | ????29.98 | ????9.28 | ????1.01 | ????2.01 | |||
| ??16 | ????Bal. | ????29.05 | ????9.34 | ????0.82 | ||||
| ??17 | ????Bal. | ????28.97 | ????8.23 | ????0.81 | ????0.52 | |||
| ??18 | ????Bal. | ????30.19 | ????9.53 | ????1.32 | ||||
| ??19 | ????Bal. | ????29.39 | ????8.25 | ????1.09 | ????8.77 | |||
| ??20 | ????Bal. | ????29.45 | ????9.77 | ????1.08 | ????3.82 | |||
Table six is character subordinate lists of embodiments of the invention and comparative example
*Numbering 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 is a comparative example
| Numbering | Mechanical properties | Remarks | ||||||
| Tensile strength (Mpa) | Subdue Strong degree (Mpa) | Unit elongation (%) | Density (g/cm 3) | Salt-fog test (48 Xiao Time) | Surfaceness μ m) | Bombard test (3000) | ||
| ??1 | ??921.5 | ??756.0 | ??42.5 | ????6.596 | Defective | ??2.6 | Qualified | 2 hours 3 numberings of 2.1100 ℃ of thermal treatments of processing 3,4 are follow-up carried out 550 ℃ of timeliness 1 hour 1.950 ℃ forge |
| ??2 | ??986.0 | ??763.4 | ??38.5 | ????6.518 | Qualified | ??2.6 | Qualified | |
| ??3 | ??1137.4 | ??855.6 | ??28.1 | ????6.453 | Qualified | ??2.9 | Qualified | |
| ??4 | ??1197.4 | ??935.6 | ??21.1 | ????6.437 | Qualified | ??2.8 | Qualified | |
| ??5 | ??1147.4 | ??855.6 | ??14.1 | ????6.206 | Qualified | ??2.6 | Qualified | |
| ??6 | ??1247.4 | ??895.6 | ??10.1 | ????6.273 | Qualified | ??2.8 | Qualified | |
| ??7 | ??951.1 | ??789.1 | ??36.8 | ????6.513 | Defective | ??2.7 | Qualified | |
| ??8 | ??1116.4 | ??846.8 | ??15.3 | ????6.314 | Qualified | ??2.7 | Qualified | |
| ??9 | ??1174.3 | ??865.1 | ??12.8 | ????6.189 | Qualified | ??2.6 | Qualified | |
| ??10 | ??1192.2 | ??876.2 | ??11.3 | ????6.126 | Qualified | ??2.5 | Qualified | |
| ??11 | ??1321.4 | ??1242.8 | ??36.9 | ????6.771 | Defective | ??2.4 | Qualified | |
| ??12 | ??878.5 | ??635.7 | ??27.8 | ????6.695 | Defective | ??2.6 | Qualified | |
| ??13 | ??621.6 | ??459.0 | ??47.0 | ????7.217 | Defective | ??2.5 | Qualified | |
| ??14 | ??789.0 | ??592.1 | ??53.2 | ????6.769 | Defective | ??2.3 | Qualified | |
| ??15 | ??810.6 | ??618.1 | ??9.80 | ????6.647 | Defective | ??2.5 | Qualified | |
| ??16 | ??801.7 | ??619.4 | ??51.0 | ????6.694 | Defective | ??2.7 | Qualified | |
| ??17 | ??793.0 | ??593.1 | ??51.2 | ????6.517 | Defective | ??2.5 | Qualified | |
| ??18 | ??918.4 | ??661.9 | ??38.5 | ????6.614 | Defective | ??2.2 | Qualified | |
| ??19 | ??834.5 | ??632.9 | ??37.5 | ????6.738 | Qualified | ??2.7 | Qualified | |
| ??20 | ??821.5 | ??618.9 | ??43.5 | ????6.649 | Defective | ??2.8 | Qualified | |
Claims (3)
1, a kind of golf club head material of low density iron-based, it is characterized in that: it comprises that in weight percent 28.0～31.5% manganese, 7.8～10.0% aluminium, 0.90～1.10% carbon, 0.35～2.5% titanium and all the other ratios are combined by base material with iron, and density of material is 6.1～6.6g/cm
3This material is processed 900～1100 ℃ of temperature forge hots, makes to forge material lifting surface properties, and its surfaceness is between 2.4～3.0 μ m.
2, the golf club head material of low density iron-based according to claim 1 is characterized in that: this material also comprises interpolation 5.0～7.0% chromium, to increase the salt-fog resistant test performance of material.
3, the golf club head material of low density iron-based according to claim 1 is characterized in that: this material also comprises interpolation 0.8～1.5% silicon, the flowability when casting to increase.
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| CNA021530246A CN1504587A (en) | 2002-11-29 | 2002-11-29 | Low density iron base material for golf bar head |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CNA021530246A CN1504587A (en) | 2002-11-29 | 2002-11-29 | Low density iron base material for golf bar head |
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| CN106854736A (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2017-06-16 | 大田精密工业股份有限公司 | Iron-based low-density golf club head stainless steel alloy and its manufacture method |
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| CN111235484A (en) * | 2020-03-13 | 2020-06-05 | 燕山大学 | High-strength high-hardness low-density steel and preparation method and application thereof |
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