CN1410756A - Particle radius, concentration photosensor - Google Patents
Particle radius, concentration photosensor Download PDFInfo
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- CN1410756A CN1410756A CN 02145279 CN02145279A CN1410756A CN 1410756 A CN1410756 A CN 1410756A CN 02145279 CN02145279 CN 02145279 CN 02145279 A CN02145279 A CN 02145279A CN 1410756 A CN1410756 A CN 1410756A
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Abstract
The invention consists of two parts: the transmitting end and the receiving end. The transmitting end is composed of the beam limiting unit, the spatial filter, the transmission-reflector and semiconductor laser arranged in sequence encapsulated in the column shape barrel. The reference light receiver is fixed on the side wall of the column shaped barrel. The receiving end is composed of the convex lens, the metal frame, the diaphragm, the two-dimension adjusting unit, the photoelectric receiver and the packaging body. The preliminary signal multiplication circuit is encapsulated inside the packaging body. The invention can measure multiple parameters of the granules with less limitation for the object to be measured and little disturbing to the flow field.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of optical sensor, and particularly a kind of grain diameter, concentration optical sensor belong to field of measuring technique.
Background technology
In scientific research and commercial production, some application scenario need be measured particle grain size and concentration.Because particulate matter almost relates to all commercial production and scientific research field, university, scientific research institution and company have done a large amount of research work on the one hand at this both at home and abroad in recent decades, obtained certain achievement in research, developed many particle sizing technology and instrument, wherein some has realized commercialization and seriation.The principle commonly used at present and the polyphasic flow particle sizing method of technical maturation mainly contain: optical method, static (electric capacity or inductance) method, ultrasonic method, radioisotope method, computer picture method and other particle parameter measuring method of utilizing fluid mechanics, thermal characteristic to realize.The most representative in the particle sizing technology is the diffraction-type laser particle analyzer, by literature search, Malvern company last word information, publication exists
Www.malvern.co.ukOn, the diffraction-type laser particle analyzer is to utilize the distribution inverse of particle diffraction luminous energy to go out the particle size distribution situation, this grain graininess instrument, be referred to as the Malvern instrument traditionally, the existing now report that is used for the industry spot on-line measurement, but there is a shortcoming that can't overcome in this particle size analyzer of measuring with diffraction principle when being used for on-line measurement: because will receive the diffraction light of particle, need a larger-size receiver lens and diffraction light to receive light target, this makes probe size very big, during on-line measurement the polyphasic flow flow field is produced very strong interference; Because Lens is big, easily by particle contamination, the lens protection difficulty is big; Must guarantee in the measurement that the particle diffraction light is concentric with annular light target, the adjusting difficulty is big during use.Also find another kind of particle kinetic analyzer (english abbreviation PDA) in the retrieval, DanTec company product message, network address:
Www.dantecmt.comIt is to utilize the phase differential that two-beam intersects back scattered light on particle to realize the grain diameter measurement, because handle the phase information of scattered light, instrument cost is very high, instrument adjusting difficulty is big, to the environmental requirement height, light path arrangement lacks dirigibility, and these have limited its use under rugged surroundings.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiencies in the prior art and defective, a kind of grain diameter, concentration optical sensor are provided, make that it has that volume is little, measuring object is wide, can survey grain diameter and concentration range is wide,, use low to environmental requirement and characteristics such as easy to adjust, fundamentally solve the deficiency in the above-mentioned particle sizing technology.The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions; the present invention adopts discrete group to structure---and each sensor is made up of transmitting terminal and receiving end two parts; transmitting terminal comprises: beam-defining clipper; transmission-catoptron; spatial filter; semiconductor laser; the reference light receiving device; column-shaped barrel; its connected mode is: beam-defining clipper; transmission-catoptron; spatial filter; semiconductor laser is arranged in order; quality of fit between them is guaranteed by machine work; then it is encapsulated in the column-shaped barrel; the reference light that is fixed on the column-shaped barrel sidewall receives and is converted to electric signal by receiving device with the reference light that reflects on transmission-catoptron; this signal is sent to circuit external by lead and further handles behind preliminary amplification of the inner process of transmitting terminal; the transmitting terminal column-shaped barrel both can play the effect of the above-mentioned device of protection, can play the sensor emission end again and connect and fixing effect with other equipment.The column-shaped barrel front end has aperture, and the required light beam of surveying work shines in the band grain stream by this aperture, and it still protects the passage of fluid simultaneously.Receiving end comprises: convex lens and metal framework, diaphragm, two-dimensional adjustment device, photoelectric receiving device, packaging body and preliminary signal amplification circuit, and its connected mode is: similar with transmitting terminal, these components and parts also are encapsulated in the cylindricality cylinder; Convex lens and metal framework are by being threaded on the packaging body, diaphragm is fixed on the regulating device, photoelectric receiving device also is arranged on the two-dimensional adjustment device, be positioned at after the diaphragm, the photocurrent of photoelectric receiving device conversion is input in the preliminary signal amplification circuit of package interior, and the signal after the amplification carries out subsequent treatment by lead output.The same with transmitting terminal, the packaging body front end has aperture, and it has constituted the passage of light beam and protection fluid.
Respectively be integral on transmitting terminal and the receiving end structure, independent fully each other, transmitting terminal and receiving end coaxial arrangement during measurement, band grain stream can be realized measuring by space between the two.Adopt this structure can be according to concentration, field condition and measuring point regulated at will sensor right spacing, mounting means and the position of wanting of measurand, very flexible in the use.
Transmitting terminal has utilized semiconductor laser to make the light source of sensor, not only the light source volume is very little, but also can reduce light source and feed circuit volume greatly with common stabilized voltage supply even powered battery, make light source be integrated into the possibility that is designed to of sensor internal.
The light that sends from laser instrument at first passes through spatial filter, forms high-quality light beam, utilizes beam-defining clipper, obtains the required beam diameter of surveying work; This light beam is told part light as reference light through transmission-catoptron, be used for calculating the incident light intensity, and remainder passes through tested polyphasic flow flow field.
Spatial filter can filter the parasitic light in the laser, further improves the quality of light beam, improves the overall performance of measuring system.In order to make measuring system that best performance be arranged, should select suitable beam diameter according to the particle size range of measuring object, adjust beam-defining clipper and can reach this purpose; Beam-defining clipper also can be used for regulating the scope that sensor can be surveyed particle diameter simultaneously.
According to measuring principle, to measure the light intensity of light beam when not having band grain polyphasic flow under the same light path condition when measuring the delustring data earlier, promptly original light intensity, this is difficult to realize in actual measurement work sometimes, as when industry spot is measured, can not suspend production in order to measure original light intensity; Simultaneously, because fluctuation, the light source of supply voltage uses factor such as the issuable output characteristics variation in back all may cause the change of original light intensity for a long time, therefore must manage to solve the problems of measurement of original light intensity.For fixing transmission-catoptron, its transmission-reflected light intensity ratio is fixed, can be with reflected light as reference light, calculate original incident intensity according to transmission-reflected light intensity ratio and reflective light intensity during measurement, so not only solved the problem of the original incident intensity of in-site measurement, but also can overcome because the measuring error that factors such as mains fluctuations cause.Transmitted light intensity is about 9: 1 with the recommendation of radiation beam intensity ratio, so both can obtain with reference to light intensity, does not lose the required luminous energy of too much measurement again.
Convex lens in the receiving end and metal framework are made up of convex lens, metal framework, and convex lens are fixed in the metal framework, and this metal framework is by being threaded on the packaging body, can regulate distance between convex lens and diaphragm by screw thread; The two-dimensional adjustment device is made up of two slide blocks that link with dovetail groove, one of them slide block connects with two bolt, bolt connects with packaging body by threaded hole, and can regulate the position of this slide block on the one dimension direction to bolt by this, other pair of bolts is being arranged with this bolt on to vertical direction, they are connected with friction mode with another slide block, slide block can be tieed up on the direction at another move freely, and have constituted a two-dimensional adjustment device like this.
The extinction coefficient that needs particle during the count particles particle diameter, the value of extinction coefficient and transmitted light receive mode are closely related.The present invention adopts lens, diaphragm to make up and realizes the far field dispersion effect: utilize lens that transmission, scattered light are transformed on its focal plane, obtain the far field dispersion effect; By the effect of diaphragm, reject all scattered lights again, thus corresponding with the extinction coefficient result of Mie Theoretical Calculation.Transmission signal is converted into electric signal after photoelectric receiving device receives, carry out the A/D conversion after amplifying, and the input computing machine is handled, and finally provides its corresponding particle sizing result.
Not contaminated for the optical electron device of protecting inside of the present invention, must prevent that pollutant from entering sensor internal.If directly isolate with optical window, in most cases the windowpane surface is stained by the liquid or solid pollutant with being difficult to avoid, thereby makes transmission signal produce the variation that is difficult to predict, increases measuring error.For this reason; the present invention adopts the protected fluid mode; promptly utilize in the polyphasic flow cleaning main flow fluid as protective medium, allow its aperture before sensor emission newel post shape cylindrical shell and the receiving end packaging body flow out, so just can prevent that particle from staining the components and parts that are installed in sensor internal.In order to reduce the interference of protection liquid convection field, taked two kinds of measures: the one, reduce the diameter in hole, can reduce the flow of protection fluid like this; The 2nd, the effluxvelocity of control protection fluid is guaranteeing that pollutant does not enter under the prerequisite of sensor internal, as far as possible with low flow velocity.Transmission-catoptron or convex lens have also played sealing function simultaneously, and the limiting protecting fluid can only flow in transmitting terminal of the present invention fluid passage and can not enter in the device space of its back.
When sensor is installed, adjust the stop position, guarantee the transmitted light reception good by regulating device.Just that regulating device is locked after adjusting is finished, so far sensor can be in a long duration operate as normal.After this only need regularly to detect, guarantee that measurement mechanism is in shape.
The present invention compares with prior art, and is few to the measurand restriction, only requires that the polyphasic flow medium is that optical clear gets final product; Particle diameter can be surveyed and range of concentrations is wide, because it is directly related with beam diameter to survey particle size range, can change the grain diameter measurement scope by changing beam diameter, and the principle of institute of the present invention foundation just has the measurement of concetration scope of broad originally, add that discrete group is to structure, can according to tested polyphasic flow concentration adjust sensor to distance, adapt to measurement requirement to variable grain concentration; Stream field disturbs little, avoid the interference of stream field as far as possible, in the time of even sensor head must being invaded the flow field, the beam diameter used owing to sensor of the present invention is thinner, the signal that receives is a transmitted light, can design the sensor head volume very little, the interference of stream field can be reduced to minimum level; Be applicable to on-line measurement, because what utilize is to be easy to the light intensity signal that receives and handle, relative low price, volume is little, can use in a large number as industrial sensor; Do not relate to potential hazards such as radioelement and high voltage, institute's employing components and parts technology is all ripe, can guarantee safe in utilization.
The present invention has substantive distinguishing features and marked improvement, and the present invention can be used for many fields that relate to particle sizing such as scientific research, the chemical industry energy, environmental protection.In addition, it not only can be used as particle measurer and uses separately, also can be used as in other complex instrument basic device and uses.As right, in conjunction with the correlation analysis technology, just can constitute the new instrument that to measure particle phase particle diameter, concentration and speed in the heterogeneous flow field with sensor described in two the present invention; If form array heterogeneous flow field is measured,, can be obtained grain diameter and concentration on certain plane or the distribution situation in the space in conjunction with chromatography analytical technology (also being called medicine CT or industrial PT) with sensor among the present invention.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 principle of work synoptic diagram of the present invention
Fig. 2 transmitting terminal structural representation of the present invention
Fig. 3 receiving end structural representation of the present invention
Fig. 4 is an A-A diagrammatic cross-section shown in Figure 3
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4, the present invention adopts discrete group to structure, be that the present invention is made up of transmitting terminal 1 and receiving end 2 two parts on the whole, transmitting terminal 1 comprises: beam-defining clipper 3, spatial filter 4, transmission-catoptron 5, reference light receiving device 6, semiconductor laser 7 and column-shaped barrel 8, its connected mode is: beam-defining clipper 3, spatial filter 4, transmission-catoptron 5, semiconductor laser 7 are arranged in order, be encapsulated in the column-shaped barrel 8, reference light receiving device 6 is fixed on the sidewall of column-shaped barrel 8, is connected to circuit external by lead; Receiving end 2 comprises: convex lens and metal framework 9, diaphragm 10, two-dimensional adjustment device 11, photoelectric receiving device 12, packaging body 13 and preliminary signal amplification circuit 14, its connected mode: convex lens and metal framework 9, diaphragm 10, two-dimensional adjustment device 11, photoelectric receiving device 12 and preliminary signal amplification circuit 14 are encapsulated in packaging body 13 inside, convex lens and metal framework 9 are by being threaded on the packaging body 13, diaphragm 10 is fixed on the two-dimensional adjustment device 11, photoelectric receiving device 12 is arranged on the two-dimensional adjustment device 11, be positioned at after the diaphragm 10, transmitting terminal 1 and receiving end 2 two parts respectively are integral, independent fully each other, transmitting terminal 1 and receiving end 2 coaxial arrangement during measurement.
Convex lens and metal framework 9 are made up of convex lens 15, metal framework 16, and convex lens 15 are arranged in the metal framework 16, and metal framework 16 is by being threaded on the packaging body, by the distance of 10 of threaded adjusting convex lens 15 and diaphragms.
Two-dimensional adjustment device 11 is made up of two slide blocks 17,18 that link with dovetail groove, wherein slide block 17 is fixedly connected with two bolts 19, bolt 19 connects with packaging body 13 by unthreaded hole, and pass through this bolt 19 is regulated these slide block 17 positions on the one dimension direction, with 19 pairs of vertical directions of this bolt on other pair of bolts 20 is arranged, bolt 20 is connected with friction mode with another slide block 18.
Column-shaped barrel 8 and packaging body 13 front ends all have aperture, and they are passages of light beam and protection fluid.
Prevent components and parts that pollutant stains sensor internal by the protected fluid mode, utilize promptly that cleaning main flow liquid allows its aperture from sensor front end flow out as protective medium in the polyphasic flow; The interference that reduces protection liquid convection field is by two kinds of measures: the one, reduce the diameter in hole, and reduce the flow of protection fluid, the 2nd, the effluxvelocity of fluid is protected in control.
Provide following examples in conjunction with content of the present invention:
Adopt the present invention that the atomizer size droplet diameter is measured, what use in the measurement is the gas-liquid two-phase flow nozzle, the present invention is installed on the crossbeam of automatic three-dimensional coordinate frame, transmitting terminal 1 and receiving end 2 are on the same surface level during installation, make sensor to being in the works fine situation by micromatic setting 11.The surveying work process is such: the light that sends from semiconductor laser 7 is divided into measurement light beam and reference beam through transmission one catoptron 5, the gross energy of reference beam accounts for whole beam energies about 10%, another part of light beam gets a promotion through spatial filter 4 back quality, this light beam forms and measures required diameter by beam-defining clipper 3.Light pencil is by containing the polyphasic flow of particle, because the photoextinction and the macroscopic motion of particle, transmitted light is with weakened and certain pulsation character arranged.Contain particle grain size and concentration information in this variation of beam intensity, transmitted light enters receiving end 2 and carries out Fourier transform via convex lens 9, on its focal plane, form the far field scattered field of particle, by diaphragm 10, the photoelectric receiving device 12 that only has transmitted light to be installed in behind the diaphragm 10 receives, and light signal is converted to electric signal.Electric signal is the input computing machine after amplification and A/D conversion, obtains particle grain size and concentration by Computer Processing.
For measurement result there being a certain amount of comparison, with PDA (Phase Doppler analyser) spray particle diameter to be measured, their measurement result is the parallel lines of two close proximity.But physical dimension of the present invention greatly reduces than PDA, and this makes the present invention can reduce the interference of stream field to a great extent, and the debugging of equipment is fairly simple.What the present invention received is the energy signal of transmitted light, and the Phase Processing equipment of the relative PDA of signal handling equipment price is cheaply many, for its a large amount of use in commercial production provides precondition.The present invention is with the comparison of PDA measurement result, change of size measurement result of the present invention is consistent with PDA measurement trend, relative deviation is in 10%, grain diameter measurement result of the present invention is identical with the measurement result of PDA at Changing Pattern, and quantitatively to be two kinds of technology cause for the definition of grain diameter and to the difference of the degree of recognition of aspherical particle the difference on.
Claims (5)
1, a kind of grain diameter, the concentration optical sensor, form by transmitting terminal (1) and receiving end (2) two parts, it is characterized in that: transmitting terminal (1) comprising: beam-defining clipper (3), spatial filter (4), transmission-catoptron (5), reference light receiving device (6), semiconductor laser (7) and column-shaped barrel (8), its connected mode is: beam-defining clipper (3), spatial filter (4), transmission-catoptron (5), semiconductor laser (7) is arranged in order, be encapsulated in the column-shaped barrel (8), reference light receiving device (6) is fixed on the sidewall of column-shaped barrel (8), be connected to circuit external by lead, receiving end (2) comprising: convex lens and metal framework (9), diaphragm (10), two-dimensional adjustment device (11), photoelectric receiving device (12), packaging body (13) and preliminary signal amplification circuit (14), its connected mode: convex lens and metal framework (9), diaphragm (10), two-dimensional adjustment device (11), photoelectric receiving device (12), packaging body (13) and preliminary signal amplification circuit (14) are encapsulated in packaging body (13) inside, convex lens and metal framework (9) are by being threaded on the packaging body (13), diaphragm (10) is fixed on the two-dimensional adjustment device (11), photoelectric receiving device (12) is arranged on the two-dimensional adjustment device (11), be positioned at diaphragm (10) afterwards, transmitting terminal (1) and receiving end (2) two parts respectively are integral, independent fully each other, transmitting terminal during measurement (1) and receiving end (2) coaxial arrangement.
2, this grain diameter according to claim 1, concentration optical sensor, it is characterized in that convex lens and metal framework (9) be made up of convex lens (15), metal framework (16), convex lens (15) are arranged in the metal framework (16), metal framework (16) is by being threaded on the packaging body (13), and by the distance between threaded adjusting convex lens (15) and diaphragm (10).
3, this grain diameter according to claim 1, concentration optical sensor, it is characterized in that two-dimensional adjustment device (11) is made up of two slide blocks that link with dovetail groove (17), (18), one of them slide block (17) is fixedly connected with two bolts (19), bolt (19) connects by the same packaging body of unthreaded hole (13), and pass through this to the position of bolt (19) adjusting slider (17) on the one dimension direction, other pair of bolts (20) is being arranged with this bolt (19) on to vertical direction, bolt (20) is connected with friction mode with another slide block (18).
4, this grain diameter according to claim 1, concentration optical sensor is characterized in that column-shaped barrel (8) and packaging body (13) front end all are provided with aperture, and they are passages of light beam and protection fluid.
5, this grain diameter according to claim 1, concentration optical sensor, it is characterized in that preventing that particle from staining the components and parts of sensor internal by the protected fluid mode, promptly utilize and clean main flow liquid in the polyphasic flow, allow its aperture flow out from sensor front end as protective medium; The interference that reduces protection liquid convection field is by two kinds of measures: the one, reduce the diameter in hole, and reduce the flow of protection fluid, the 2nd, the effluxvelocity of fluid is protected in control.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 02145279 CN1208613C (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2002-11-14 | Particle radius, concentration photosensor |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 02145279 CN1208613C (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2002-11-14 | Particle radius, concentration photosensor |
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| CN1410756A true CN1410756A (en) | 2003-04-16 |
| CN1208613C CN1208613C (en) | 2005-06-29 |
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101943654A (en) * | 2010-09-09 | 2011-01-12 | 王靖 | Real-time online optical monitoring device for crushed material granularity |
| CN1914499B (en) * | 2003-12-10 | 2011-01-19 | 荷兰应用科学研究会(Tno) | Method and apparatus for obtaining information about the size distribution of macroscopic particles in a liquid |
| CN101169364B (en) * | 2007-09-27 | 2011-03-23 | 上海理工大学 | Method and device for measuring discrete state granule graininess distribution |
| CN102033124A (en) * | 2009-12-25 | 2011-04-27 | 北京博晖创新光电技术股份有限公司 | Immunofluorescence detection device and detection method |
| CN102636422A (en) * | 2012-05-09 | 2012-08-15 | 上海理工大学 | Nanoparticle solution concentration measuring device and measuring method thereof |
| CN104568761A (en) * | 2014-12-25 | 2015-04-29 | 苏州优谱德精密仪器科技有限公司 | Photoelectric detection device |
| CN105572004A (en) * | 2015-12-23 | 2016-05-11 | 福州大学 | Suspension particle concentration measuring instrument and measuring method thereof |
| CN106525675A (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2017-03-22 | 合肥福瞳光电科技有限公司 | Online monitoring device of atmospheric particulate matter concentration |
| CN109459739A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-03-12 | 深圳市速腾聚创科技有限公司 | Stray light cancellation element |
| CN111912755A (en) * | 2020-08-07 | 2020-11-10 | 山东中煤工矿物资集团有限公司 | Mining dust concentration sensor, sensor system and method |
| CN113916734A (en) * | 2021-09-09 | 2022-01-11 | 深圳市量宇科技有限公司 | Particle detection method based on cross-cut method |
| CN116359086A (en) * | 2023-06-01 | 2023-06-30 | 南昌科晨电力试验研究有限公司 | Measurement device-based pulverized coal particle size and mass concentration measurement method |
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2002
- 2002-11-14 CN CN 02145279 patent/CN1208613C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1914499B (en) * | 2003-12-10 | 2011-01-19 | 荷兰应用科学研究会(Tno) | Method and apparatus for obtaining information about the size distribution of macroscopic particles in a liquid |
| CN101169364B (en) * | 2007-09-27 | 2011-03-23 | 上海理工大学 | Method and device for measuring discrete state granule graininess distribution |
| CN102033124A (en) * | 2009-12-25 | 2011-04-27 | 北京博晖创新光电技术股份有限公司 | Immunofluorescence detection device and detection method |
| CN101943654A (en) * | 2010-09-09 | 2011-01-12 | 王靖 | Real-time online optical monitoring device for crushed material granularity |
| CN102636422A (en) * | 2012-05-09 | 2012-08-15 | 上海理工大学 | Nanoparticle solution concentration measuring device and measuring method thereof |
| CN104568761A (en) * | 2014-12-25 | 2015-04-29 | 苏州优谱德精密仪器科技有限公司 | Photoelectric detection device |
| CN105572004A (en) * | 2015-12-23 | 2016-05-11 | 福州大学 | Suspension particle concentration measuring instrument and measuring method thereof |
| CN106525675B (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2019-01-22 | 合肥福瞳光电科技有限公司 | A kind of atmosphere particle concentration on-Line Monitor Device |
| CN106525675A (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2017-03-22 | 合肥福瞳光电科技有限公司 | Online monitoring device of atmospheric particulate matter concentration |
| CN109459739A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-03-12 | 深圳市速腾聚创科技有限公司 | Stray light cancellation element |
| CN109459739B (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2024-02-27 | 深圳市速腾聚创科技有限公司 | Stray light eliminating device |
| CN111912755A (en) * | 2020-08-07 | 2020-11-10 | 山东中煤工矿物资集团有限公司 | Mining dust concentration sensor, sensor system and method |
| CN111912755B (en) * | 2020-08-07 | 2021-08-10 | 山东中煤工矿物资集团有限公司 | Mining dust concentration sensor, sensor system and method |
| CN113916734A (en) * | 2021-09-09 | 2022-01-11 | 深圳市量宇科技有限公司 | Particle detection method based on cross-cut method |
| CN116359086A (en) * | 2023-06-01 | 2023-06-30 | 南昌科晨电力试验研究有限公司 | Measurement device-based pulverized coal particle size and mass concentration measurement method |
| CN116359086B (en) * | 2023-06-01 | 2023-09-08 | 南昌科晨电力试验研究有限公司 | Measurement device-based pulverized coal particle size and mass concentration measurement method |
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