CN1381170A - 一种多年生藤本豆及其栽培法 - Google Patents

一种多年生藤本豆及其栽培法 Download PDF

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CN1381170A
CN1381170A CN 02121130 CN02121130A CN1381170A CN 1381170 A CN1381170 A CN 1381170A CN 02121130 CN02121130 CN 02121130 CN 02121130 A CN02121130 A CN 02121130A CN 1381170 A CN1381170 A CN 1381170A
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周玉文
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Zhou Nan
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种豆科植物新品种,即利用野生藤豆母本雄性不孕与大油豆杂交,即采取粒性诱发,风土驯化,自交分离选拔固定后进行杂交,对杂交后代继续采用粒性诱发选拔,风土驯化的育种措施,而获得一种含4至5粒性大型荚果,本发明所培育多年生藤豆因多年生具有多种抗逆性,不需要防病虫害用药;因具有大的根瘤能强力自身固氮,所以无须追施化肥。可利用大自然荒山、陡坡、沙丘,集中建设天然野林式,多年生藤本豆角林生产出口基地,生产出山野味、香气浓浓,返朴归真的豆角,产品具有很好的市场竞争力。

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一种多年生藤本豆及其栽培法
本发明涉及一种豆科植物新品种及其栽培方法。
野生型多年生藤本豆(野生藤豆)是一种野生扁豆,它侧重藤蔓性具有扁豆的物质性。多年生藤本豆角(豆科扁豆属,亦简称多年生藤豆),因是野生(抗逆性强),多年生植物(长生不老),藤本(生命力顽强),豆科(营养丰富、保护土壤可持续利用),这样四合一体,具有一般豆科植物无法比拟的优良特性。但野生多年生藤本豆角,荚果瘦小(扁瘪),内含一至二粒小种籽,可利用部分少。在无霜期短地方(如中国长春)不能在自然条件下结种传代。
本发明的目的是为培育出一种能保存多年生野生藤豆抗逆性强、,多年生、藤本(生命力顽强)、营养丰富、保护土壤可持续利用这些特点,又具有荚果更饱满(鼓粒),含更高的粒性(四至五粒)的多年生藤豆,产量高能适应大规模生产。本发明采用培育方法为:
利用野生藤豆母本雄性不孕与大油豆杂交,将扁、瘪、1至3粒性小型藤豆荚果,变成4至5粒性大型荚果,即采取粒性诱发,风土驯化,自交分离选拔固定后进行杂交,对杂交后代继续采用粒性诱发选拔,风土驯化的育种措施,具体描述如下:
第一步首先在室内满足野生藤豆的生长发育要求,实现在室内结出成熟种子。
第二步把以上室内结出的成熟的野生藤豆小种子,采取室内早期育苗法,当外界温度适宜时移栽到田间。到秋收时,从中选拔成熟较早的,单收可成熟的种籽。
第三步将田间较早期能成熟单收的野生藤豆种子,直播到田间,从中选拔出成熟期较早的材料,经这样多次选拔,逐渐实现在田间能直播选种,获得真正早熟的育种材料。
第四步在田间获得早熟材料的基础上,开始对荚果瘦小(扁瘪)含—至二粒野生藤豆小种籽,展开荚果肥大饱满(鼓粒)提高粒性的育种工作。因荚果的粒性,在高营养条件下刺激,多粒性易充分表现出来,抓此良机选拔多粒性材料。而在脊薄营养条件下,不易表现多粒性,易出低粒性,此时严格淘汰低粒性材料。经三代选拔,那些荚果饱满,含粒性高的育种材料是稳定可靠的。
第五步对获得稳定可靠野生藤豆的材料,利用其母本雄性不孕与大油豆进行杂交丰富其遗传性,再对杂交后代继续进行高营养刺激诱发,选荚果饱满的多粒性材料,再转到营养脊薄条件下,淘汰低粒性材料,直到实现荚果更饱满(鼓粒),含更高的粒性(四至五粒)稳定为止。多年生藤本豆角与各类豆角产量比较见表1。
                     表1       多年生藤本豆角与各类豆角产量比较表
品种名称             产量 结荚数/株            重量 霜害表现  病情指数(5级分)    生育150天后表现
  (kg/亩)   (kg/株)   (g/单荚)   (g/单穗)
  东北王油豆 2500 1 80 10 0 死亡 4.0 死亡
  多年生藤豆 3500 2 150 12.7 150 生长旺盛 0.2   生长旺盛产量猛增
  扁豆   2000   0.4   50   7   70   枯萎   2.0   衰老枯黄
  紫丁香豆   2500   0.5   60   10   0   死亡   5.0   死亡
注:多年生藤豆,在34节位后,开始节节发生花序、结荚,有延长生育期条件,产量可倍增。
本发明人同时也十分重视各种综合优良性状的培育、发现巩固提高工作。如:抗病虫、抗旱涝、抗盐碱、抗寒,可连作、耐弱光、多年长绿性、广泛适应性、广泛间作共生性、商品适口性、高附加值,从野生状态培育至现在,不施农药化肥,努力培育实现产品三色(绿色无毒,荚皮红色强心,种子黑色补肾),高档长寿食品,比扁豆和普通豆角好,属山野味,香气浓浓的返朴归真高级食品。荚果有艳丽红色光泽,十分可观。美丽(红、紫、白)变色的蝶形花,甜香蜜味,是可观可食的高级食品。本发明所培育多年生藤豆的生物学特性:
1.根:多年生藤本豆科植物,是无限生长藤蔓型,有较大的根瘤菌,布满根区,进行强大的自我自生固氮,供给充足养料。耐弱光性强,能在根深叶茂,大杏树根底下,摄取养料共生。因是无限生长型藤蔓,3个月时间可爬上杏树顶端10米高空,藤茎粗度0.5~0.8cm,藤蔓爬性分布密如蛛网,属特高藤蔓植物,藤蔓有再生能力,有顽强拉力,载满花果,编织篱笆,快速防风固沙,是造林保护小幼树的森林卫士,在温度适宜地方,可长青不老,多年连续结豆角。
2.叶:为桃形三出叶,叶脉紫红色,嫩叶可菜食,亦可作饲料。
3.花:蝶形花,初开红色,授粉后粉色,花落时白色。一枚雌蕊,10枚雄蕊。百日龄见花见果,化香甜如蜜。温度在0℃以上,多年连续开花,无限花序,叶腋处,长出一个60cm长红紫色花串,着生20~30朵蝶形花(无慌花),小花均匀分布在花串上,盛开时壮观如花的海洋。
5.荚果(豆角):葡萄穗状荚果穗,肥胖饱满(鼓粒)喜人,每串果穗挂着20~30个荚果(豆角),荚扁宽呈马蹄形,嫩荚红色,有艳丽光泽。荚果穗重150g,单株产量5kg至10kg,一般肥力条件下,多年生藤豆和大油豆混间种每公顷两种豆角产量可达7万kg。在长绿地区栽培,满足生育期要求,产量更为可观。
6.荚果的适口性:嫩荚细腻多汁甜香可口。荚有两细筋,荚质无柴。脱粒后,老荚种皮去掉两细筋后仍可食用,肉质细腻甜面无柴。成熟种籽有浓香豆性气味,可制高级食品。
7.生长特点:不受病虫危害,零下2~3℃,短时间可正常生长,在长时间零下3~4℃死亡。在中国长春地区,抗寒性仅次于大白菜。在北方大棚里和南方长绿地区,2~32℃多年长青不停的结豆角和种籽。在北方陆地或大棚里与黄瓜、番茄、大油豆混间作共生时,当黄瓜、番茄、大油豆衰老死亡后,它很快占满架位,投入多年生藤本豆角生产,在陆地或大棚不低于2~20℃,可长年不停的结豆角。
8.可提前育苗移栽,够百日龄,温度适宜,可长年开花结角。够百日龄育成的秧苗,移栽田间、温度适宜,最快可50天上市,它可提前100天上市,又可延后100天下市,条件适宜可全天候工厂化的生产豆角和种籽。本发明多年生藤本豆角生产可采用以下栽培法:
可直播种子,可以育苗移栽,藤蔓插条,也可用老根活贮再定植,气温不低于零度(℃)的地区,一次下种可多年采收。播种方法可用平播、垅作,也可丛栽植(穴四至五株),一般行株距80×80cm,根据用根据蔬菜、粮食、林木、花卉栽培的目的要求,可以选择适宜的方法。
因多年生藤本豆具有多种抗逆性,不需要防病虫害用药;因具有大的根瘤能强力自身固氮,所以无须追施化肥。
附图说明:图1.多年生藤豆光泽艳丽的果穗。图2.多年生藤豆与杏树共生,花串爬过杏树顶尖,花色艳丽,果实累累。图3.多年生藤豆与杏树共生,长达10米的藤蔓和成熟的果穗。图4.多年生藤豆与玉米间作(藤豆花串爬过玉米顶尖)。图5.盛花期的多年生藤豆。
本发明具有以下优点:
1.无限生长藤蔓型,能充分利用空间,节省土地,利用山川陡坡。天然多年生常绿,用种籽量少。根瘤菌大,自生固氮能力强,不用追化肥,枝叶繁茂,是养畜的好饲料。
2.可重茬连作,不需要农药化肥,不受病虫危害,保护环境,不给菜区空气、土壤、水分留下残毒,可持续发展。
3.它属特色高新环保型农业,快速防风固沙特用植物型,适合规模化、工厂化、外向型、都市美容型、高效经济型,是人民希望绿色蔬菜、粮食、林木、花卉兼备一体的植物新奇特品种。它能与一些蔬菜(大油豆、黄瓜、番茄)间作共生,粮食(玉米)间作共生,果林(杏、桃、苹果)间作共生,花卉(君子兰)间作共生等短时间或长期共生。采用育苗贮备,可以用在农业快速赈灾,给农民带来了经济效益。它的广泛适应性,可在荒山、荒滩、荒沟、荒漠、山川、陡坡、铁路、公路两旁,封闭垃圾山、广场、庭院、庄园篱笆、楼房、室内和一些非耕地,均可变成美丽花果山,它像柳树那样,栽到那里活到那里的适应性,它分散种植,可到千家万户,室内、阳台、庭院种上几株,观花看果,又可解决无毒豆角自给。因它可粗放管理,不施农药化肥,不受病虫危害,可利用大自然荒山、陡坡、沙丘,集中建设天然野林式,多年生藤本豆角林生产出口基地,生产出山野味、香气浓浓,返朴归真的豆角,产品有独占国内外市场的竞争力。
本发明称“多年生藤本豆”系指经本发明人培育而成的非野生型的多年生藤本豆(简称多年生藤豆或藤豆)。

Claims (3)

1.一种多年生藤本豆,其特征是该藤本豆利用藤豆母本雄性不孕与大油豆杂交而获得一种有较大的根瘤菌,布满根区,进行强大的自我自生固氮的无限生长藤蔓型豆科植物,含4至5粒性大荚果。
2.权利要求1所述的多年生藤本豆,其特征是通过以下步骤培育成的,即:第一步首先在室内满足野生藤豆的生长发育要求,实现在室内结出成熟种子。第二步把以上室内结出的成熟的野生藤豆小种子,采取室内早期育苗法,当外界温度适宜时移栽到田间。到秋收时,从中选拔成熟较早的,单收可成熟的种籽。第三步将田间较早期能成熟单收的野生藤豆种子,直播到田间,从中选拔出成熟期较早的材料,经这样多次选拔,逐渐实现在田间能直播选种,获得真正早熟的育种材料。第四步在田间获得早熟材料的基础上,开始对荚果瘦小(扁瘪)含—至二粒野生藤豆小种籽,展开荚果肥大饱满(鼓粒)提高粒性的育种工作。此时严格淘汰低粒性材料,经三代选拔,那些荚果饱满,含粒性高的育种材料是稳定可靠的。第五步对获得稳定可靠野生藤豆的材料,利用其母本雄性不孕与大油豆进行杂交丰富其遗传性,再对杂交后代继续进行高营养刺激诱发,选荚果饱满的多粒性材料,再转到营养脊薄条件下,淘汰低粒性材料,直到实现荚果更饱满(鼓粒),含更高的粒性(四至五粒)稳定为止。
3.一种多年生藤本豆的栽培方法,其特征是可直播种子,可以育苗移栽,藤蔓插条,也可用老根活贮再定植,气温不低于0℃的地区,一次下种可多年采收。播种方法可用平播、垅作,也可丛栽植,每穴四至五株,一般行株距80×80cm,根据用根据蔬菜、粮食、林木、花卉栽培的目的要求,可以选择适宜的方法。
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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102144531A (zh) * 2010-12-14 2011-08-10 周玉文 一种具有抗涝抗旱两重特性的多年生藤本豆的培育及其栽培法
CN102273372A (zh) * 2011-05-25 2011-12-14 成都旌湖农业开发有限公司 金紫豆日光温室种植方法
CN104488486A (zh) * 2014-11-20 2015-04-08 柳州市源晨农副产品有限公司 一种豆角种植技术
CN107624593A (zh) * 2017-10-12 2018-01-26 长葛市联发粮食专业合作社 一种夏玉米豆角的高产套种方法
CN114223543A (zh) * 2021-12-28 2022-03-25 青岛绿色硅谷科技有限公司 一种耐弱光番茄品种的培育方法

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102144531A (zh) * 2010-12-14 2011-08-10 周玉文 一种具有抗涝抗旱两重特性的多年生藤本豆的培育及其栽培法
CN102144531B (zh) * 2010-12-14 2012-07-18 周玉文 一种具有抗涝抗旱两重特性的多年生藤本豆的培育及其栽培法
CN102273372A (zh) * 2011-05-25 2011-12-14 成都旌湖农业开发有限公司 金紫豆日光温室种植方法
CN104488486A (zh) * 2014-11-20 2015-04-08 柳州市源晨农副产品有限公司 一种豆角种植技术
CN107624593A (zh) * 2017-10-12 2018-01-26 长葛市联发粮食专业合作社 一种夏玉米豆角的高产套种方法
CN114223543A (zh) * 2021-12-28 2022-03-25 青岛绿色硅谷科技有限公司 一种耐弱光番茄品种的培育方法
CN114223543B (zh) * 2021-12-28 2023-03-10 青岛绿色硅谷科技有限公司 一种耐弱光番茄品种的培育方法

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