CN1363714A - 利用耐腐蚀铝合金层保护镍基合金制品的表面 - Google Patents
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Abstract
镍基合金制品的表面比如气轮机翼片(22)的内部表面(36)利用由铝和至少一种其他元素构成的保护层(40)进行保护。为形成该保护层(40),原料合金接触制品的被保护表面,同时将该制品和原料合金加热至贴合温度,该温度高于原料合金的绝对固相线温度的约0.7,但使原料合金保持为接触制品的被保护表面的凝聚相形式。此后原料合金互相扩散入制品的被保护表面。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及带有铝合金表面保护层的镍基合金制品的保护,尤其涉及燃气轮机翼片内表面的保护。
背景技术
在航空器燃气轮机(喷气)发动机中,空气被引入发动机前部,由装在轴上的压缩机压缩,并与燃料混合。混合物燃烧,然后炙热的废气流经安装在同一轴上的气轮机。燃气流通过冲击在气轮机叶片和轮叶(vane)的翼片部分而转动气轮机,从而转动所述轴且给压缩机和风扇提供动力。在更复杂形式的燃气轮机中,压缩机和高压气轮机安装在一根轴上,而风扇和低压气轮机安装在另一根轴上。无论如何,炙热的废气从发动机后部流出,向前驱动发动机和航空器。
燃气越热,喷气发动机的工作越有效率。因此,存在着提高燃气温度的诱因。燃气的最高温度通常受用于制成被炙热的燃气冲击在其上的气轮机轮叶和叶片的材料限制。在现有的发动机中,气轮机轮叶和叶片由镍基超合金制成,可在高达约1900-2150°F的温度下工作。
已经采用许多方案将气轮机叶片和轮叶的翼片部分的工作温度极限提高到现有的水平。例如,已经改进了基体材料本身的成分和处理工艺,且已经开发了各种固化技术,利用定向的晶粒结构和单晶结构。
也可以采用物理冷却技术。在一种技术中,在气轮机翼片的内部设有内部冷却通道。空气被推入而通过翼片的内部冷却通道和外表面的出口,从翼片内部带走热量,在某些情况下,在翼片的表面处形成冷却空气的边界层。
与上述方案相结合,涂层和表面保护层用于抑制气轮机翼片的内、外表面的腐蚀和氧化。例如,内部冷却通道的表面可以用铝化物扩散涂层来保护,该涂层氧化形成氧化铝保护氧化皮,防止内部表面的进一步氧化。许多施加形成内部的扩散铝化物保护层的铝涂层的技术都是公知的,包括化学汽相沉积、汽相铝化和包填(above-the-pack)技术。
在产生本发明的研究中,发明人已经认识到希望将其他元素与铝一起共同沉积而改善保护层的耐氧化和/或腐蚀性能。可用的沉积方法的缺点是难以在合金的成分得到良好的控制的条件下将除铝之外还含有调整元素的合金涂布到内表面。因此,可用的工艺主要针对的是涂布简单的扩散铝化物而不是更复杂的扩散铝化物合金,这种铝化物利用了与铝共同沉积的合金元素的有益效果。
因此,需要在表面的特定区域上、尤其是在比如气轮机翼片的制品内表面上沉积含铝的保护层的改进方法。本发明满足了这种需要,还带来了相关的优点。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种保护制品比如由镍基超合金制成的气轮机翼片的表面的方法。该方法可以通过改变凝聚相合金的合金含量而确定施加到被保护表面上的保护层的成分,而不是依靠汽相的难以控制的性能。因此,复杂的扩散铝化物保护层可以施加到被保护表面,同时利用了合金元素所带来的有益性能。虽然本发明的方法的最大优点是在内部表面被保护时实现的,但本发明的方法易用于制备内、外被保护表面。
一种用于保护制品表面的方法,包括制备由镍基合金制成的制品。提供铝和至少一种其他元素构成的原料合金,并施加到所述制品的被保护表面上。施加的步骤包括步骤:使原料合金接触制品的被保护表面,同时将该制品和原料合金加热到贴合温度(coating temperature),该贴合温度高于绝对固相线温度的0.7,但使原料合金保持为凝聚相形式接触制品被保护表面。贴合温度最好约为1700°F至2100°F的范围内。此后,原料合金部分地或完全地互相扩散入制品的被保护表面。互相扩散过程持续所需的时间,以实现所需程度的互相扩散,但通常在贴合温度下约1至10小时的一段时间内进行。
目前最关注的制品是气轮机发动机的部件,比如气轮机翼片。虽然内、外表面都可以被保护,但内部被保护表面是最关注的,由于缺乏从其他类型的涂敷源到内部被保护表面的视线接近,所以内部被保护表面更难于用涂层和保护层进行保护。
铝合金包括至少一种其他元素,例如铬、锆、铪、钇、铈、铂和钯以及其混合物。一些特定的示例是铝加以合金的重量百分比计含量小于约30%的铬;铝加以合金的重量百分比计含量小于约64%的铂;铝加以合金的重量百分比计含量小于约60%的钯;铝加以合金的重量百分比计含量小于约50%的锆;铝加以合金的重量百分比计含量小于约69%的铪;铝加以合金的重量百分比计含量小于约60%的钇;铝加以合金的重量百分比计含量小于约40%的铈。熔点抑制剂比如硅也可以包括在原料合金中。在优选的硅熔点抑制剂的情况下,合金中硅含量以合金的重量百分比计最好低于约20%。本发明方法的特定优点是两种以上元素构成的原料合金易于制备和使用,这与在同时控制沉积两种或更多元素时有很大困难的汽相沉积技术不同。
该合金可以通过任何可行的方法输送到待保护的制品表面。示例是泡沫和浆液。
本发明的方法不同于普通的用于内部表面的铝化技术,在该技术中铝经过较长的距离经汽相从源输送至表面。汽源可以远离要保护的表面几英寸,而在本发明中凝聚相的原料合金直接物理接触待保护的表面。不同元素比如铝和合金元素的汽体输送的相对速度难以调整而获得一致的成分。代替的是,在本发明的方法中,铝和一种或多种合金元素构成的原料合金源是直接物理接触待被保护表面的凝聚相,可取的是在基体表面上连续或非连续的原料合金层的形式。如在此所用,“凝聚相”是固体、液体或固体和液体的混合物,但不是汽体。在大多数情况下,包括铝和合金元素的基本上所有的原料合金扩散入被保护表面,所以从外部源引入的所有元素的含量是确实可知的。还认识到可能存在着原料合金的偶然汽化以及随后的再沉积,因为在贴合温度下存在元素的蒸汽压力,但原料合金的元素到被保护表面的主要运动模式是在原料合金中的固态和/或液态扩散,和在镍基合金中的固态扩散。
贴合温度超过原料合金的绝对固相线温度的0.7,但不会太高,以致于原料合金不再为凝聚相。(在绝对温标上测量的温度与以绝对温标测量的合金的固相线温度的比值有时称作“同系温度”,且在本例情况下贴合温度是超过约0.7的同系温度的温度。)贴合温度可以超过原料合金的固相线温度,使得至少存在某些液相。原料合金主要是接触被处理的被保护表面的凝聚相(即,固体、液体或固体和液体的混合物)是关键的。
从下面结合附图对优选实施例的更详细的描述可知,本发明的其他特征和优点将更明显,其中附图通过示例说明了本发明的原理。然而,本发明的范围不限于该优选实施例。
附图说明
图1是气轮机叶片的透视图;
图2是图1的气轮机叶片沿线2-2剖面的放大的剖面示意图;
图3是用于制备内部涂敷的气轮机翼片的方法的方框流程图。
发明的详细说明
图1示出了气轮机发动机的部件比如气轮机叶片或气轮机轮叶,且在该图中所示为气轮机叶片20。气轮机叶片20由任何适当的材料制成,但最好是镍基超合金。气轮机叶片20包括翼片部分22,炙热的废气直接导向该翼片部分上。(就相关的翼片部分来说,气轮机轮叶具有类似的外观,但通常含有其他的支撑翼片的端部结构。)气轮机叶片20通过楔形榫24安装在气轮机叶片盘(未示出)上,其中楔形榫从翼片22向下延伸且啮合气轮机叶片盘上的槽。平台26从翼片22连接于楔形榫24的区域向外纵向延伸。许多内部通道延伸穿过翼片22的内部,终止于翼片22表面上的开口28。在使用过程中,冷却空气流穿过所述内部通道,而降低翼片22的温度。翼片22可以描述为具有邻近楔形榫24的根端30,和相反位置的远离楔形榫24的顶端32。
图2是穿过翼片22的纵向剖面图,示出了延伸穿过翼片22内部的内部通道34之一。内部通道34具有内部翼片表面36,且还有翼片22的金属部分的外部翼片表面38。
保护区域40位于内部翼片的被保护表面36处。保护区域40通过在内部翼片被保护表面36上沉积铝和至少一种其他元素构成的原料合金而形成,从而使翼片22的本体作为基体42。(术语“被保护表面”用于表示已经进行保护的表面或者将要通过形成保护区域而保护、但在进行保护之前的表面。)原料合金通常以接触被保护表面的固体或液体层的形式沉积。所述的至少一种其他(合金)元素可以是例如铬、锆、铪、钇、铈、铂和钯及其混合物,或者是可以通过随后论述的技术施加的任何其他元素。沉积的原料合金与基体42的材料互相扩散,在内部翼片被保护表面36下面形成保护区域40。在多数情况下,保护区域40具有铝和来自原料合金的至少一种其他元素的浓度在内部翼片被保护表面36附近最高,且随着远离内部翼片被保护表面36进入基体42内的距离的增加而减小的成分。调整的扩散铝化物保护区域40通常约为0.0005至0.005英寸厚。当暴露于高温氧化环境时,内部翼片被保护表面36处的富铝区域氧化而在内部翼片被保护表面36处形成高度附着的氧化铝(Al2O3)保护层,抑制、减缓了进一步的氧化破坏。所述的至少一种其他元素调整且改善了保护区域40的耐氧化和/腐蚀性能。比如稍后论述的且施加到外部翼片表面38的重叠涂层不用在内部翼片被保护表面36上,因为已知没有合适的沉积技术。
外部翼片表面38也可以进行保护,图2示出了一种方法。保护涂层44重叠且接触外部翼片表面38。保护涂层44具有重叠且接触外部翼片表面38的保护层46。保护层46最好由扩散铝化物或重叠的成分形成。当使用时,扩散铝化物可以是简单的扩散铝化物或者是调整的扩散铝化物,比如上面相对于保护区域40所述的。当使用时,重叠的保护涂层最好是McrAlX型。术语“McrAlX”是本领域速记术语,用于可以在热屏障涂层系统中用作环境涂层或粘结层的各种系列的重叠保护层46。在该种和其他形式中,M指的是镍、钴、铁及其组合。在这些保护涂层的某些涂层中,可以省去铬。X指的是元素铪、锆、钇、钽、铼、钌、钯、铂、硅、钛、硼、碳及其组合。特定成分在本领域是公知的。McrAlX成分的某些示例包括例如NiAlCrZr和NiAlZr,但这种示例列举不应当作为限制。保护层46约0.0005至0.010英寸厚。这些保护层46通常在本领域公知。
或者,陶瓷层48重叠且接触保护层46。陶瓷层48最好是氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(yrtria-stabilized zirconia),其中氧化锆中含有重量百分比约为2%至20%的氧化钇,且最好是约3%至8%。陶瓷层48通常约0.003英寸至0.010英寸厚。其他可行的陶瓷材料也可以使用。当不存在陶瓷层48时,保护层46称为“环境涂层”。当存在陶瓷层48时,保护层46称为“粘结层”。
图3示出了实现本发明方法的优选方案。制备一制品,附图标记为60,在本例中是比如在气轮机叶片20或气轮机轮叶中的翼片部分22。该制品可以通过任何可行的方法制备。在气轮机叶片翼片的情况下,气轮机叶片固化而具有内部通道34,或者它可以固化为实心工件,然后在该实心工件上加工形成内部通道,或者可以使用组合方法。
该制品由镍基合金制成。如在此所用,“某金属基”指的是成分中含有比任何其他元素更多所指的金属。例如镍基合金含有比任何其他元素更多的镍。镍基合金又可以是镍基超合金,指的是通过口相或相关相的析出而强化的成分。典型的镍基合金具有的成分以重量百分比计为约1%至25%的钴、约1%至25%的铬、约0至8%的铝、约0至10%的钼、约0至12%的钨、约0至12的钽、约0至5%的钛、约0至7%的铼、约0至6%的钌、约0至4%的铌、约0至0.2%的碳、约0至约0.15%的硼、约0至0.05%的钇、约0至1.6%的铪,余量是镍和不可避免的杂质。
提供铝和至少一种其他(合金)元素构成的原料合金,附图标记为62。所述至少一种其他元素是任一种选取用来改善后续处理之后最终产品保护区域40的性能的元素。最有利的所述至少一种其他元素的示例包括铬、锆、铪、钇、铈、铂和钯,以及其混合物。更可取的是,示例包括包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计有效含量低于约30%的铬的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计有效含量低于约64%的铂的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计有效含量低于约60%的钯的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计有效含量低于约50%的锆的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计有效含量低于约69%的铪的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计有效含量低于约60%的钇的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计有效含量低于约40%的铈的原料合金。如果在每种情况下这些含量超过,那么同系温度将过低而不能与镍基基体合金相一致,导致较差的互相扩散,且可能导致原料合金的未扩散成分保留在表面处或者铝和调整元素没有充分转移到表面。更可取的是,示例包括包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量约为2-30%的铬的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量约为4-64%的铂的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量约为4-60%的钯的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量约为0.1-50%的锆的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量约为0.1-69%的铪的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量约为0.1-60%的钇的原料合金;包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量约为0.1-40%的铈的原料合金。如果原料合金中添加元素的含量低于所给处的,那么该添加元素的含量将太小而在保护区域的性能上没有起到真正有效的作用。
原料合金可以通过与所需的多种成分一起形成固态原料合金而含有一种以上的添加元素。比较起来,在汽相处理过程中,很难将一种添加元素从源转移到涂层上,而因为不同元素的汽化和汽相扩散速度不同,利用多种添加元素几乎是不可能的。例如,用在汽相铝化过程中的一种类型的源是铝铬合金,但在这样一种合金上铬的汽相压力与铝的相比较小,可以忽略,结果几乎没有铬通过汽相从源合金转移到沉积涂层上。
熔点抑制剂也可以加入原料合金中,以降低其熔点。优选的熔点抑制剂是以原料合金中的重量百分比计含量约为2-20%的硅。
原料合金最好以精细粉碎的形式制备,比如所示成分的预合金粉。两种或更多类型的粉末可以混合在一起制成原料合金。例如,原料合金可以是铝与添加元素合金化的一种类型的粉末和另一种纯铝或另一种预合金粉类型的粉末的混合物。可以以这种方式实现成分的宽范围。
将原料合金施加到翼片内部被保护表面36上,附图标记为64。原料合金的施加过程最好通过两步来完成。原料合金输送到内部被保护表面36上,作为凝聚相(也就是,液体和/或固体,但不是汽体或气体)的连续或不连续层或涂层保留在内部被保护表面36上,使凝聚相形式的原料合金接触内部被保护表面,附图标记为66。将该制品和合金加热到贴合温度,该温度大于原料合金的绝对固相线温度的约0.7,但使原料合金保持接触制品被保护表面的凝聚相形式,附图标记为68。贴合温度必须超过原料合金的绝对固相线温度的约0.7,以达到足够高的扩散速度。贴合温度不可以太高,以致于凝聚相的原料合金通过沸腾或升华而基本上完全汽化,或者丧失利用凝聚相扩散工艺的优点。为了保护多种基体材料,基体材料的合金化或处理因素进一步限制了贴合温度的范围。在优选实施例中,贴合温度不大于约2100°F,且最好在约1700°F至2100°F的范围内,以便与镍基合金基体的时效循环一致,或者与在某些场合可能使用的钎焊合金一致。步骤66和68或者同时进行,或者步骤68在步骤66之后顺序进行。
该合金必须作为凝聚相直接物理接触内部被保护表面36,以使铝和其他元素进行从原料合金进入基体42的凝聚相扩散。在某些其他的施加过程中,源合金不直接物理接触表面,而是通常离该表面几英寸,使得要沉积的元素通过首先汽化、由汽相传送到表面,然后沉积在表面上而到达表面。在这种情况下,合金元素以非常不同的速度汽化和扩散,致使控制沉积在表面上的材料的成分产生困难。在本例中,元素从原料合金扩散入基体是通过固态或液态扩散进行的。在固相和液相中元素的扩散速度不同,但它们产生一种到达基体的、比当存在着从涂敷源汽化且汽相传送不同元素时所得到的成分更接近原料合金的成分。
凝聚相原料合金可以在步骤66中通过任何适当的方法传送到内部被保护表面上。通常,原料合金与载体混合,然后将混合物施加到待保护的表面上。优选的方法是泡沫或浆。在泡沫工艺中,精细粉碎的原料合金与发泡剂比如聚亚安酯混合。发泡混合物注入内部通道34内。随着泡沫加热时随后塌陷,精细粉碎的原料合金沉积在内部被保护表面36上。在浆液工艺中,精细粉碎的原料合金与液态成浆剂比如液态丙烯酸混合。该混合物以液态注入内部通道34内,使浆液覆盖被保护表面36,且成浆载体汽化而去除,留下沉积在被保护表面36上的原料合金。
该制品和合金在贴合温度下保持一段时间,使内部被保护表面36处的原料合金互相扩散入被保护表面,附图标记为70。在贴合温度范围内优选的互相扩散时间约1至10小时,形成如图2所示的保护区域40。
或者,待保护的被保护表面可以通过清洗剂清洗并助熔,比如含卤化物的清洗剂,从基体42的表面上去除氧化物和其他影响扩散的障碍物。清洗材料是水中可溶的,比如氯化铵、氟化铵和氯化铬,可以溶解在施加到表面的溶剂和溶液中,比如通过将制品浸入溶液中然后干燥。结果是在待保护的表面上形成清洗材料的干膜。清洗材料比如三氟化铝可以与载体混合,然后施加到表面上。
外部表面38是可选地、但可取的是也进行保护,附图标记为72。首先施加外部保护层46,附图标记为74。外部保护层46可以通过任何适当的方法施加。例如与在步骤64中使用的相同方法可以用在步骤74中。在这种情况下,步骤64和74可以同时进行。其他公知的扩散铝化技术可以用在步骤74中,比如汽相铝化,包裹(above-the-pack)铝化等。在这种情况下,步骤74可以在步骤64之前、之后或同时进行。
另一方面,外部保护层46可以是重叠的涂层,使用时,重叠的保护层46最好是McrAlX型。外部保护层46通过任何可行的技术沉积,比如物理汽相沉积(例如溅射、阴极电弧、电子束)或热喷涂。保护层46最好约为0.0005至0.010英寸厚,更可取的是约0.002至0.007英寸厚。在这种情况下,步骤74可以在步骤64之前、之后或同时进行。
陶瓷层48可以重叠施加在外部保护层46上,附图标记为76。可取的是陶瓷层48约0.003至0.010英寸厚,更可取的是约0.005英寸厚。(图2没有按比例绘制)。陶瓷层48最好为氧化钇稳定的氧化锆,其中氧化锆中含有重量百分比约为2%至20%的氧化钇,且可取的是约3%至8%。其他可行的陶瓷材料也可以使用。陶瓷层48可以通过任何可行的技术沉积,比如物理汽相沉积或热喷涂。当使用时,步骤76在步骤74之后,且通常在步骤64之后。
虽然为了说明的目的已经详细描述了本发明的具体实施例,但可以作出各种改进和提高而没有脱离本发明的主旨和范围。因此,除非所附的权利要求,本发明是不受限制的。
Claims (20)
1.一种用于保护制品表面的方法,包含步骤:
制备由镍基合金制成的制品;
提供包含铝和至少一种其他元素的原料合金;
将原料合金施加到制品的被保护表面上,施加的步骤包括步骤:
使原料合金接触制品的被保护表面,
将原料合金和制品加热到贴合温度,该贴合温度高于原料合金的绝对固相线温度的约0.7,但使原料合金保持凝聚相形式接触制品被保护表面,且此后使原料合金互相扩散入制品的被保护表面。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于制备制品的步骤包括制备气轮机发动机的部件(20)的步骤。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于制备制品的步骤包括制备气轮机翼片(22)的步骤。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于该制品的被保护表面是该制品的内表面(36)。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于该制品的被保护表面是该制品的外表面(38)。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于该制品的被保护表面包含该制品的内表面(36)和该制品的外表面(38)。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于提供步骤包括提供铝和从铬、锆、铪、钇、铈、铂和钯及其混合物构成的组中选取的至少一种其他元素构成的原料合金的步骤。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于提供步骤包括提供包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量低于约30%的铬的原料合金的步骤。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于提供步骤包括提供包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量低于约64%的铂的原料合金的步骤。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于提供步骤包括提供包含铝和以原料合金的重量百分比计含量低于约60%的钯的原料合金的步骤。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于提供步骤包括在原料合金中提供熔点抑制剂的步骤。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于输送步骤包括形成包含原料合金的浆液并将该浆液导至被保护表面的步骤。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于输送步骤包括形成包含原料合金的泡沫并将该泡沫导至被保护表面的步骤。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于互相扩散步骤包括使原料合金互相扩散入被保护表面的过程持续约1至10小时的一段时间的步骤。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于加热步骤包括将该制品和原料合金加热到约1700°F至2100°F的温度。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于该原料合金包含在贴合温度下的固态。
17.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于该原料合金包含在贴合温度下的液态。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于该原料合金含有至少两种其他元素。
19.一种用于保护制品表面的方法,包含步骤:
制备由镍基合金制成的制品,该制品具有与该制品的外部连通的内部通道(34),该内部通道(34)具有内部被保护表面(36);
提供包含铝和至少一种其他元素的原料合金;
将原料合金施加到制品的内部被保护表面(36)上,施加的步骤包括步骤:
使原料合金接触制品的内部被保护表面(36),和
将原料合金和制品加热到贴合温度,该贴合温度高于原料合金的绝对固相线温度的约0.7,但使原料合金保持为凝聚相形式接触制品的被保护表面,且此后
使原料合金互相扩散入制品的内部被保护表面(36)。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于该制品还包含外部表面(38),且其特征在于该方法包括给外部表面(38)施加外部保护涂层(44)的附加步骤。
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US09/693077 | 2000-10-20 | ||
US09/603077 | 2000-10-20 | ||
US09/693,077 US6533875B1 (en) | 2000-10-20 | 2000-10-20 | Protecting a surface of a nickel-based article with a corrosion-resistant aluminum-alloy layer |
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CN1363714A true CN1363714A (zh) | 2002-08-14 |
CN1279206C CN1279206C (zh) | 2006-10-11 |
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CNB011393947A Expired - Fee Related CN1279206C (zh) | 2000-10-20 | 2001-10-20 | 利用耐腐蚀铝合金层保护镍基合金制品的表面 |
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US (1) | US6533875B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1199377B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4162394B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100671575B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1279206C (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0104618B1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA01010702A (zh) |
PL (1) | PL201071B1 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG106642A1 (zh) |
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CN109891001A (zh) * | 2016-10-27 | 2019-06-14 | 赛峰集团 | 包括镍基单晶超合金基板的部件及其制造方法 |
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-
2001
- 2001-10-16 EP EP01308794A patent/EP1199377B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-17 PL PL350174A patent/PL201071B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-19 KR KR1020010064799A patent/KR100671575B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-19 BR BRPI0104618-7A patent/BR0104618B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-19 JP JP2001321317A patent/JP4162394B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-19 SG SG200106474A patent/SG106642A1/en unknown
- 2001-10-20 CN CNB011393947A patent/CN1279206C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN104722752B (zh) * | 2013-12-19 | 2019-04-12 | 通用电气公司 | 浆料和涂敷方法 |
CN109891001A (zh) * | 2016-10-27 | 2019-06-14 | 赛峰集团 | 包括镍基单晶超合金基板的部件及其制造方法 |
CN112317748A (zh) * | 2020-11-05 | 2021-02-05 | 佛山市飞成金属制品有限公司 | 一种节能型的泡沫铝合金制备工艺和泡沫铝合金 |
CN112317748B (zh) * | 2020-11-05 | 2021-08-31 | 佛山市飞成金属制品有限公司 | 一种节能型的泡沫铝合金制备工艺和泡沫铝合金 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1199377A3 (en) | 2003-11-12 |
JP2002266064A (ja) | 2002-09-18 |
EP1199377B1 (en) | 2012-02-22 |
PL350174A1 (en) | 2002-04-22 |
KR20020031077A (ko) | 2002-04-26 |
KR100671575B1 (ko) | 2007-01-18 |
BR0104618B1 (pt) | 2012-08-07 |
EP1199377A2 (en) | 2002-04-24 |
PL201071B1 (pl) | 2009-03-31 |
SG106642A1 (en) | 2004-10-29 |
MXPA01010702A (es) | 2002-04-29 |
JP4162394B2 (ja) | 2008-10-08 |
BR0104618A (pt) | 2002-05-28 |
CN1279206C (zh) | 2006-10-11 |
US6533875B1 (en) | 2003-03-18 |
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