CN1330846C - 处理地层的方法 - Google Patents

处理地层的方法 Download PDF

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CN1330846C
CN1330846C CNB038200902A CN03820090A CN1330846C CN 1330846 C CN1330846 C CN 1330846C CN B038200902 A CNB038200902 A CN B038200902A CN 03820090 A CN03820090 A CN 03820090A CN 1330846 C CN1330846 C CN 1330846C
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杰西·李
埃里克·纳尔逊
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Abstract

本发明披露了使粘弹性表面活性剂流体粘度降低的组分的受控添加或使粘弹性表面活性剂流体的电解质浓度或组成受控改变的方法和组合物。本发明的一个方面涉及具有延迟活化作用的内部破裂剂的使用。本发明的另一方面涉及前体的使用,所述前体,例如醇,通过以下过程释放破裂系统,例如熔化、缓慢溶解、在注入步骤之中或之后与流体中存在的或者添加至流体的化合物反应、包胶涂层的破裂和吸附至固体颗粒内的破裂剂的解吸附。在本发明的其它方面中,醇包含在前置液中,以减小低剪切速率下的流体粘度并在所需的处理阶段减小处理流体的流动阻力。

Description

处理地层的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于减少粘弹性表面活性剂(VES)流体的粘度的组合物和方法,特别是用于处理地层(subterranean formation)和油气井的粘弹性表面活性剂流体。
背景技术
粘弹性表面活性剂流体通常是通过混合适当量的合适表面活性剂,例如阴离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂和两性离子表面活性剂而制备的。粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘度归因于由流体中组分形成的三维结构。当粘弹性流体中的表面活性剂的浓度显著地超过临界浓度时,而且在多数情况下有电解质的存在,表面活性剂分子聚集成物质,例如能互相作用形成表现出弹性的网状结构的胶束。在本说明书的余下部分,术语“胶束”将用作组织化的互相作用物质(organized interacting species)的通称。
粘弹性表面活性剂溶液通常是通过将某些试剂添加至表面活性剂的浓溶液中而形成的,所述表面活性剂的浓溶液常由例如十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)等长链季铵盐构成。在表面活性剂溶液中产生粘弹性的常用试剂是盐,例如氯化铵、氯化钾、水杨酸钠和异氰酸钠以及非离子有机分子,例如氯仿。表面活性剂溶液的电解质含量也是它们的粘弹性的重要控制因素。
对使用这样的粘弹性表面活性剂作为井筒维护流体存在相当大的兴趣。例如,参考美国专利4695389、4725372、5551516、5964295和5979557。
将其它组分引入流体中可使流体粘度显著减小,称之为“破裂(breaking)”。甚至在已经存在于流体中的组分,例如水或电介质存在的情况下,这种现象也可以发生。例如,在油田应用中,当暴露于地层流体(例如,原油、凝结物和/或水)时,粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘度减小或损失;该粘度的减小或损失实现油藏、裂缝或其它处理区域的清理。
然而,在一些情况下,例如,当需要在特定时间或条件下破裂流体时,当需要加速粘度减小时或当储层流体的自然流入(例如,在干天然气储层(dry gas reservoirs)中)没有破裂或没有充分破裂粘弹性表面活性剂流体时,对破裂进行更好的控制将是合适的。本发明描述了用于破裂粘弹性表面活性剂流体的组合物和方法。
破胶剂是在增产等工艺中使用的常用的常规聚合物类流体,与粘弹性表面活性剂类流体不同,聚合物类流体当与烃或含水地层流体接触时,不能自发破裂。在地层中留下高粘度流体将导致地层渗透率减小,并从而导致产量降低。最广泛使用的破裂剂(breaker)是氧化剂和酶。破裂剂可溶解(dissolved)或悬浮在处理流体的液(水基的、非水的或乳液)相中,并在整个处理过程中暴露至聚合物(“内部”添加),或在处理后的某一时间暴露至该流体(“外部”添加)。用于常规聚合物类系统的最常用的内部方法和组合物涉及可溶的氧化剂或酶;最常用的外部方法和组合物涉及包胶酶或包胶氧化剂,或涉及包含破裂剂的预冲洗液或后冲洗液的使用。破裂可发生在井筒、砾石充填、滤饼、岩石基质中、裂缝中或其它添加或创建的环境中。
Hughes、Jones和Tustin的英国专利GB2332223,“Viscoelastic surfactantbased gelling composition for wellbore service fluids”中描述了延迟和控制粘弹性表面活性剂类胶凝组合物的粘度和胶凝作用积聚的方法。这些方法可用于促进延迟(“预胶凝”)流体充填进入多孔介质中,然后原位(in-situ)引起粘弹性胶凝的形成。
Rose等人在美国专利4735731中描述了通过在表面干涉(intervention)可逆破裂VES溶液的粘度的几种方法。这些方法包括加热/冷却流体、调节pH值或者使有效量的可混溶的或不混溶的烃(hydrocarbon)与该流体接触,然后使该流体处于一定条件下,以使流体的粘度基本上得以恢复。Rose的可逆处理对钻井液有用,因此泵送至井内的流体足够粘将钻屑携带至地面,而又能够在地面破裂以脱除固体颗粒。Rose讨论的破裂方法不能用来在井下(down a well)破裂粘弹性溶液,而且表现出对流体的粘度有即时的影响。
因此,需要破裂粘弹性表面活性剂流体的方法,用于油气井的地下处理之后,预定时间或条件下,和/或粘弹性表面活性剂流体没有被储层流体的自然流入破裂时。
发明内容
本发明描述了用破裂剂引发、控制或增强粘弹性表面活性剂流体的清理的组合物和方法。破裂剂可以是内部的、外部的或者它们的组合。这些组合物和方法集中在,但不限于用于粘弹性表面活性剂系统的破裂剂,所述的粘弹性表面活性剂系统基于阳离子表面活性剂,例如瓢儿菜基甲基双(2-羟乙基)氯化铵(“EMHAC”);两性离子表面活性剂,例如内铵盐(betaine)表面活性剂;和阴离子表面活性剂,例如油酸衍生物。然而,此处描述的方法和组合物也用来破裂基于阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性离子表面活性剂的粘弹性表面活性剂流体。
已知各种类型的醇、有机酸和盐,可使粘弹性凝胶的粘度减小,或者甚至完全破裂凝胶。对于试验过的组合物,已经发现这些破裂剂具有下述效率:
破裂剂类型→表面活性剂类型↓
阳离子 良好 良好 十分差
阴离子 良好 良好 良好
两性 良好 良好
此外,也发现某些聚合电解质具有VES流体破裂剂的作用。不限制本发明的范围,据信合适的聚合电解质通过至少两种不同的机理而工作。如果该聚合电解质和表面活性剂带有相反的电荷,则这些破裂剂通过电荷中和而起作用。如果它们带有相同的电荷,则这些破裂剂通过胶束破裂(类似于烃对VES流体的破裂效果)而起作用。对两性离子表面活性剂而言,两种机理共存。这些聚合电解质的破裂效果是即时(immediate)的。因此,在优选的实施方案中,聚合电解质被包胶。
本发明的一个方面提供用于粘弹性表面活性剂胶凝组合物的延迟破裂的方法和组合物,所述的粘弹性表面活性剂胶凝组合物在压裂操作期间没有显著地或大量地(substantially)牺牲支撑剂悬浮和运输所需的初始流体性质。因此,本发明涉及通过向井下注入包括增稠量的粘弹性表面活性剂的水基流体而处理地层的方法,所述方法包括提供破裂系统或破裂系统的前体,在其注入后流体粘度减小,但在地面或在注入期间流体的粘度不受显著影响。优化的配方保证粘弹性凝胶在地面条件下快速形成,并在泵送和充填至裂缝的期间保持稳定。然后,在稍后的时间内,凝胶粘度由于凝胶破裂系统的受控释放而显著地减小。
下述简化的顺序描述了本发明组合物的优选应用:
(A) 在地面处,泵送和形成支撑的裂缝期间:
结合和泵送已知的粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶+将发展成粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的添加剂A。
(B) 泵送方向倒转之后(回流状态(backflow regime)):
添加剂A(通过内部方法或者在加入第二添加剂之后)释放至少一种组分B,组分B减小粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的凝胶强度。这两种方法设计为,当粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶存在于裂缝和地层中时,延迟凝胶强度减小的效果至某一时间点。
因此,根据本发明的一个方面,提供如下的前体,所述前体通过下述至少一种方法释放破裂系统:熔融、缓慢溶解、在注入步骤期间或之后与流体中存在的或者添加至流体中的化合物反应、包胶涂层的破裂和吸附至固体颗粒内的破裂剂的解吸附。
当初始添加剂A作为内部破裂剂时,初始添加剂A优选为水溶性化合物。A的性质,特别是亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)和电荷特性是这样的性质:粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的性质直到反应发生时才因为其存在而受到显著影响,所述反应产生足够浓度的B(以及,在一些情况下,更多的反应产物),以在回流期间使胶束破裂,减小流体的凝胶强度和流体粘度。
添加剂A的优选实例为酯、异硫代硫酸酯(盐)、肌氨酸酯(盐)、醇硫酸盐(alcohol sulfate)、醇醚硫酸盐、醇酚醚硫酸酯、羧酸根阴离子、乙氧基羧酸根阴离子、酯羧酸酯(盐)和聚合电解质。这些产品将反应,例如通过水解,释放出醇或羧酸破裂剂。
本发明的另一方面涉及包胶的盐(encapsulated salts)。粘弹性表面活性剂流体通过在电解质的存在下形成胶束而获得粘度。胶束可具有多种形态,包括螺旋形的(worm-like)、棒状的、球形的、层状的或多孔的。最佳的粘度只有在电解质的浓度落入给定范围时才获得。例如,就EMHAC而言,最佳范围通常在0.6M-0.8M(体积摩尔(molar))。压裂液中包胶的盐的存在将不会影响充填期间的流变性质。裂缝闭合时,支撑剂颗粒将压碎胶囊(capsule),以释放额外的盐,因此电解质浓度将在最佳范围之外并且流体粘度将降低。包胶的过硫酸铵是特别适用的。其它包胶的材料可包括:有机盐,例如水杨酸钠;无机盐,例如NaPF6(六氟磷酸钠)和KCl(氯化钾)和液态烃或表面活性剂,例如十二烷基硫酸钠。实际上,在处理液中充分可溶的并破裂胶束结构的任何盐是合适的。
额外的盐也可由于产生氯化物的化合物的延迟分解而释放。类似的效果可通过水杨酸酯产生剂,例如酯、水杨酸甲酯和水杨酸乙酯的延迟分解而获得。后面化合物的分解释放出醇,这可引起进一步的粘度减小。
本发明的另一方面涉及使用聚合电解质作为VES破裂剂。适用于本发明的聚合电解质可为阴离子、阳离子、非离子或两性离子的。取决于所用聚合电解质和表面活性剂的种类,破裂VES流体的机理可不同。例如,阳离子聚合电解质通过与阴离子表面活性剂发生电荷中和作用而起作用,然而阴离子聚合电解质则引起阳离子表面活性剂的胶束破裂。尽管,应当理解可使用任何合适的聚合电解质,但是下述是优选的:磺化聚萘、磺化聚苯乙烯和磺化苯乙烯-马来酸酐聚合物。优选,聚合电解质是苯乙烯-马来酸酐磺酸盐。更具体地,聚丙二醇、聚萘磺酸盐和聚苯乙烯磺酸盐是优选的。
此外,如上述进一步实施方案所指示的,可以以这样的方式包胶和使用其它材料,例如固体或液体有机化合物,如十二烷基醇等醇或如十二烷基硫酸钠等表面活性剂。Walles等人的美国专利4741401公开了受控释放的包胶的材料,其中包胶的材料至少部分由于胶囊压碎而被释放。美国专利3956173公开了包胶的钾盐(包括氯化钾在内),至少部分包胶的钾盐由于包胶材料在水中溶解而被从其中释放。已经报道了其它的机理,例如渗透扩散或化学扩散。在所有情况中,破裂剂由于包胶涂层的破裂而被释放。
本发明的另一方面涉及缓慢作用的破裂剂(slowly acting breakers。一种类型的缓慢作用的破裂剂是未固化的或部分固化的树脂涂敷的支撑剂。当包括支撑剂的地层处理中包括这些时,支撑剂上的树脂涂层将在一定的时间或温度下固化,并导致支撑剂颗粒互相粘附。这通常是所需要的,以防止颗粒回流至井内。我们已经发现大多数树脂涂敷的支撑剂中的固化剂(通常为酚类和胺类)与粘弹性表面活性剂流体不相容。树脂可配制成快速或者十分缓慢地释放固化剂,从而使粘弹性表面活性剂流体的分解长时间或短暂延迟。
一种类型的可溶性破裂剂包括具有亲水性头基(headgroups)的表面活性剂,所述表面活性剂头基的电荷与构成一些粘弹性表面活性剂流体的阴离子或阳离子表面活性剂的亲水性头基的电荷相反,换句话说,与形成粘弹性表面活性剂流体的表面活性剂的电荷相反。已经显示了C18-C20硫酸盐能十分有效地减小阳离子粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘度。例如,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(C12硫酸盐)破裂以诸如EMHAC等的季胺表面活性剂为基础的粘弹性表面活性剂流体,但是这些硫酸盐的使用也要求延迟剂(delaying agent)或延迟方法。其它的实例包括烷基或芳基磷酸酯或膦酸酯或羧酸,例如皂类,例如脂肪酸。当该材料不能自然缓慢溶解时,需要将它们包胶或吸附以缓慢释放,正如此处其它实施方案中所描述的。例如,可在碳质陶瓷支撑剂(carboceramic proppants)或沸石(zeolites)中吸收。
其它缓慢可溶的破裂剂选自以下的材料,在地面温度下为固体或液体而且起初不溶解或不混溶于粘弹性表面活性剂流体的材料。在合适的时间,特别是在高温下,破裂剂缓慢地将分子释放至流体中,并破裂胶束结构。一个实例是不混溶的流体,其在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中形成乳液。更具体的实例为烷基胺;优选的实例为十二烷基胺。其它的实例包括具有合适溶解速率的固态烃,例如烷烃、烯烃和芳族烃,包括取代化合物在内。
本发明的另一方面涉及熔点释放破裂剂(melting point released breaker)。可使用具有合适熔点的任何材料,其在液体状态时是粘弹性表面活性剂流体破裂剂。粘度减小是不可逆的;稍后冷却流体不能恢复流体的性能。C12-C18醇具有相对高的熔点。其它的实例包括具有合适熔点的烃,例如烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃,包括取代化合物在内。具有相对高熔点的固体也适用于包胶此处其它实施方案中所述的破裂剂。
本发明另一方面涉及将小颗粒形状的或者作为浸渍材料的破裂剂包含到多孔的或非多孔的、自然的或合成的小颗粒之上,例如通过吸收或吸附到碳质陶瓷支撑剂或沸石之上。直径在1/1000微米至10/1000微米的颗粒(纳米颗粒)是特别有利的,这是因为它们足够小而能随着部分增产流体或其它处理液一起进入基岩中。活性纳米颗粒或它们释放的试剂,如果或者在某种程度上它们存在在流体中,则被认为是一种内部试剂;或者如果它们起初进入基岩,然后被释放或者释放一种试剂,然后该试剂进入待破裂的流体中,则是外部试剂。这样的系统可在整个增产或其它的处理中或者在处理的任何时候,例如在前置液(pad)、或预冲洗液或后冲洗液阶段(phase)添加。
本发明另一特别的方面涉及在主流体(main fluid)之前将醇包含到第一前置液或预冲洗液中。在各种处理中,前置液改进或优化了条件,以增强主流体的效率;例如,在压裂中,前置液可为与含有支撑剂的主流体组成不同的不含支撑剂的流体。
如上所述,将醇引入到粘弹性表面活性剂流体中减小了其粘度。更精确地,醇在低剪切速率(一般小于1秒-1左右)下减小粘度,而基本上不改变中等剪切速率(在100秒-1)下的粘度。作为携带支撑剂的流体,流体在低剪切速率下必须是粘性的。另一方面,裂缝宽度的产生和维持主要取决于中等-高剪切粘度。多数压裂作业被设计为包括使用无支撑剂的压裂液的第一前置液阶段,然后是支撑剂阶段。因此,在前置液阶段醇的加入将不会显著地影响该初始阶段。对压裂作业的余下部分而言,在停止加入醇以使流体输送支撑剂的同时加入支撑剂。
应当指出的是,醇也增加了压裂液的漏失性能(leakoff behavior)。对低渗透率的地层而言,特别是如果地层渗透率小于1毫达西(milliDarcy),这不是不利的,这是因为裂缝周围的地层将被具有改进清理性质的流体浸透。因此,当释放压力时,流体将更容易流出基岩,从而产生沿裂缝整个长度的更好清理。
在本发明的另一种变化中,醇可以包括在前置液流体中。前置液是以下的流体,其通常包括水、溶剂和盐,例如KCl,一般在压裂处理的最初始阶段注入地层中。
应当理解的是,本发明的各种方法和组合物可以结合,因此,例如可顺序地或同时地使用相同或不同类型的破裂剂。破裂剂也可包括在流体的部分中-例如,在导向流(leading fluid)或尾流(tail fluid)中。例如,快速作用的破裂剂可只包括在流体的最后一部分,以避免初始注入的流体过早破裂。在一些情况下,即使存在能最终破裂粘弹性表面活性剂流体的可用的天然流体,本发明的组合物也可用于改进破裂的控制,以改进对破裂的控制。
也应当理解,本发明的压裂组合物可含有除水、电解质表面活性剂和破裂剂之外的组分,这样的其它组分包括酸、碱、缓冲剂、控制多价阳离子的鳌合剂、防冻剂等。
即使本申请关注油气井的处理,本发明的方法和组合物也可用于使用相同类型的流体的其它应用中,例如在水井中,在煤层甲烷开采的处理中,以及在围堵或补救地下污染或地下水污染的方法中。
附图说明
图1显示添加各种醇对典型的粘弹性表面活性剂类胶凝组合物的流体流变性的影响。
图2显示在60℃和80℃下甲醇浓度对各种粘弹性表面活性剂类胶凝组合物的归一化(normalized)粘度的影响。
图3显示将各种甲基二酯添加至粘弹性凝胶的影响。
图4显示分别在中性pH条件和低pH值下,己二酸根阴离子、己二酸对流体粘度的影响。
图5显示分别在中性pH条件和低pH值下,戊二酸根阴离子、戊二酸对流体粘度的影响。
图6显示在低和中性pH条件下叔羧酸(versatic acid)的使用。
图7显示支撑剂充填物的流动阻力与时间之间的关系,所述支撑剂充填物已经用具有和不具有包胶的过硫酸铵破裂剂的粘弹性表面活性剂处理过。
图8显示含有相对高熔点的固体醇的粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘度,该流体首先被加热然后冷却。
图9显示在可固化的支撑剂存在下,粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘度减小的动力学。
图10显示分别含有2.25wt%和4.5wt%EMHAC表面活性剂的溶液的氯化物浓度(chloride concentration)与粘度的函数。
具体实施方式
以下将描述破裂浓粘弹性表面活性剂的凝胶的不同实施例:
实施例1:加入醇
通过加入醇减小包括由长链季铵盐构成的粘弹性表面活性剂的水溶液的粘度。图1显示添加各种醇对一般粘弹性表面活性剂类凝胶组合物的流体流变性质的影响,所述组合物含有3wt%瓢儿菜基甲基双(2-羟乙基)氯化铵(EMHAC)、1wt%异丙醇和3wt%氯化铵。
所有试验的醇显著地减小了低剪切速率下的粘度,效率随着链长的增长而增加(从C1至C5)。
使用较短链长的醇(特别是甲醇和乙醇),在较高剪切速率下,流体粘度基本上与没有醇的对照流体的测量粘度相同。人们认为,在裂缝产生的过程中,多数压裂液经受约20秒-1至150秒-1的剪切速率,因此醇的添加使得在低剪切速率下降低粘度(如同在清理期间)的同时基本上不减小裂缝中有效的粘度成为可能。
图2显示在60℃和80℃下,甲醇浓度对各种粘弹性表面活性剂类胶凝组合物的归一化粘度,(η1s-1具有甲醇)/(η1s-1没有甲醇)的影响。在60℃下,凝胶A(3wt%表面活性剂、1wt%异丙醇,3wt%NH4Cl)被约0.5wt%甲醇破裂,而要求小于或等于2wt%甲醇来破裂凝胶B(3.375wt%表面活性剂,1.125wt%异丙醇,0.75wt%hm-聚丙烯酰胺,即憎水改性的聚丙烯酰胺,3wt%NH4Cl)。在60℃下,凝胶C(3.375wt%表面活性剂,0.75wt%hm-聚丙烯酰胺,3wt%NH4Cl)可承受比凝胶B更高的甲醇浓度,但是在80℃下,凝胶C容易被仅约0.5%的甲醇破裂。因此,需要破裂凝胶的临界浓度取决于醇的种类、流体组成和温度。
实施例2:加入醚
该方法依赖于酯(R′COOR″)的使用,所述酯对粘弹性凝胶的流变性质具有较小的影响,但是当浓度大于或等于破裂凝胶所需的临界浓度的浓度时,能分解而生成醇(R″OH),其中R′和R″是芳族的、饱和的或不饱和的烃链。
R′COOR″+H2O→R′COOH+R″OH
由于一些有机酸也可有效地破裂包含VES(参见实施例3)的凝胶,酯的添加可十分有效,条件是在合适的时间发生水解。类似的影响也可通过使用合适的二元酸酯(dibasic ester)或三元(tribasic)酸酯而获得。
图3显示将各种甲基二酯添加至实施例1中定义的凝胶B中的效果。与较憎水的二酯(戊二酸二甲酯、己二酸二甲酯、丙二酸二甲基二乙酯和壬二酸二甲酯)相反的是,当加入3wt%-4wt%浓度时,较亲水的酯(衣康酸二甲酯、丙二酸二甲酯、苹果酸二甲酯和草酸二甲酯)对该凝胶的低剪切粘度的影响很少。当充分分解时,4wt%的草酸二甲酯产生2.2wt%甲醇,如图2所示,该醇足以在60℃下破裂凝胶B或在80℃下破裂凝胶C。
类似地,较亲水的乙基二酯,例如草酸二乙酯,或甲基单酯,例如乙酸甲酯或甲酸甲酯,可用于获得类似的凝胶的延迟破裂。
实施例3:加入有机酸盐
一些有机酸是有效的凝胶破胶剂。酸可提供为包胶的形式或者作为盐。然后,在酸性条件下,进行下述反应。
RCOO-+H+→RCOOH
可选择该盐,以使RCOO-作为粘弹性凝胶中有效的反离子具有很少的效果或没有效果。
水杨酸根阴离子/水杨酸:
2-(HO)C6H4COO-+H+→2-(HO)C6H4COOH
己二酸根阴离子/己二酸:
-OOC(CH2)4COO-+2H+→HOOC(CH2)4COOH
叔羧酸根阴离子/叔羧酸:C9H19COO-+H+→C9H19COOH
戊二酸根阴离子/戊二酸:-OOC(CH2)3COO-+2H+→HOOC(CH2)3COOH
在该实施例中,初始流体的pH值大于羧酸的pKa,因此RCOO-的浓度大于RCOOH的浓度。在合适的时间,产生较低的pH条件,以使RCOOH的浓度增加并变得大于RCOO-的浓度。如实施例1中所述,较低pH条件可通过酯的水解而产生。再次,选择酯的类型和浓度,以使对粘弹性表面活性剂凝胶的流变性质产生很小的影响或者没有影响。
图4显示了在不同的pH条件下添加己二酸对含有3.375wt%瓢儿菜基甲基双(2-羟乙基)氯化铵(EMHAC)、1.125wt%异丙醇、0.75wt%hm-聚丙烯酰胺和4wt%氯化钾的胶凝组合物的粘度的影响(在25℃下,剪切速率1秒-1下测量的)。己二酸根阴离子是有效的反离子,其增加中性pH下的流体粘度,但是等量浓度的己二酸在低pH条件下减小流体的粘度。
类似地,图5显示了在不同pH条件下不同浓度的戊二酸对相同胶凝组合物在25℃,1秒-1剪切速率下测量的粘度的影响。在中性pH值下流体粘度只是略微地被戊二酸减小,但是等量浓度的戊二酸在低pH值条件下减小了流体的粘度。
最后,图6显示了在低pH条件下叔羧酸是有效的破裂剂,但是在中性pH值下(在中性pH值下,叔酸酯和叔羧酸的浓度大约是相同的),凝胶保持了高的粘度。图6中的试验是对含有4.5wt%瓢儿菜基甲基双(2-羟乙基)氯化铵(EMHAC)、1.5wt%异丙醇、0.5wt%hm-聚丙烯酰胺和3wt%氯化铵的胶凝组合物而测量的。
对两性离子表面活性剂,例如内铵盐表面活性剂,柠檬酸HOC(CH2CO2H)2COOH是优选的破裂系统。
实施例4:加入有机硫酸盐
长链醇可通过以下有机硫酸盐的酸解而产生,例如(i)R-OSO3X,其中R是饱和的直链烃链而且X是碱金属(例如,月桂基硫酸钠,C12H25SO4Na)或(ii)RO(CH2CH2O)nSO4X(醇醚硫酸盐),其中R是饱和的直链烃链,一般具有10-15个碳原子,n的范围是2-10,而且X一般为钠、镁或铵。
在高温(一般>50℃)下R-OSO3X或RO(CH2CH2O)nSO4X的酸解释放出硫酸,硫酸催化酸解,例如在酸性条件下,R-OSO3X+H2O→ROH+H2SO4。一定浓度的烷基硫酸盐(例如,月桂基硫酸钠,C12H25SO4Na)或醇醚硫酸盐(例如,C14H29O(CH2CH2O)2-3SO4NH4)在粘弹性表面活性剂胶凝组合物中是有效的辅助表面活性剂,其中粘弹性表面活性剂成分是阳离子的,例如瓢儿菜基甲基双(2-羟乙基)氯化铵(EMHAC)。
因此,在压裂工艺的应用中,在泵送和支撑裂缝形成的期间,低浓度的有机硫酸盐辅助表面活性剂可用于增加凝胶强度以及粘度,但是然后可释放足够浓度的长链醇,以在回流阶段期间破裂凝胶。
实施例5:加入聚合物
在含有粘弹性表面活性剂和结合有憎水改性的水溶性聚合物的粘弹性表面活性剂类胶凝组合物的应用中,通过聚合物上憎水基团的水解可获得破裂剂化合物的延迟释放。例如,醇破裂剂可通过具有丙烯酰胺的共聚物上的丙烯烷基酯或甲基丙烯烷基酯基团的酸解而获得,反应如下:
[-CH2CH(CONH2)]n[-CH2-CR′(COOR″)]m+H2O→[-CH2-CH(CONH2)]n[-CH2-CR′(COOH)]m+R″OH,其中R′为氢或甲基,R″为直链或支链的饱和烃链。
在一个可供选择的方法中,羧酸破裂剂可通过酸解而产生:
[-CH2-CH(CONH2)]n[-CH2-CH(OOCR″)]m+H2O→[-CH2-CH(CONH2)]n[-CH2-CH(OH)]m+具有丙烯酰胺的共聚物中乙烯基链烷酸酯的R″COOH:其中R″是直链或支链的饱和烃链。
例如,新癸酸乙烯酯-丙烯酰胺共聚物的酸解产生叔羧酸,如图6所示,该叔羧酸在低pH值条件是有效的破裂剂。图6报道的测试是对含有4.5wt%瓢儿菜基甲基双(2-羟乙基)氯化铵(EMHAC)、1.5wt%异丙醇、0.5wt%hm-聚丙烯酰胺和3wt%氯化铵的胶凝组合物进行的;在25℃下,1秒-1的剪切速率下测量粘度。
实施例6:包胶
粘弹性表面活性剂基流是通过往水中添加3体积%EMHAC和3wt%氯化铵而制备的。然后,在43℃下使用该流体进行两个支撑剂-充填层导流能力试验。在这些测试中,将粘性流体和支撑剂的混合物装入槽中。然后,在压力下关闭该槽。然后,将盐水泵送通过该槽,随时间测量维持一定流量所需的压力。流动阻力的降低表明粘性流体正在破裂。粘性流体的置换称为清理。在一个导流能力试验中,将10磅/千加仑(10lb/1000gal)浓度的包胶的过硫酸铵作为破裂剂添加至该流体中;在另一试验中,添加15磅/千加仑(15lbs/1000gal,注:1 lbs=0.45359kg;1 gal=3.79 kilolitre)。在对照导流能力试验中,没有使用添加剂。支撑剂是20/40目的Ottawa砂。比较结果示于图7中,其中对流动阻力或回流压力(指示为压力传感器上的电压(伏特))和时间绘图,APS表示过硫酸铵。
在导流能力测试期间,当关闭时,包胶的过硫酸铵胶囊破裂并且释放过硫酸铵,而过硫酸铵破裂粘弹性表面活性剂流体。显而易见的是,当破裂剂存在时,初始清理压力显著降低,并且完成清理的时间显著缩短。
实施例7:加入六氟磷酸钠
粘弹性表面活性剂基流是通过往水中添加2体积%EMHAC和3wt%氯化铵而制备的。往该流体的部分中添加各种量的六氟磷酸钠NaPF6。然后,在室温(约21℃)下或在60℃下,测量该流体的粘度。结果如下表1所示。
表1
 Wt%NaPF6  在21℃的cP  在60℃的cP
 0.00  165  96
 0.03  45
 0.04  33
 0.05  12  33
 0.06  6  15
 0.07  6  12
 0.08  6  9
 0.10  6  3
这表明六氟磷酸钠对破裂凝胶是有效的,并且可通过改变盐的含量控制破裂的程度。如果包胶的话,则盐将由于裂缝闭合(压裂胶囊),和/或渗透和/或溶解而释放出来。
实施例8:熔点释放醇
粘弹性表面活性剂基流是通过往水中添加2体积%EMHAC和3wt%氯化铵而制备的。往该流体中,添加5lb/1000 gal熔点为约45℃±3℃的C16-C18醇破裂剂。将没有添加醇的对照流体和测试流体放置在往复毛细管粘度仪(reciprocating capillary viscometer)中,当流体温度增加时,测量粘度。结果如图8所示。Y轴左边的标签表示温度(,1℃=(-32)×5/9);粗线表示的温度曲线显示最高温度在约两小时内达到。黑三角形表示对照流体的粘度;虚线表示测试流体的粘度曲线(对粘度测量没有提供比例)。
当流体温度超过醇的熔点时,流体粘度急剧降低。在测试的后期,流体温度被降低至低于醇的熔点。流体粘度没有恢复,这表明系统形成胶束的能力被永久地破坏了。
实施例9:树脂涂敷的支撑剂
使用200ml的量筒,于室温下进行沉降试验。对所有测试的粘弹性表面活性剂,基流是3体积%EMHAC和4wt%氯化钾,其在170秒-1的剪切速率下使用Fann35粘度计测量的初始粘度为168cP。为保证可比较的表面积,所有试验中的支撑剂尺寸是20/40目。取决于制造商的规格,在该研究中可固化的支撑剂的树脂含量在1.8wt%至4.0wt%之间变化,但是对每种支撑剂类型是恒定的。使用如下的混合过程:在烧杯中剧烈地摇动200毫升流体和100克支撑剂(相当于4.2ppg(磅/加仑)支撑剂负载),以获得均匀的悬浮液,并将其转移至200毫升的量筒中。然后,观察可见分离的时间和支撑剂完全沉降的时间。通过Fann35测量表面流体(overlaying fluid)的粘度,并与该流体的初始粘度比较。首先,表2显示了可固化树脂涂敷的支撑剂的沉降时间,然后,为了参考,显示了未涂敷的支撑剂的典型沉降时间。“粘度[cP]@170秒-1”是指在170秒-1的剪切速率下的粘度(厘泊)。表示为(Borden)的支撑剂获自Borden Chemical,Inc,Oilfield Products,Houston,TX;表示为(Santrol)的支撑剂获自Santrol,Fresno,TX;表示为(CARBO)的支撑剂获自CARBO Ceramics Inc,Irving,TX。
表2
 树脂涂敷的支撑剂 可见分离 完全沉降 粘度[cP]@170秒-1
 SBU(Borden) 3小时14分钟 4小时28分钟 33
 SBU 6000(Borden) 7小时16分钟 21小时53分钟 33
 CR4000 D(Borden) 3小时40分钟 4小时37分钟 39
 opti-prop 3小时54分钟 5小时23分钟 33
 SHS(Santrol) 20分钟 40分钟 30
 SDC(Santrol) 2小时2分钟 2小时55分钟 36
 Super-LC(Santrol) 1小时8分钟 1小时47分钟 33
 Super TF(Santrol) 4小时4分钟 7小时18分钟 87
 AcFrac(Borden) 5小时42分钟 7小时23分钟 36
 未涂敷的支撑剂 可见分离 完全沉降 粘度[cP]@170秒-1
 CarboPROP(CARBO) <23小时23分钟 30小时8分钟 159
 CarboHSP(CARBO) 1小时51分钟 4小时22分钟 153
 CarboECONOPROP(CARBO) 6小时6分钟 28小时50分钟 156
 CarboLITE(CARBO) 21小时39分钟 27小时57分钟 153
图9显示了在可固化支撑剂(4.2ppg支撑剂负载)存在的情况下,VES流体粘度减小的动力学。为了清楚地理解该图,分离了图9。图9是基于上述测试的结果,并且被表2所示的结果支持。
实施例10:缓慢可溶的化合物
通过向水中加入3体积%EMHAC和3wt%氯化铵,而制备粘弹性表面活性剂基流。向该流体中加入1体积%液态十二烷基胺(其是不混溶的),并与基流形成乳液。然后,将该流体在60℃下储存。观察发现粘弹性表面活性剂流体在4小时后破裂。
实施例11:化合物的缓慢分解
图10说明了氯化物的释放如何影响粘弹性表面活性剂的粘度。对应于2.25wt%EMHAC浓度的下曲线(标记为菱形)和对应于4.5wt%EMHAC浓度的上曲线(标记为实心方形)显示了粘度随着氯化物的含量增加而变化。这些曲线图显示了在0.6wt%至0.8wt%盐浓度之间,溶液的粘度达到最大值,在大于1.5wt%的氯化物浓度值处溶液的粘度迅速降低。为获得所需的盐浓度变化,预期将烷基卤化物,优选为烷基氯化物添加到VES溶液中。
实施例12:聚丙二醇
已经进行了试验,比较具有6%内铵盐类表面活性剂的VES流体的粘度与还具有0.3体积%聚丙二醇的相同流体的粘度。在100秒-1下测量80至300之间,两种流体的粘度。与只含有VES流体相比,含有PPG的流体的粘度显著降低。
实施例13:聚萘磺酸盐/基于油酸的流体
通过向水中加入10gal/1000gal基于油酸的VES流体,而制备基流。在0.1秒-1至100秒-1之间,于80和110下,测量基流的粘度。
如所述的,制备三个其它的基流试样,并以以下的浓度分别向每个试样中加入聚萘磺酸钠:2lb/1000gal、4lb/1000gal和6lb/1000gal。在0.1秒-1至100秒-1之间,于80和110下,测量各种流体的完全稳态流变图。通过加入聚萘磺酸盐破裂剂,流体粘度显著降低。破裂剂浓度的增加使在VES基流的粘度损失增加。流体粘度中这种减小是永久的。
实施例14:聚萘磺酸盐/EMHAC
通过向水中加入10gal/1000gal基于EMHAC的表面活性剂和4wt%KCl,而制备基流。在0.1秒-1至100秒-1之间,于80和110下,测量完全的稳态流变图。
如上所述,制备两种其它的基流试样。向一个试样中,加入2lb/1000gal聚萘磺酸钠,并向另一个试样中加入4lb/1000gal聚萘磺酸钠。在0.1秒-1至100秒-1之间,于80和110下,为每种流体准备完全的稳态流变图。试验表明聚萘磺酸盐的加入使基于EMHAC的流体的粘度产生显著的降低。
上述本发明具体实施方案的描述并非试图完全列举本发明任何可能实施方案。本领域的技术人员将会认识到,可对此处所述的具体实施方案进行修改,这些实施方案都在本发明的范围内。

Claims (14)

1.一种处理地层的方法,其包括如下步骤:
(a)向井下注入包含增稠量的粘弹性表面活性剂的水基流体;
(b)提供在注入后使所述流体的粘度减小,但是在地面和在注入期间不显著影响其粘度的破裂系统,其中所述破裂系统包括聚合电解质。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述粘弹性表面活性剂是阴离子表面活性剂。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述粘弹性表面活性剂是阳离子表面活性剂。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述粘弹性表面活性剂是两性离子表面活性剂。
5.权利要求3的方法,其中所述粘弹性表面活性剂是EMHAC。
6.权利要求2的方法,其中所述粘弹性表面活性剂包括油酸。
7.权利要求4的方法,其中所述粘弹性表面活性剂是内铵盐。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚合电解质是包胶的。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中所述破裂系统还包括聚丙二醇。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚合电解质是阴离子聚合电解质。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚合电解质是阳离子聚合电解质。
12.权利要求10的方法,其中所述阴离子聚合电解质是聚萘磺酸钠。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚合电解质是聚苯乙烯磺酸盐。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中所述聚合电解质是苯乙烯-马来酸酐磺酸盐。
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