CN1296647A - Substrate antenna - Google Patents
Substrate antenna Download PDFInfo
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- CN1296647A CN1296647A CN99804884A CN99804884A CN1296647A CN 1296647 A CN1296647 A CN 1296647A CN 99804884 A CN99804884 A CN 99804884A CN 99804884 A CN99804884 A CN 99804884A CN 1296647 A CN1296647 A CN 1296647A
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- antenna
- substrate
- ground plane
- lines
- substrate antenna
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
- H01Q9/42—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole with folded element, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of the operating wavelength
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
- H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
- H01Q1/242—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use
- H01Q1/243—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use with built-in antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
- H01Q9/40—Element having extended radiating surface
Abstract
A substrate antenna (400) that includes one or more conductive traces (402) supported on a dielectric substrate (404) having a predetermined thickness. Appropriate dimensions are selected for the lengths and widths of traces, based on the wavelength of interest, connecting elements, and space allocated. The supporting substrate (404) is mounted offset from and generally perpendicular to the ground plane (502) associated with the device with which the antenna is being used. The trace is electrically connected to a conductive pad (408) on one end. A signal feed (410) for the antenna is coupled to the conductive pad (408). The substrate antenna employs a very thin and compact structure which provides appropriate bandwidth. Antenna compactness and a greater variety of useful shapes allow the substrate antenna to be used very efficentiyl as an internal antenna for wireless devices.
Description
Background technology
The present invention relates to a kind of antenna that is used for wireless device, the invention particularly relates to the antenna that a kind of substrate is installed.The invention still further relates to a kind of wireless device that is used for, the inside antenna that particularly has improved size, coupling, bandwidth and radiation characteristic.
Antenna is the critical elements of radio communication device and system.Though can access the antenna of many difformities and size, they come work according to identical basic electromagnetic principle.Antenna is the structure in the conversion field (vice versa) between relevant guided wave and the free space wave.As General Principle, the guided wave of propagating along the transmission line that launches is a free space wave with radiation, is also referred to as electromagnetic wave.
In recent years, the increase of using along with the personal radio communication device such as hand-held and mobile cellular and personal communication service (PCS) phone has increased the needs of the suitable small-sized antenna that is used for this communicator.Several years that the size of this communicator and weight have been exceeded in the past of progress in integrated circuit and battery technology in recent years reduce intensely.Still wishing that the field that size reduces is the communicator antenna.This is that promptly the size of antenna can play an important role in reducing device size owing to this fact.In addition, antenna size and shape affect the aesthetic feeling and the production cost of device.
A key factor considering the Antenna Design of radio communication device is an antenna ra-diation pattern.In concrete application, communicator must communicate with another such device or base station, center or artificial satellite (they can be positioned at and install along on any amount of direction).As a result, main points are arranged, that is, the antenna of this radio communication device has omnibearing basically radiation pattern, or the pattern that extends up from the horizon.
Another key factor that will consider in the Antenna Design of radio communication device is the bandwidth of antenna.For example, the wireless device such as the phone that uses with the PCS communication system is worked on the 1.85-1.99GHz frequency band, thus, needs 7.29 percent the dedicated bandwidth that has.The phone that is used for typical cellular communication system is worked on the 824-894MHz frequency band, and this needs 8.14 percent bandwidth.Correspondingly, the antenna that on the radio communication device of these types, uses must design satisfied suitable bandwidth needs, otherwise, the fierce decay of signal of communication.
One type the antenna that generally is used for radio communication device is a whip antenna, and it is not when using in the easy retracting device.But this whip antenna has several shortcomings.This whip antenna is usually owing to work as stretching, extension so that the time spent damages even perhaps collude on object, people or surface when withdrawal.Even when designing whip antenna to such an extent that be recoverable to, to be that this damage minimizes, it still stretches the whole dimension of crossing device, and hinders the circuit in some part of the layout of senior characteristic and device.It also needs when regaining minimized apparatus housing size is arranged, and it is greater than the size of hope.
Whip antenna is also usually united use with short helical antenna, and wherein it is energized when being recovered in the phone in whiplike day.Helical antenna provides identical radiator length in compact more space, to keep suitable radiation coupled characteristic.When helical antenna more in short-term, it has also produced big distance with the surface of wireless device, has influenced aesthetic feeling and colludes on other object.For this antenna is placed on wireless device inside, the volume that needs are suitable, this is unfavorable.
The another kind of antenna that may be suitable for being used for radio communication device is a conformal antenna.Usually, conformal antenna is followed the shape on the surface that they install, and usually demonstrates very low radiation profiles.Several dissimilar conformal antennas are arranged, such as patch antennas, microstrip antenna and stripline antenna.Particularly, microstrip antenna has been used for personal communicator in recent years.
For example, a kind of antenna that is suitable for being used for radio communication device is " inverted-F " antenna.But this antenna is subjected to the interference of several shortcomings.They may be more much bigger than desirable, and suffer lower bandwidth, and lack desirable comprehensive radiation pattern.
Hint that as title microstrip antenna comprises and patch sheet or microstrip element that it also is called as radiator and patches sheet (patch).The length of microstrip element is provided with to such an extent that relate to wavelength X, with resonance frequency f
0Relevant, wherein resonance frequency select with relevant frequency match, such as 800MHz or 1900MHz.Usually the use length of microstrip element is half-wavelength (λ
0/ 2) and quarter-wave (λ
0/ 4).Though the microstrip antenna of some types has been used in the radio communication device in recent years, in several fields, still need further improvement.A kind of field that requires further improvement is reducing of overall dimensions.Another field that needs significant improvement is a bandwidth.In the size of reality, current sheet (current patch) or the microstrip antenna designs of patching do not show and obtains desirable 7.29 to 8.14 percentage or more bandwidth characteristic (needed when being used for most communication systems).
In the time of near being placed on vast ground plane, in most wireless devices, find traditional to patch sheet and stripline antenna also has other problem.In addition, " hand load ", the hand that is about to the user is placed near resonance frequency and the performance that has changed antenna the antenna significantly.
Not only to set up communication link extremely important for above-mentioned for radiation pattern, and relevant with government's radiation standard of wireless device.Radiation pattern must be controlled and regulate, thereby can absorb the minimum radiation by device users.There has been the government standard that near the amount of radiation wireless device that can be allowed to is set up.An influence of these rules is, because to user's theoretical radioactive exposure, inside antenna can't be placed in the wireless device on many positions.But as mentioned above, when using present existing antenna in other position, ground plane and other structure are usually disturbed their effective purposes.
Thus, the technology that needs new antenna structure and make antenna realizes internal wireless device antenna structure, and it has the radiation pattern that the improved radiation with the terminal use need match more.Meanwhile, antenna need be in the requirement of satisfying Advanced Communications System aspect bandwidth, the coupling efficiency, help inner the installation simultaneously more, places to be provided in the antenna assembly more flexibly element, and improved greatly aesthetic feeling and the antenna that has reduced damage.
Summary of the invention
Consider found in the prior art about the inside antenna of making wireless device above-mentioned and other problem, an object of the present invention is to provide a kind of size and reduce, and be installed to the antenna that the flexibility of the inboard of wireless device increases.
Second purpose of the present invention is the reciprocation that reduces between wireless device and the antenna, otherwise it will influence performance.
An advantage of the invention is that it provides physics deformable support substrate, it allows conformally to be installed in the wireless device.
Another advantage comprise the minimizing of hand labour and antenna connected and be installed to used time in the wireless device shorten the cable of also promising these purposes needs and the minimizing of number of connectors.
Realize in the substrate antenna that these and other intention, purpose and advantage are used that wherein it comprises the one or more conductive lines that are supported on the medium substrate with predetermined thickness in wireless device.According to the wavelength associated of wireless device and the distribution in space, for the length and the width of lines are selected suitable size.To support substrate to install to such an extent that depart from ground plane and perpendicular usually, wherein this ground plane is relevant with circuit and element in the device, by its use antenna.That is, install substrate adjacent with the edge of ground plane, and have with the plane of ground plane depart from be less than 90 the degree planes.Substrate directly is not placed on above the ground plane and below.
Lines are connected electrically to conductive spacer on the end, and this end is presented with the signal of antenna and is connected.Owing to use conductive spacer, signal present comprise the power spring load, spring or clip type device, it produces electric contact by pushing conductive spacer.When being installed to circuit board in the wireless device, this allows to be connected to automatically antenna, and needs the manual of cable or connector and so on to install.
Substrate antenna uses extremely thin and structure closely, and it provides suitable bandwidth.The more variation of the tight and useful shape of antenna allows substrate antenna to use very effectively as the inside antenna of wireless device.It can advantageously be placed in the crust of the device, though to utilize utilizable space structure in many possible interference characteristics or the shell.
Summary of drawings
The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings, similar similar elements similarly and/or on the structure on identical electric, the function of parameter ordinary representation wherein, the accompanying drawing that element occurs first is by leftmost numeral in the parameter, wherein
Fig. 1 a and 1b explanation have the perspective view and the end view of the portable radiotelephone of whiplike and external helicoid shape antenna;
Fig. 2 a and another kind of perspective view and the end view of 2b explanation with portable radiotelephone of whiplike and external helicoid shape antenna;
Fig. 3 a and 3b illustrate the end view and the rear cross sectional view of the phone of Fig. 1 b with exemplary internal circuit;
Fig. 3 c explanation has the sectional view of side of phone of Fig. 2 b of exemplary internal circuit;
Fig. 4 a-4c illustrates substrate antenna according to an embodiment of the invention;
The side cross-sectional views and the rearview of the phone of Fig. 1 b of the present invention used in Fig. 5 a and 5b explanation;
Fig. 5 c has illustrated the side plan view of the phone that uses Fig. 1 b of the present invention;
Fig. 6 illustrates the side cross-sectional view of the phone of Fig. 5 a with an alternative embodiment of the invention; And
Fig. 7 a-7h has illustrated several embodiment in addition of the present invention
The detailed description of preferred embodiment
Though the traditional microstrip antenna such as the inverted-F antenna has some characteristics, make it can be used for personal communicator potentially, in other field, still need further improvement, so that such antenna is useful in the radio communication device such as honeycomb and pcs telephone.In a field that requires further improvement is bandwidth.Usually, in order to work satisfactorily, PCS and cell phone need be greater than the available bandwidth of microstrip antenna of passing through actual size at present.
Another field that requires further improvement is the size of microstrip antenna.For example, the size of microstrip antenna reduce to make use it radio communication device more closely and aesthetic feeling arranged.In fact, this may determine even whether this antenna can be used in the radio communication device.By the thickness of the medium substrate that reduces to use, or increase the value of dielectric constant, make traditional microstrip antenna size reduce to become possibility, thus, made necessary contraction in length.But this has the undesirable effect that reduces the beamwidth of antenna, makes it be not suitable for radio communication device thus.
In addition, the field pattern shape of the traditional microstrip antenna such as the pad radiator is normally directed.Most pad radiators are with respect to the only radiation in episphere of horizon of antenna.This figure moves along with moving of device or rotation, and can produce unfavorable zero-bit in the overlay area.Thus, for the application in many radio communication devices, microstrip antenna is not very desirable.
The present invention provides solution for above-mentioned and other problem.The present invention is directed to provides suitable bandwidth, and compares size with the design of other antenna and reduce, but has kept being used for the substrate antenna of needed other characteristic of radio communication device.Substrate antenna of the present invention can be based upon near the top surface of the wireless or personal communicator such as portable phone, or can install to such an extent that be adjacent in wireless device or in other element such as pillar, I/O circuit, keypad or their behind.Substrate antenna directly can also be constructed on the surface such as plastics inner that forms shell or wireless device.
Be different from whiplike or outside helical antenna, substrate antenna of the present invention is not subjected to owing to collude in object or lip-deep influence.This antenna does not also consume advanced person's characteristic and the inner space that circuit needs, and when regaining, does not need big shell sizes to hold it yet.Substrate antenna of the present invention can use automatic and minimum hand labour, and this has reduced cost, and has increased reliability.In addition, the almost omnibearing figure of substrate antenna radiation, this makes in many radio communication devices and all is fit to.
Broadly, the present invention can realize in any wireless device, such as personal communicator, radio telephone, radio modem, picture unit, portable computer, seek machine, information broadcast receiver or the like.A kind of such environment is portable or walky-talky, such as being used for honeycomb, PCS or other commercial communication service etc.Known in the prior art have corresponding different shell shape and a various such radio telephone of style.
Fig. 1 and 2 has illustrated typical radio telephone, and they are used for such as above-mentioned honeycomb and the wireless communication system the pcs system.The phone of explanation is ＂ clamshell style (clam shell) ＂ or folding build phone among Fig. 1 (1a and 1b), and the phone of explanation is typical rectangle or " rod " shape phone among Fig. 2 (2a and 2b).These phones are the typical radio telephones that are used for the wireless communication system such as above-mentioned honeycomb and pcs system.Because various wireless devices and phone and relevant physical configuration are arranged, comprise these and other type and style (will be clear from following discussion) that the present invention may use, these phones are only to be to use for illustrative purposes.
In Fig. 1 a and 1b, phone 100 illustrates has main shell or body 102, and it supports whip antenna 104 and helical antenna 106.Antenna 104 is installed to such an extent that have a convenience center axle with antenna 106 usually, thereby when stretching, it stretches by helical antenna 106 or be outstanding, though this is unwanted for proper work.These antenna is made to such an extent that have for the suitable length of relevant frequency, and is perhaps useful for the concrete wireless device that uses them.Their concrete design is known in relevant technology.
The front portion of shell 102 also illustrates supports loud speaker 110, display floater or a screen 112, keypad 114, microphone or microphone holes 116, and connector 118.In Fig. 1 b, the extended position that antenna 104 normally is in when wireless device uses, and antenna 104 illustrates and is recovered in the shell 102 in Fig. 1 a.
In Fig. 2 a and 2b, phone 200 illustrates has main shell or body 202, and it supports whip antenna 204 and helical antenna 206, and its mode is identical with phone 100.The front portion of shell 200 also illustrates supports loud speaker 210, display floater or screen 212, keypad 214 and microphone or microphone holes 216.In Fig. 2 a, antenna 204 illustrates and is in extended position, and in Fig. 2 b, antenna 204 is depicted as and is recovered in the shell 202.
As mentioned above, whip antenna 104 and 204 have several unfavorable.One is, when in use stretching, they are subjected to colluding the damage that causes on other thing or surface.Antenna 104 and 204 also so consumes the inner space of phone, so that the layout of the element of advanced feature and circuit (comprising the power supply such as battery) is more limited, and more dumb.In addition, when regaining, antenna 104 and 204 can need minimum shell sizes, and this size is big as can't to accept.Perhaps, antenna 104 and 204 can be by the configuration of further compressed portion, reducing the size when the withdrawal, but can feel that usually aesthetic feeling is few, and is more perishable or more unstable, or the user feels still less operability.Antenna 106 and 206 also can sentence when using on other objects or on the surface, and can't be recovered to shell 102 and 202 respectively.
Only, purposes of the present invention is described according to the radio telephone of demonstration for clear and convenient.The present invention can not be limited in the environment that is applied to this demonstration.After the description below having read,, optionally how to realize that the present invention will be obvious in the environment to being familiar with the people of this area.In fact, naming a person for a particular job is clearly, that is, the present invention can be applied in other radio communication device, seeks machine, portable computer, has the little portable facsimile printer of wireless communication ability such as (but being not limited to).
In these phones each all has various inner members, generally is supported on the one or more circuit boards, is used to carry out needed various function.Fig. 3 a, 3b and 3c are used to illustrate typical wireless telephonic general internal structure.Fig. 3 a has illustrated when the cross section of phone when a side is seen, how to be supported in the shell 102 to know circuit or element.Fig. 3 b has illustrated when when seeing with the back side of keypad opposite side, and the profile of same phone is to know the circuit typically found or the relation of element in shell 102.Fig. 3 c explanation is when when a side is seen, the sectional view of the phone shown in Fig. 2 b.
In Fig. 3 a and 3b, circuit board 302 is shown in the inboard of the shell 102 of supporting various elements (such as integrated circuit or chip 304, discrete element 306 such as resistor and capacitor, and various connector 308).Flat-panel screens and keyboard typically are installed in the back side of circuit board 302, and its wiring and connector (not shown) join loud speaker, microphone or other similar elements on the circuit board 302 circuit.Antenna 104 and 106 is placed on a side, and uses special conductor jointer and the binding post (clip) that is used for this purpose to be connected to circuit board 302.
Typically, the pillar or the support 310 of predetermined quantity is used for shell 102, so that circuit board or other element are installed in the shell.One or more supporting ridge (ridge) or little shelf 311 also can be used to support circuit board.These pillars can form the part (such as when it forms by the injection molding plastics) of shell, perhaps fixing (such as using stick or other known mechanism) in position.In addition, typical one or more extra bolt button columns 312 are arranged, be used to admit screw, screw or similar fastener 313, interfix with part with shell 102.That is, use a plurality of parts or a main body and the lid on electronic circuit to make shell 102.Use button knot post 312 to admit element 313 then, with being fixed to together with shell.The present invention easily holds or has solved various binding posts 310 or 312, and the design of very effective inside antenna still is provided simultaneously.
As what see in the diagrammatic sketch of the amplification of Fig. 3 b, circuit board 302 is generally fabricated as multilayer circuit board, and it has several alternately laminated conductor layers and medium substrate, and they combine, to form complicated circuits interconnection structure.The sort circuit plate is known in the prior art and understands.As the part of total, circuit board 302 has at least one, is more ground plane or ground plane sometimes, on basal surface or be installed on the centre position in the circuit board.
The applicant has realized that the radiation pattern that forms wireless device is 104,106,204 or 206 the antenna and the reciprocation of this ground plane.Antenna encourages ground plane effectively.That is, between electric conducting material in whiplike or helical antenna and the ground plane electric current is arranged, it generates electromagnetic waves, and enters in the air to form signal of communication.The input signal that reception has been received by wireless device also be its combination.Since this and other, the applicant has realized that bigger but not too useful antenna can be substituted by littler compacter antenna element, if it is suitably placed according to the ground plane of wireless device.
Be also noted that in some other trial that is producing on the inside antenna antenna radiator element is placed on the ground plane, especially need the place of a certain amount of radiation shield.Unfortunately, this makes and can not produce low-loss coupling with antenna under the bandwidth of operation situation of the abundance that normal honeycomb and PCS use.As a result, this antenna efficiency significantly reduces, and has lower gain, and this usually makes gain reduce about 6dB.
In Fig. 4 a-4c, begin to show the substrate antenna 400 that constitutes according to one embodiment of present invention and work.In Fig. 4 a and 4b, substrate antenna 400 comprises conductive line 402 (being also referred to as the conductor of band shape or elongation), medium is supported substrate 404 and signal feed area 406.Conductive line 402 can manufacture the lines more than, their connected in electrical series together, to form desirable antenna radiator structure.Lines 402 are connected electrically to the conductive spacer 408 in an end place of substrate 404 or the signal feed area 406 approaching with it.
Make substrate 404 by known dielectric material such as circuit board or flexible material that is used for this purposes or substrate.For example, can use little fiberglass-based printed circuit board (PCB) (PCB).For making substrate, various materials can have been bought.Can use glass fibre, phenolic materials, plastics or other printed circuit board (PCB) or the base material that typically can buy.Use thin substrate not necessarily, still, it provides deformable facility, and is installed to the appropriate location easily.The teflon sheet of extremely thin glass fiber reinforcement can be used for extremely thin substrate, wish that this substrate has big bending and flexible.But this thin material may not provide the support of enough rigidity to change along with moving of phone to prevent antenna performance.Be familiar with the very familiar various products that can buy of personnel of electronics and Antenna Design technology, can be according to ideal medium characteristic or beamwidth of antenna characteristic by the suitable antenna substrate of these product manufacturings.
Substrate play a part to support antenna radiator element (being lines here) and with other conductive surface at interval, the spacing with the minimum of hand or other radiation absorption or interaction material (such as fabric) perhaps is provided.
Lines by such as copper, brass, aluminium, silver or golden electric conducting material or other known useful electric conducting material in making antenna element, perhaps compound manufacturing.This can comprise electric conducting material in embedding plastic cement or the conductive epoxy resin, and they also can be used as substrate.
Lines can deposit by using a kind of technology in several known technology, these technology have such as, but be not limited to, be etched in the electric conducting material standard light on the medium or on the dielectric base; With plated with conductive material or be deposited in the substrate; Perhaps use stick etc., the electric conducting material such as sheet metal is placed in the support substrate.In addition, known coating or deposition technique can be used for metal or electric conducting material are deposited on the supporting element or the substrate of the plastics that can be shaped.
The length of lines 402 has mainly been determined the resonance frequency of substrate antenna 400.For concrete operating frequency is suitably set lines 402, or the lines of a group or a series of connections.The lines that are used to constitute antenna are deposited, and so that conducting element to be provided, it is 1/4 of a relevant frequency effective wavelength.The people who is familiar with this area will recognize easily and make length be greater than or less than λ/4 slightly, so that impedance and the benefit that sends accordingly or receiving circuit mates.In addition, influential such as the Connection Element such as the cable, electric wire or the binding post that expose that below will discuss to the whole length of antenna, and when selecting the size of lines, consider.
The thickness of lines, 402 usually are equivalent to the fraction wavelength, with miniaturization, perhaps prevent the cross-flow type pattern, and keep minimum antenna size (thickness).As known in the Antenna Design technology, the bandwidth that selected value must be worked thereon based on antenna.The width of lines, 402 also less than the wavelength in the medium substrate material, thereby will not encourage more higher order mode.
The total length of lines 402 approaches λ/4, but should be noted that lines can fold, crooked or redirect, extends with the direction of coming and go back, thereby whole antenna structure is less than λ/4 of length along its.Thin conductor size (combine with the support substrate of relative thin, and length being less than λ/4) is with traditional banded or patch chip antenna and compare, and allows significantly the reducing of overall dimensions of antenna, makes it even more ideal for the use in personal communicator thus.For example, the ground plane that compares these sizes and traditional microstrip antenna (typical, its size is λ/4 at least, with suitable work).
Shown in Fig. 4 a and 4c, conductive spacer 408 is positioned at signal feed area 406, and electrical couplings or be connected to lines 402.Usually, pad 408 and lines 402 are made by identical materials, may be as a single entity or structure (though do not need, can use identical manufacturing technology).Pad 408 singly be need be good with lines 402 electric the contact, purpose is that the impedance and the performance ground that do not influence antenna negatively send signal.
In some configurations, lines will be facing to circuit board and signal source or receiver, and in other configuration, it can leave circuit board and relative with it.In the state of this back, substrate is between lines and circuit board.In this state, conductive spacer 408 may be positioned on the reverse side of substrate, with the direct signal from circuit board of reception easily, and does not need electric wire or other conductor to extend around substrate.In many application, not wishing has more complicated connection and installation steps.Thus, as shown in Fig. 4 c, second contact pins 410 can be used for the opposite side (shown in Fig. 5 a) of substrate, and conductive through hole is used for sending signal by substrate.
Use pad 408 (with 410) that signal is sent feeder and be coupled to substrate antenna 400.Use conductive spacer 408 (with 410) to allow antenna mode like this ground to install and work, thus by " spring " well known in the prior art type, perhaps load on spring, connector or binding post, be electrically connected and the signal that facilitate send.This perhaps must insert antenna in the syndeton with hand by having eliminated the manual needs of installing to special connector, makes the structure of wireless device and makes simplification.Such being electrically connected means that also when needs, antenna can be substituted easily, to repair or upgrading, perhaps wireless device changed into another frequency, and do not need weldering or with proprietary connector work or the like.As mentioned above, spring contact has contribution to the entire length of antenna or antenna radiator (lines), and pays attention to when selecting the size of lines.
The signal feed will be coupled to substrate antenna 400 from the signal of signal processing unit on the circuit board 302 or circuit (not shown).Notice that " circuit " is used to unite the function that provided by known signal processing circuit (comprise receiver, transmitter, amplifier, filter, transceiver or the like, and all being well known in the prior art) is provided.
In Fig. 5 a and 5b, antenna 104 and 106 is replaced by substrate antenna 400.Circuit board 302 is shown among Fig. 5 a, comprises multilayer conductive and dielectric material, such as copper and glass fibre, forms alleged in the prior art multi-layer sheet or printed circuit board (PCB) (PCB).This represents layer of dielectric material 502, it on the top of metal conductor layer 504 or with its and then, metal conductor layer 504 and layer of dielectric material 506 and then, and then or support it layer of dielectric material 506 and metal conductor layer 508.The conductive hole (not shown) is used to make at various conductors on different layers or the rank and the element on the outer surface and interconnects.Etched pattern on any given layer is determined the interconnective pattern of this layer.In this configuration, layer 504 or 508 can form the ground plane or the plane of plate 302, and this in the prior art may be by known.
Install antenna 400 to such an extent that approach circuit board 302, still, depart from, and place to such an extent that make substrate 404 be substantially perpendicular to ground plane from ground plane.This antenna 400 that is arranged to provides extremely thin side to distribute, and allows it to be placed in the very limited space, and approaching with the surface of shell 102.For example, antenna 400 can be placed between the side (top) of fastener or erection column and shell 102, uses traditional microstrip antenna designs, and some is inaccessible.
As a selection, this pillar can be used in automatic placement now and supports antenna 400, and does not need extra supportive device and annex.Do not need some supportive device that substrate is placed on the appropriate location, and this provides the very simple machinery of installing of knowing clearly, reduce the cost of labor that antenna is installed, and potential permission is assembled automatically.How the character that substrate puts in place is installed allows it to rest on the shell simply.Use the pressure assembling of display floater or joint 118 also circuit board can be rested on the shell simply, and joint 118 is to assemble by aperture on the shell or passage aisle.
Perhaps, can use little support, pillar, flange, ridge, slit, raceway groove, support extrusion and protuberance etc. substrate 404 to be arranged on the appropriate location of inside of wireless device, perhaps the same thing that forms at the material of the wall that is used for making shell 102 can be used to allow plate lean on up.That is, during fabrication, such as by injection molding, that this strutting piece is molded or be formed in the wall of crust of the device.When assembling during phone, be inserted between them or inner, or when using the fastener that installs to above them, these strutting pieces can be controlled at the appropriate location with substrate 404.Be formed on the edge that ridge in the shell wall or tab (or supporting pillar) can " be bitten " plate, they be supported on the appropriate location helping.
Other method that is used to install is to utilize stick or belt to be supported in substrate on the sidewall or the other parts or the element of wireless device.
As shown in Fig. 5 b, substrate 404 can be crooked, the perhaps crooked shape that must approach matching can, or hold parts in other element, characteristics or the wireless device.Substrate can manufacture this shape, or is out of shape in installation.Use thin substrate to allow substrate crooked when mounted, and this can make a kind of tension force of substrate or pressure be applied to adjacently situated surfaces.This pressure can usually guarantee substrate in position, and do not need the fastener of screw or other type.
But those people that are familiar with prior art recognize easily, in manufacturing or installation process, do not need to make substrate deformation or bending, and make operate as normal of the present invention.Straight planar substrates is extraordinary as the substrate configuration.Other shape has the advantage of allowing various mounting conditions, and does not change work of the present invention.
Go up when each sample thing is placed in position, the back cover or the plate of shell screw, fasten with a bolt, or are buckled on the appropriate location.This has realized antenna or substrate " are caught " in shell by adjacent circuit board and lid or the housing parts that fastened are installed in the appropriate location.In this method also, antenna no longer needs extra pillar or retaining element.Can use a set of joints sheet, or similar protuberance, be connected at some parts with lid, to reduce it is supported in the quantity of the needed screw in appropriate location.
Use spring, spring contact or clip 510, place conductive spacer 408 to such an extent that approach and electrical couplings or be connected to circuit board 302.Use the technology of known injection welding or conduction stick and so on, spring contact 510 or clip 510 are installed on the circuit board 302.One end of clip 510 is connected electrically to suitable conductor or conductive hole, to send signal to that need in the one or more wireless devices and transmission and receiving circuits antenna 400 coupling.The common free floating of the other end of clip 510, and the place extension towards placement antenna 400 from circuit board 302.More particularly, clip 510 is placed the end that contact pins 408 is arranged that approaches lines 402.As shown in FIG., clip 510 leaves antenna and bends to roundly, is called arch then, up to it towards direction back to antenna.This dome-shaped is worked for structure provides more flexibly and simply.But the clip of other type as shown in Figure 6, also is useful, and the invention is not restricted to this.Spring contact or clip 510 are typically made by metal material, such as copper or brass, still, any deformable electric conducting material known for this utilization also can use, stand signal attenuation or other desirable contact performance, as be known in the art.
Because antenna 400 is on the ground plane such as layer 504, or be parallel to it and tightly adjacent, antenna has or keeps enough big radiation resistance.This means that may provide suitable coupling to antenna 400, and not be subjected to heavy losses, that is, antenna has good matched impedance.Even antenna 400 moves to the various positions that are offset to circuit board 302 1 sides, still can keep efficient, that is, it laterally moves, and does not approach plate 302 more.This Antenna Design plays to encourage very effectively ground plane, and does not jeopardize its performance.
Substrate need be perpendicular to ground plane, and still main feature of the present invention is a small size, and can minimum space.If substrate is placed in the same plane, and be parallel to ground plane, then it will clearly take more space between shell and ground plane.This is not ideal.But the orientation of substrate does not hinder antenna work.Traditional lug plate antenna must be used for this situation, and this is the reason that they consume too much space.Difference of the present invention is that it can use a spot of horizontal space in wireless device.
By with respect to shell, place antenna to such an extent that approach the edge of ground plane and in the above, or, antenna provide with traditional whip antenna and has compared more omnibearing pattern at it at a distance.The device of antenna is placed and is meaned that also the radiation pattern that obtains is perpendicular polarization basically, as be most radio communication devices needed.
For the electronics in the wireless device, substrate is not positioned at " top " or " following " of ground plane, because in that position, as previously mentioned, with negative effect impedance and performance.Making antenna is not important on ground plane.This can represent by several modes.For example, a volume or space are arranged, be positioned at above the surface of ground plane, occupied whole ground plane, up to its edge (passing through edge limitation).This volume is the forbidden zone of substrate.With lines place this volume to mean to be positioned at ground plane above.From the another one viewpoint, any elevation angle between the plane of ground plane and the position of substrate antenna or drift angle cannot be 90 degree.In fact, should suitably or fully separate with ground plane guaranteeing less than 90 degree basically.
Another considers the mode of antenna, and the advantage by this design generation is considered in the placement of substrate.This antenna can be installed near the top of the wireless device between ground plane and the sidewall (or top or bottom, depend on viewpoint).Under the situation of collapsible phone, antenna can be installed near two hinges or turning point or fulcrum between the m part.This provides the position to antenna, and it is farther that it leaves the user in use, and such as user's head, this is because the mode that phone is opened causes, and this point is placed.This is obvious advantage for head absorption etc.For the phone or the wireless device of " rod " shape, substrate antenna can be installed near top surface or the side surface as required.
The present invention is first invention with the configuration that allows these spaces of use or zone.The present invention is that a kind of new method is utilized adjacent to circuit board and approached shell, the space of the wireless device that separates with ground plane, volume or zone.A kind of novel inside antenna can be installed in the zone of just in time laterally approaching ground plane.
An advantage of the invention is that it does not need the movable part of substrate to install or to be placed into the appropriate location.Big patch chip antenna or element needs so much place or area, thus they circuit board section need be removed, or circuit moves, and installs to have living space.The another one aspect of this antenna is that they are mounted to such an extent that be arranged in the plane of circular flat usually.That is, antenna radiator is formed on (even their bendings) in the planar configuration, and their planar axes arranges to such an extent that become delegation with ground plane, this cause antenna too much usage space, use the failure part of the target of inside antenna, the loss in space.
A part that should be understood that the lines of thinking shown in the Figure 4 and 5 402 is responsive more to the variation of effective resonance length.This part most probable shows the variation in the antenna resonance from the existence of wireless device user's hand or head.There are three main energy losses to influence the work of the antenna 400 in the wireless device.These impedances that are the dielectric loading by user's hand causes do not match loss,, user's head absorbs and user's hand absorbs.Which kind of energy absorption or the loss that do not match can make mis-behave.For example, hand or head absorb the signal that can significantly decay and be used by wireless device, make mis-behave thus.
Little antenna size and the another one aspect of placing flexibly are that it may be influential near the energy level the device user.The littler size of antenna and the placement of the antenna in the configuration affects shell easily, this specific position place in the device outside can influence radiation level greatly.
Place flexibly in shell 102 in order further to reduce antenna size or to allow, antenna can also by with the electric conducting material setting be deposited on the shell or the inner surface of wireless device on form.That is, for the application of knowing the path is arranged along side wall of outer shell, lines can deposit or be formed on the wall.This is shown in the side cross-sectional view of Fig. 6.In Fig. 6, lines or many lines 402 are set directly on the shell of supporting the substrate effect together.This provides a limit for using the minimum amount of space aspect.
When the shell wall part that will use was made by metal coat or by metal or other electric conducting material, the intermediate layer of insulating material can be used between shell and the lines 402.In this configuration, by pushing the side of shell simply, the metal level with desirable lines configuration can be formed on have and allow easily to be positioned over carrying out on the thin layer of underbed in the wireless device at the viscosity lining.This step can be used pick and place machine automation well known in the prior art.Lines among this or any embodiment can use further coating (well known in the prior art) to protect the surface.
But the people who is familiar with this area is clear, and when not being positioned at above the ground plane, antenna or electric conducting material should be with above-mentioned identical with respect to the relative position of ground plane.
Fig. 7 a has illustrated the embodiment of several replacements of the lines that are used to form antenna of the present invention to 7h.Among Fig. 7 a, lines 402 are depicted as single thin conduction belt, extend along the length of substrate 404 (not shown), and be connected at one end round contact pins 408 or and it form together.In Fig. 7 b, lines 402 are depicted as single thin conduction belt, and it is connected to contact pins 408, and on a discontiguous end, be formed with expansion or circular portion.These lines have the profile of " dog bone ".Among Fig. 7 c, lines 402 are long thin conduction belts, are connected to more square contact pins 408, or form together with it.Here, belt extends along the length of substrate 404, and folding or crooked at a discontiguous end, thereby its direction comes back to towards contact pins.This allows antenna to have and be used to form the shorter entire length of lines of λ/4 length elements.Describe as following, should be understood that various patterns and shape can be used for lines being redirected or folding along different directions.For example, corner shape, circular band or other shape can be used for this function, and do not change technology of the present invention.Lines are wideer than another part at the width of fold back portion.Shown in Fig. 4 b, the width of increase provides " maximum load " or improved bandwidth for antenna, and this is useful for some application.But the present invention does not need this extra width.
In Fig. 7 d, lines 402 are depicted as the conduction belt again, are connected to contact pins 408, and it extends along the length of substrate 404.In this embodiment, lines have supposed to follow the complicated more shape at the edge of substrate, and this substrate is by tab or protuberance along an edge, and the insertion of the correspondence on opposed edges or depression are made.Arrive at lines before the far-end of its contact jaw direction of turning back of substrate, it experiences the change of twice angle.Last part after lines are folding is also slightly greater than the original lengths of lines.
Tab and other angle and be used for joining with wireless device and various side or the characteristic of making the shell of element along the depression of base length.The edge of substrate 404 can be shaped, or become multiple shape, with the shape of the internal edge that is suitable for shell can with corresponding variation coupling in the wall of shell, or be placed on around it, and surround various projectioies, protrusion, irregular part or known from the outstanding part in shell wall surface, perhaps in addition the wiring, conductor and the cable that are placed in the wireless device to needs stay the slit.For this reason, the side of substrate or edge can use various circles, the side or other shape.This edge allows antenna to be installed in the space that is not suitable for microstrip antenna so far.
In addition, the shape of lines 402 or substrate antenna 400 can also change in three-dimensional.That is, though line strip becomes general flat surface, support that the substrate of lines or substrate surface can be crooked, to allow various installation configurations.That is, the strong performance because substrate is thin, when mounted, substrate can be fabricated to the surface of warp architecture, change or distortion simply.This is shown in Fig. 7 e, and this is the top view of substrate, laterally to length, crooked substrate 404 is shown.The people who is familiar with this area can use various curves or bending with clear in this size.For example, substrate surface can form certain " bending " pattern.
Fig. 7 f is to the preferred embodiment of structure of the present invention shown in the end view of 7h and the front view and test.Here, the length of the integral body of substrate 402 approaches 52 millimeters, the about 1mm of the width of lines.When lines were widened in the end of fold back portion 702, width approached 1.5mm.Contact pins 408 and 410 all is the square of 6.75mm, and one group of suitable conductive hole is arranged, and extends through substrate, contact they two.Use the thick glass fabric substrates of about 1mm, and lines and the about 0.01mm of pad are thick.Note, space 704, it turns back between an end and the basal edge at lines.This selectable space or the slit with edge are used to be provided with lines to be returned, and reduces hand near antenna edge or the influence that is in contact with it.
For the people who is familiar with this area with clear, different shape, circular, oval, parabola shaped such as (but being not limited to), that the angle arranged and square, C-, L-or V-shape folding, contact and edge may be used to lines and substrate.The width of conductor can be along length variations, thus they towards outer end (non-feedthrough part) diminish gradually, bending, or ladder type be changed to narrower or wideer.As the people who is familiar with this area will know and know that these several effects or shape can be combined into a single antenna structure.For example, the belt along the angled classification of one dimension bending in addition is possible.
The result who removes whip antenna 104 and helical antenna 106 can easily see from the side view of Fig. 5 c, the figure shows the phone that uses Fig. 1 b of the present invention.
The front can make any people who is familiar with this area make or use the present invention to the description of preferred embodiment.To the various modifications of these embodiment, will be obvious such as the type of the wireless device that uses, and the general principle of definition here can be used for other embodiment, and need not utilize creative work.Thus, the embodiment shown in the invention is not restricted to here, and according to principle that discloses here and new characteristics the wideest corresponding to scope.
Claims (11)
1. substrate antenna that is used for radio communication device, described substrate antenna has the ground plane of the circuit that is used for portion incorporated therein, it is characterized in that, and described substrate antenna comprises:
Non-conductive support substrate with previously selected thickness and length;
Be formed on the suprabasil conductive line of described support, the length of described conductive line is chosen to make it to play the active radiator effect of electromagnetic energy at least on a previously selected frequency; And
Described support substrate is arranged in the described wireless device, adjacent to the edge that also surpasses described ground plane.
2. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that forming described lines on the described dielectric material by metal material is deposited on.
3. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that also comprising the conductive spacer of the feed terminal that is coupled to described lines.
4. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that described conductive spacer and spring type signal feed join.
5. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that so size of the length of described lines and width, thereby described substrate antenna can receive and send and has 824 to 894MHz frequency range.
6. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1 it is characterized in that the length of described lines and width are so big or small, thereby described substrate antenna can receive and send the signal of the frequency range of 1.85-1.99GHz.
7. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described substrate is positioned near the described ground plane edge, and departs from less than 90 degree from described ground plane.
8. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described substrate is parallel to the edge of described ground plane.
9. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that described substrate is also substantially perpendicular to the plane of described ground plane.
10. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described substrate not directly on described ground plane or below.
11. substrate antenna as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that described substrate is arranged between the shell wall of the edge of described ground plane and described wireless device.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US7561598P | 1998-02-20 | 1998-02-20 | |
| US60/075,615 | 1998-02-20 | ||
| US09/028,510 | 1998-02-23 | ||
| US09/028,510 US6097339A (en) | 1998-02-23 | 1998-02-23 | Substrate antenna |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1296647A true CN1296647A (en) | 2001-05-23 |
| CN1168175C CN1168175C (en) | 2004-09-22 |
Family
ID=26703772
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB998048844A Expired - Lifetime CN1168175C (en) | 1998-02-20 | 1999-02-18 | Substrate antenna |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1062710A1 (en) |
| JP (3) | JP2002504767A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100738265B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1168175C (en) |
| AR (1) | AR018291A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU748232B2 (en) |
| BR (2) | BR9908051A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2321214C (en) |
| IL (2) | IL137933A0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999043039A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1754282B (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2010-05-26 | 摩托罗拉公司 | A circuit assembly and electronic device incorporating such an assembly |
| CN110622355A (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2019-12-27 | 莱森西斯澳大利亚私人有限公司 | Antenna with a shield |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2246226T3 (en) | 2000-01-19 | 2006-02-16 | Fractus, S.A. | MINIATURE SPILL FILLING ANTENNAS. |
| EP1310014B1 (en) * | 2000-08-08 | 2007-05-30 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Wireless terminal |
| SE522492C2 (en) | 2000-10-27 | 2004-02-10 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | Antenna device for a mobile terminal |
| KR100652620B1 (en) * | 2003-07-30 | 2006-12-06 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Mobile phone having internal antenna |
| US20070146205A1 (en) * | 2004-02-25 | 2007-06-28 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. | Antenna array |
| US8738103B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2014-05-27 | Fractus, S.A. | Multiple-body-configuration multimedia and smartphone multifunction wireless devices |
| JP4807422B2 (en) | 2009-03-09 | 2011-11-02 | 株式会社デンソー | Electric power steering system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US4814776A (en) * | 1987-09-10 | 1989-03-21 | Motorola, Inc. | Optimally grounded small loop antenna |
| JP2653277B2 (en) * | 1991-06-27 | 1997-09-17 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Portable wireless communication device |
| US5555459A (en) * | 1992-03-27 | 1996-09-10 | Norand Corporation | Antenna means for hand-held data terminals |
| JPH0715223A (en) * | 1993-06-24 | 1995-01-17 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Antenna device |
| JPH07183716A (en) | 1993-12-22 | 1995-07-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Diversity antenna and cordless telephone set with diversity antenna mounted |
| JP3185607B2 (en) * | 1995-05-31 | 2001-07-11 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Surface mount antenna and communication device using the same |
| JPH09252212A (en) * | 1996-03-14 | 1997-09-22 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Antenna system and its manufacture |
| JP3114621B2 (en) * | 1996-06-19 | 2000-12-04 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Surface mount antenna and communication device using the same |
| JPH1013287A (en) * | 1996-06-20 | 1998-01-16 | Saitama Nippon Denki Kk | Antenna-feeding system |
| US5717409A (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1998-02-10 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Dual frequency band antenna system |
-
1999
- 1999-02-18 JP JP2000532879A patent/JP2002504767A/en active Pending
- 1999-02-18 IL IL13793399A patent/IL137933A0/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-02-18 BR BR9908051-6A patent/BR9908051A/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-02-18 WO PCT/US1999/003505 patent/WO1999043039A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-02-18 AU AU32998/99A patent/AU748232B2/en not_active Expired
- 1999-02-18 CA CA002321214A patent/CA2321214C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-18 EP EP99934369A patent/EP1062710A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-02-18 KR KR1020007009163A patent/KR100738265B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-18 CN CNB998048844A patent/CN1168175C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-18 BR BRMU7903455U patent/BRMU7903455Y1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-23 AR ARP990100708A patent/AR018291A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2000
- 2000-08-17 IL IL137933A patent/IL137933A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2008
- 2008-09-17 JP JP2008238516A patent/JP2009055617A/en active Pending
-
2011
- 2011-05-25 JP JP2011116910A patent/JP5345653B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1754282B (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2010-05-26 | 摩托罗拉公司 | A circuit assembly and electronic device incorporating such an assembly |
| CN110622355A (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2019-12-27 | 莱森西斯澳大利亚私人有限公司 | Antenna with a shield |
| CN110622355B (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2022-02-11 | 莱森西斯澳大利亚私人有限公司 | Antenna with a shield |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU3299899A (en) | 1999-09-06 |
| EP1062710A1 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
| CA2321214C (en) | 2008-02-19 |
| JP2011205678A (en) | 2011-10-13 |
| BRMU7903455Y1 (en) | 2017-03-14 |
| KR20010052177A (en) | 2001-06-25 |
| CN1168175C (en) | 2004-09-22 |
| JP2002504767A (en) | 2002-02-12 |
| BR9908051A (en) | 2002-01-15 |
| JP5345653B2 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
| IL137933A (en) | 2006-04-10 |
| CA2321214A1 (en) | 1999-08-26 |
| JP2009055617A (en) | 2009-03-12 |
| IL137933A0 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
| WO1999043039A1 (en) | 1999-08-26 |
| AU748232B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 |
| AR018291A1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
| KR100738265B1 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
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