CN1294912A - Blood sugar reducing compound - Google Patents
Blood sugar reducing compound Download PDFInfo
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- CN1294912A CN1294912A CN 99122378 CN99122378A CN1294912A CN 1294912 A CN1294912 A CN 1294912A CN 99122378 CN99122378 CN 99122378 CN 99122378 A CN99122378 A CN 99122378A CN 1294912 A CN1294912 A CN 1294912A
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Abstract
The present invention discloses one kind of new blood sugar reducing compound, which is dephenylethylenes extracted and separated from rhubarb as natural polygonaceae plant. The compounds have blood sugar reducing activity and may be used as new medicine for treating diabetes.
Description
The invention belongs to the new purposes of plant compound field, what specifically the present invention relates to is to be used for hypoglycemic purposes clinically from the plant compound that separates the stilbene constituents that obtains from Polygonaceae Rheum plant.
Diabetes are clinical common endocrine metabolism diseases.In recent years, along with the development of society, the change of people's dietary structure, this disease sickness rate worldwide raises rapidly.According to statistics, global patient's sum can reach about 100,012,000.As seen diabetes have become the another serious disease of the serious harm human health after cardiovascular, tumor disease.Diabetic duration is long, and recuperating under medical treatment improperly often has complication to take place, and as chronic vascular complications (comprising cerebrovascular disorders, ischemic heart desease), diabetic nephropathy etc., the mortality rate due to the complication increases year by year.Therefore, the control to diabetes and complication thereof is global research hot subject.
Blood sugar lowering medicine of using clinically such as sulfonylurea, its effect of biguanides at present is slow, and certain toxic and side effects is arranged.Though effective in cure, the no obvious toxic-side effects of Chinese medicine compound, it is of less types that patent medicine is sold.And by the monomeric compound in the natural drug source hypoglycemic drug as clinical practice, not seeing as yet so far has open report.
First purpose of the present invention provides the novel hypoglycemic drug of a class.
Another object of the present invention provides a kind of pharmaceutical composition that has good action for blood sugar lowering.
Purpose according to the present invention, the novel blood sugar lowing composition that is provided is a diphenylethylene compounds, this chemical compound mainly is from plant, can be from natural drug such as Polygonaceae Rheum ripple leaf group plant Radix Rhei emodi, Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Cheng et C. T. Kao etc. extraction separation.Extraction separation in the multiple rheum rhabarbarum such as Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Cheng et C. T. Kao.Such plant China distribute wide, reserves are big, and habit is suitable for a large amount of cultivating and growings, and above-mentioned blood sugar lowering constituents content in such plant is rich, easy, the easy row of the means of obtaining its effective monomer component.
This chemical compound has following structure:
R
1=OH OCH
3O glucosyl HR
2=H glucosylR
3=H glucosyl
According to the present invention, the stilbene analog derivative can be made into the preparation of intestinal or non-intestinal combination medicine by known method.As tablet, capsule, granule, injection etc.
Useful effect: chemical compound of the present invention has potential applicability in clinical practice, and it can blood sugar lowering and do not have obvious toxic and side effects.Simultaneously, this compounds might improve the complication state of an illness of diabetes again, then more helps the prospect of clinical practice.
The following examples will describe the present invention in detail.Embodiment 1: the extraction of stilbene analog derivative and structure are identified:
Get the rheum rhabarbarum decoction pieces, add 8 times of amount 95% alcohol reflux three times, each 2 hours.Merge extractive liquid,, concentrating under reduced pressure.Ethanol extract disperses with kieselguhr, drying.With chloroform flush away liposoluble constituent, continue with eluent ethyl acetate, obtain the ethyl acetate soluble fraction.This part row silica gel column chromatography (60-100 order) with eluent ethyl acetate, continues with ethyl acetate/methanol (∽ 2 in 4: 1) eluting, promptly gets crude product, and crude product through water/acetone recrystallization promptly.
Identify:
Compd E is white amorphous powder (rare acetone), mp.138-140 ℃.Be bluish violet fluorescence under the ultraviolet light, the Molisch reacting positive.
1HNMR(acetone-d
6)δ
ppm：7.14(1H，d，J=8.5Hz，H-5′)，7.06(1H，d，J=2.1Hz，H-2′)，6.97(1H，d，J=16.3Hz，H-β)，6.94(1H，dd，J=2.1/8.5Hz，H-6′)，6.89(1H，d，H=16.3Hz，H-α)，6.52(2H，d，J=2.1Hz，H-2，6)，6.24(1H，t，J=2.1Hz，H-4)，4.79(1H，d，J=7.5Hz，anomeric-H)，3.9-3.3(sugar-H)；
13CNMR(acetone-d
6)δppm：aglycone159.5(C-3，5)，148.5(C-4′)，146.0(C-3′)，140.3(C-1)，134.2(C-1′)，128.6(C-αβ)，119.3(C-5′)，118.9(C-6′)，114.2(C-2′)，105.6(C-2，6)，104.0(C-4)，glucosy1102.9(C-1″)，77.8(C-3″)，77.1(C-5″)，74.4(C-2″)，70.9(C-4″)，62.2(C-6″)。
1HNMR and
13(1 YoshikiKashiwada et al.Chem.Pharm.Bull.1988,36 (4): 1545) Bao Dao data consistent, compd E are accredited as Piceatannol-4 '-O-β-D-glucopyranoside for CNMR data and Yoshiki Kashiwada etc.
Compd B 50 is white, needle-shaped crystals (rare acetone), mp.222-224 ℃.Be bluish violet fluorescence Molisch reacting positive under the ultraviolet light.
1HNMR(acetone-d
6)δppm：7.46(1H，d，J=2Hz，H-2′)，7.10(1H，dd，J=2/8.3Hz，H-6′)，6.96(1H，d，J=16.3Hz，H-α)，6.87(1H，d，H=16.3Hz，H-α)，6.82(1H，d，J=8.2Hz，H-5′)，6.50(2H，d，J=2.1Hz，H-2，6)，6.22(1H，t，J=2.1Hz，H-4)，4.82(1H，d，J=7.5Hz，anomeric-H)，4.0-3.3(sugar-H)；
13CNMR(acetone-d
6)δ?ppm：aglycone159.5(C-3，5)，148.1(C-3′)，146.5(C-4′)，140.5(C-1)，130.5(C-1′)，128.7(C-β)，127.5(C-α)，123.3(C-6′)，116.8(C2′)，116.5(C-5′)，105.4(C-2，6)，104.1(C-4)；glucosy1102.6(C-1″)，78.0(C-3″)，77.2(C-″)，74.4(C-2″)，71.1(C-4″)，62.3(C-6″)。
1HNMR and
13(2 Yoshiki Kashiwada et al.Chem.Pharm.Bull.1984,32 (9): 3501) Bao Dao data consistent, compd B 50 are accredited as Piceatannol-3 '-O-β-Dglucopyranoside for CNMR data and YoshikiKashiwada etc.
Compound F 17-hydroxy-corticosterone is white, needle-shaped crystals (dilute methanol), mp.228-230 ℃.Be bluish violet fluorescence under the ultraviolet light, the Molisch reacting positive.
1HNMR(acetone-d
6)δH-β)，6.96(1H，dd，J=2/8.3Hz，H-6′)，6.90(1H，d，J=7.9Hz，H-5′)，6.89(1H，d，H=16.5Hz，H-α)，6.77(1H，br.s，H-2)，6.66(1H，br.s，H-2)，6.48(1H，t，J=1.8Hz，H-4)，4.90(1H，d，J=7.7Hz，anomeric-H)，3.82(3H，s，-OCH3)，4.0-3.3(sugar-H)；3CNMR(acetone-d
6)δ?ppm：aglycone?160.1(C-5)，159.5(C-3)，148.4(C-4′)，147.5(C-3′)，140.5(C-1)，131.5(C-1′)，129：5(C-β)，127.2(C-α)，119.7(C-6′)，11?3.3(C-2′)，112.5(C-5′)，108.0(C-2)，106.5(C-6)，103.8(C-4)，56.2(-OCH3)；glucosy1101.9(C-1″)，77.7(C-3″，5″)，74.4(C-2″)，71.1(C-4″)，62.5(C-6″)。
1HNMR and
13(2 Yoshiki Kashiwada et al.Chem.Pharm.Bull.1984,32 (9): 3501) Bao Dao data consistent, compound F 17-hydroxy-corticosterone is accredited as rhaponticin for CNMR data and YoshikiKashiwada etc.Embodiment 2 biological assessments one, main hyperglycemia of observing above-claimed cpd in the biotic experiment below to the alloxan modeling
The therapeutical effect of mice is made positive control drug with the two croaks (to call metformin in the following text) of dimethyl,
Its drug effect is estimated.1 materials and methods, 1.1 material 1.1.1 medicine and animals
Metformin, lot number 96064, Chinese-foreign joint Zhengan County pharmacy (Tianjin) company limited production.
Kunming mouse, body weight 22-24g, male, animal housing of Beijing Drug Control Inst. provides, the quality certification number: the moving accurate word (1994) of pipe in capital No. 037 1.1.2 instrument and reagent
The UV-265 spectrophotometer, day island proper Tianjin company produces; Alloxan, lot number 42011-3E, Hong Kong produces; Glucoseoxidase (GOD), the packing of Beijing hundred safe Biochem Technology, INC.; Peroxidase (POD), lot number 9712193, the beautiful pearl east wind in Shanghai Bioisystech Co., Ltd produces.1.2 method
Above-mentioned healthy mice behind the fasting 20hr., with alloxan normal saline solution tail vein injection 80mg/kg body weight, makes into hyperglycemia model.
With determination of glucose oxidase mice fasting blood sugar, select blood glucose value the mice of 7-25mmol/L be divided at random six groups (between group mean blood glucose differ＜0.6mmol/L), each is organized dosage and sees Table.Every day, gastric infusion continuous 12 days, was surveyed the fasting blood sugar of respectively organizing mice in 30 minutes, with comparison between the blood glucose difference is organized before and after each group mouse blood sugar mean and the administration after the last administration.2. blood glucose value difference value after the blood glucose value administration before the group animals administer dosed administration as a result
Number mg/kg mmol/L mmol/L mmol/L
| The little glyburide of E among the big E of blank model contrast metformin group E | 11 12 13 13 13 13 13 | Ordinary water 20ml/Kg ordinary water 20ml/Kg 500 1,000 500 250 6.6 | ????7.08±1.1?7 ????22.70±3.91 ????22.63±4.85 ????22.47±3.52 ????22.58±3.15 ????22.51±4.60 ????22.25±2.46 | ??7.02±1.31 ?22.77±2.92 △△△?17.35±5.29 ※?16.41±5.44 ※?16.26±5.27 ※※?20.93±5.68 ?21.06.0±4.29 | ?0.22±1.38 -0.76±3.07 ?5.85±6.46 ※?6.41±7.54 ※?6.93±6.27 ?1.58±6.73 ?0.06±7.03 |
Annotate: compare Δ Δ Δ p＜0.01 with the blank group; Compare ※ p＜0.05, ※ ※ p＜0.01 with model group;
Negative value is represented blood sugar increasing.
As seen from the above table, the positive control drug metformin demonstrates good blood sugar reducing function, and the illustrative experiment method is reliable.The big or middle dosage of compd E all can obviously reduce the blood glucose value of high sugared model mice, and (500mg/Kg) its effect is similar or slightly be better than the metformin group when equal dosage, illustrates that this medicine blood sugar reducing function is obvious.Two, above-claimed cpd influences 2. materials and methods, 2.1 material 2.1.1 medicine and animals to the normal mouse carbohydrate tolerance
Metformin, lot number 96064. Chinese-foreign joint Zhengan County pharmacy (Tianjin) company limited productions.
Animal: Kunming mouse, body weight 20-23g, male and female are usefulness all, and the quality certification numbers 921103 is provided by Military Medical Science Institute's Experimental Animal Center.2.1.2 instrument and reagent
Semi-automatic production analyser, IMPACT 400 types, U.S. GILFORD company produces.
Adopt the determination of glucose oxidase blood glucose value, provide the blood glucose test kit by Beijing Zhongsheng Biological Engineering High Technology Company.2.2 method
Above-mentioned healthy mice is according to body weight size random packet.Each is organized dosage and sees the following form.Mice gastric infusion every day was taken 12 days continuously.Before the carbohydrate tolerance test, each treated animal fasting blood sugar is measured in animal fasting 12 hours, administration then, 1 hour pneumoretroperitoneum injectable dextrose monohydrate 2g/kg.Measure after the administration 0,0.5,1.0 and 2.0 hours blood glucose value at once, and calculate area under the blood glucose curve, between organizing relatively.As a result E to the influence of normal mouse carbohydrate tolerance
| Group | Number of animals | Dosage (mg/lkg) | Blood glucose value (mmol/L) | Area AUC under the blood glucose curve | ||||
| Before the administration | After the administration 0 ' | ????30’ | ????60’ | ????120’ | ||||
| Among the blank metformin E | ?7 ?7 ?7 | Water 2.7 ± 1.0 500 2.4 ± 0.9 500 1.8 ± 0.8 | ?5.2±1.1 ?4.0±0.9 ?4.0±0.6 * | 13.5±3.0 9.6±2.0 *6.4±1.0 # | 7.2±1.1 4.1±2.0 #3.7±0.6 # | 5.0±0.7 0.6±0.6 #0.8±1.1 # | 953.2±135.4 552.6±100.3 #?40.6±69.6 #@ | |
| E is little for the blank metformin | ?5 ?5 ?5 | Water 4.3 ± 1.1 250 4.1 ± 0.6 250 4.9 ± 0.5 | ?6.7±1.5 ?4.5±1.0 ?5.2±0.9 | ?17.4±2.2 ?13.2±2.6 ?14.6±2.5 | 11.1±3.3 ?7.2±1.6 ?9.4±1.8 | ?6.8±1.0 ?4.2±1.1 ?5.5±0.3 | 1327.6±227.6 ?917.0±143.5 1076.4±135.7 | |
Annotate: compare with the blank group, * P＜0.01 #P＜0.001 compares @P＜0.05 with metformin
As seen from the above table, normal mouse gavages E 500mg/kg or metformin 500mg/kg, continuous 12 days.Behind glucose load in 30-120 minute, blood glucose value is starkly lower than the blank group, and (P＜0.005-0.001): area is also significantly less than blank group (P＜0.001) under the blood glucose curve.Illustrate that metformin and E all have good blood sugar reducing function.With equal drug dose (500mg/kg), area is than metformin smaller (P＜0.05) under the blood glucose curve of E.The hypoglycemic effect that E is described slightly is better than metformin.When dosage is reduced to 250mg/kg, also show certain blood sugar reducing function, but its effect weakens.3 toxicity comparative drug toxicity mices, Kunming kind, body weight 19-21g Military Medical Science Institute Animal Experimental Study central supply, the quality certification number 9211031. acute toxicity test lumbar injection LD
50 1242.5mg/kg MTD 641.3mg/kgLD
50 1139.2mg/kg the oral LD of MTD 641.3mg/kg
50 
9007.5mg/kg MTD 5625mg/kgLD
50 
8578.9mg/kg MTD 4219mg/kg2. cumulative toxicity test mice lumbar injection 1/10 LD
50Dosage (123.5mg/kg) once a day, totally 30 days mouse peritoneals are injected 1/2 LD
10Dosage (336.5mg/kg) once a day, totally 30 days
The above-mentioned two groups of mices of result (10 every group) all do not have dead, show no obvious depot action.But its influence for mice body weight and some index is as follows:
E is to the influence of body weight
| Before the medicine behind (g) medicine 30 days (g) | ||
| Normal control/2 LD 10Dosage/10 LD 50Dosage | ????20.0±0.4 ????20.0±0.4 ????20.2±0.6 | ????32.0±3.8 ????30.4±1.6 ????29.6±1.3 |
E is to the influence of some serum biochemistry index
| ???????????????GOT???????????????GPT????????????????Glu | |||
| Normal control | 3004.8±884.7 | ?679.3±114.2 | ????6.96±0.80 |
| /2?LD 10Dosage | 3397.3±690.8 | ?994.5±324.5 | ????7.48±0.48 |
| /10?LD 50Dosage | 3097.3±545.8 | ?735.5±23.6 | ????6.86±0.67 |
For some index such as body weight, GOT, GPT.1/2 LD
10Dosage (336.5mg/kg) connects was relatively had the trend that increases with the normal control group after 30 days, but did not have the statistics difference.1/10LD
50Dosage connects gives 30 days, and only body weight is low slightly like comparative control person, does not have the statistics difference.
It seems that by above-mentioned mouse test this toxicity of compound is quite low, in general the oral LD of mice
50Dosage should belong to low toxicity or non-toxic type material, and this chemical compound does not also have accumulative effect greater than 5g/kg person.
Metformin LD
50Be 247mg/Kg (ip)
Compd E LD
50About 1100mg/Kg (ip)
Therefore it seems that compd E is low to the toxicity of mice than metformin.
Claims (3)
1, the stilbene analog derivative that has following structure is characterized in that being used to be prepared into the purposes of hypoglycemic drug.
R
1=OH?OCH
3?O?glucosyl?HR
2=H??glucosylR
3=H??glucosyl
2, a kind ofly be used for hypoglycemic pharmaceutical composition, its feature comprises as the stilbene analog derivative in the claim 1 of active ingredient, and pharmaceutical excipient or carrier.
3, pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2 can be made into tablet, capsule, injection or granule dosage form.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99122378 CN1224383C (en) | 1999-11-05 | 1999-11-05 | Blood sugar reducing compound |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99122378 CN1224383C (en) | 1999-11-05 | 1999-11-05 | Blood sugar reducing compound |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1294912A true CN1294912A (en) | 2001-05-16 |
| CN1224383C CN1224383C (en) | 2005-10-26 |
Family
ID=5282476
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99122378 Expired - Fee Related CN1224383C (en) | 1999-11-05 | 1999-11-05 | Blood sugar reducing compound |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1224383C (en) |
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006007794A1 (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2006-01-26 | Institut Of Radiation Medicine, Academy Of Military Medical Sciences, Pla | Cis-1,2-substituted stilbene derivates and the use thererof for manufacturing medicaments for treating medicaments for treating and/or preventing diabetes |
| CN1308002C (en) * | 2003-11-01 | 2007-04-04 | 胡群 | Compound preparation of notoginseng total saponin and quzaqi aglycone and its preparing method |
| EP1421933A4 (en) * | 2001-07-26 | 2007-09-05 | Inst Radiation Med Amms Pla | Use of stilbene compounds in preparing medicaments for treating or preventing diabetes and diseases associated with retrovirus |
| JP2007223919A (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-09-06 | Maruzen Pharmaceut Co Ltd | Skin cosmetic |
| CN100421583C (en) * | 2006-01-19 | 2008-10-01 | 拉萨乌孜食品饮料发展有限公司 | Rheumefmodiwdll extract and its application |
| CN100421582C (en) * | 2006-01-19 | 2008-10-01 | 拉萨乌孜食品饮料发展有限公司 | Tibet rhubarb extract and its application |
| CN102512507A (en) * | 2012-01-12 | 2012-06-27 | 西藏金哈达药业有限公司 | Application of rheum australe extract to preparation of medicament for preventing and treating diabetes |
| CN102887925A (en) * | 2011-07-21 | 2013-01-23 | 中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 | Method for extracting rhaponticin from rheum hotaoense |
| CN104147024A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2014-11-19 | 安树君 | Novel application of resveratrol derivatives |
| CN104147026A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2014-11-19 | 安树君 | New application of resveratrol derivative |
| CN104147023A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2014-11-19 | 安树君 | New application of resveratrol derivative |
| EP2862575A4 (en) * | 2012-06-19 | 2016-02-10 | Kunming Pharmaceutical Corp | Application of piceatannol-3'-o-b-d-glucopyranoside in preparation of medicaments for improving microcirculation block |
| CN106038668A (en) * | 2016-05-28 | 2016-10-26 | 杨本雷 | Medicine for controlling blood glucose concentration |
| CN111000854A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-04-14 | 昆药集团股份有限公司 | Application of Quzhazhigan in preparation of product for treating and/or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
-
1999
- 1999-11-05 CN CN 99122378 patent/CN1224383C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1421933A4 (en) * | 2001-07-26 | 2007-09-05 | Inst Radiation Med Amms Pla | Use of stilbene compounds in preparing medicaments for treating or preventing diabetes and diseases associated with retrovirus |
| CN1308002C (en) * | 2003-11-01 | 2007-04-04 | 胡群 | Compound preparation of notoginseng total saponin and quzaqi aglycone and its preparing method |
| JP2008506722A (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2008-03-06 | 中国人民解放▲軍▼▲軍▼事医学科学院放射医学研究所 | Cis-1,2-substituted stilbene derivatives and their use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and / or prevention of diabetes |
| US8039513B2 (en) | 2004-07-21 | 2011-10-18 | Institute Of Radiation Medicine, Academy Of Military Medical Sciences, Pla | Cis-1,2-substituted stilbene derivatives and their use in preparation of drugs for treatment and/or prevention of diabetes |
| WO2006007794A1 (en) * | 2004-07-21 | 2006-01-26 | Institut Of Radiation Medicine, Academy Of Military Medical Sciences, Pla | Cis-1,2-substituted stilbene derivates and the use thererof for manufacturing medicaments for treating medicaments for treating and/or preventing diabetes |
| CN100421583C (en) * | 2006-01-19 | 2008-10-01 | 拉萨乌孜食品饮料发展有限公司 | Rheumefmodiwdll extract and its application |
| CN100421582C (en) * | 2006-01-19 | 2008-10-01 | 拉萨乌孜食品饮料发展有限公司 | Tibet rhubarb extract and its application |
| JP2007223919A (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-09-06 | Maruzen Pharmaceut Co Ltd | Skin cosmetic |
| CN102887925B (en) * | 2011-07-21 | 2015-08-12 | 中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 | The method of ponticin is extracted from Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Cheng et C. T. Kao |
| CN102887925A (en) * | 2011-07-21 | 2013-01-23 | 中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 | Method for extracting rhaponticin from rheum hotaoense |
| CN102512507A (en) * | 2012-01-12 | 2012-06-27 | 西藏金哈达药业有限公司 | Application of rheum australe extract to preparation of medicament for preventing and treating diabetes |
| EP2862575A4 (en) * | 2012-06-19 | 2016-02-10 | Kunming Pharmaceutical Corp | Application of piceatannol-3'-o-b-d-glucopyranoside in preparation of medicaments for improving microcirculation block |
| CN104147026A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2014-11-19 | 安树君 | New application of resveratrol derivative |
| CN104147023A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2014-11-19 | 安树君 | New application of resveratrol derivative |
| CN104147024A (en) * | 2014-08-20 | 2014-11-19 | 安树君 | Novel application of resveratrol derivatives |
| CN106038668A (en) * | 2016-05-28 | 2016-10-26 | 杨本雷 | Medicine for controlling blood glucose concentration |
| CN111000854A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-04-14 | 昆药集团股份有限公司 | Application of Quzhazhigan in preparation of product for treating and/or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
| US20210196737A1 (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2021-07-01 | Kpc Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Use of trezastilbenoside in manufacture of product for treating and/or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
| CN111000854B (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2023-06-09 | 昆药集团股份有限公司 | Application of Quzhazhigan in preparing products for treating and/or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
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