CN1267329A - Production of detergent granulates - Google Patents
Production of detergent granulates Download PDFInfo
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- CN1267329A CN1267329A CN98808191A CN98808191A CN1267329A CN 1267329 A CN1267329 A CN 1267329A CN 98808191 A CN98808191 A CN 98808191A CN 98808191 A CN98808191 A CN 98808191A CN 1267329 A CN1267329 A CN 1267329A
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- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- gas
- solid material
- liquid adhesive
- stage
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- Granted
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- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 title description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 13
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 11
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 10
- -1 alkylbenzene sulfonate Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 101710194948 Protein phosphatase PhpP Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HWGNBUXHKFFFIH-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentasodium;[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O HWGNBUXHKFFFIH-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 4
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010724 Wisteria floribunda Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[Cl] Chemical compound [Na].[Cl] DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000012204 lemonade/lime carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I triphosphate(5-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- OQNZFMZDPKAMHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxyethane-1,1,2-tricarboxylic acid Chemical class COC(C(O)=O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O OQNZFMZDPKAMHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[CH]O Chemical group C[CH]O GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M D-gluconate Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004348 Glyceryl diacetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- JYNCLNVUEFQCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N P(O)(O)=O.C(=O)(O)C=C Chemical compound P(O)(O)=O.C(=O)(O)C=C JYNCLNVUEFQCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetate Substances CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940050410 gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019443 glyceryl diacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052816 inorganic phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009476 low shear granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002730 mercury Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001151 other effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020030 perry Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N picolinic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=N1 SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-OUBTZVSYSA-N sodium-24 Chemical compound [24Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003890 succinate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D11/00—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
- C11D11/0082—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads
- C11D11/0088—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads the liquefied ingredients being sprayed or adsorbed onto solid particles
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Projection Apparatus (AREA)
- Glanulating (AREA)
Abstract
A process of forming a granular detergent products, the process comprising, in a gas fluidisation granulator, contacting a fluidised particulate solid material with a spray of liquid binder, whilst fluidising the solids in the granulator with at least one gas stream, wherein the gas temperature is controlled so as to be increased and/or reduced during at least one stage of the process.
Description
The present invention relates to prepare the method for granular detergent composition.
Methods known in the art are to obtain detergent powder by spraying drying for a long time.Yet spray drying process investment and energy consumption are all big, therefore the product costliness that makes.
Recently, people mix main use and not use spray-dired method to prepare the granulated detergent product quite interested.After the initial granulation stage, the various components of back batching, these hybrid technologies provide great handiness to the powder that has various different compositions from single device fabrication.
Do not comprise that spray-dired a kind of known blending means is to use middling speed tablets press (a common example is commonly called as usually and is " plough shovel "); choose wantonly and handle with high-speed mixer (a common example is commonly called as usually and is " circulator ", because of it has circulating cooling system) before this.The representative instance of this method is described among our European patent specification EP-A-367339, the EP-A-390251 and EP-A-420317.These middling speeds apply relative high shear force for processed material with high-speed mixer.
Up to date, less input low shear mixer or tablets press to be used in development.Do not comprise that spray-dired a kind of method relates to the low shear granulator of using gas fluidisation type.In this equipment, be blown into gas (normally air), pass the granular solids body and spray liquid ingredient.Gas fluidisation granulator is sometimes referred to as " fluidized-bed " tablets press or mixing machine.Yet in fact strict, this is inaccurate, because this mixing machine can be operated under high gas flow speed, Jing Dian " boiling " fluidized-bed can not form in this case.
Although gas fluidisation granulator can have good control to bulk density, but still need greater flexibility, particularly for the powder of producing low bulk density.The method that relates to low shear granulation is very different.
For example WO96/04359 (Unilever) discloses the method for the low bulk density powder of preparation, by with neutralization reagent for example the alkaline washing washing assistant contact in fluidisation area with the liquid acids precursor of anion surfactant, make detergent particles.
Yet,, use the conventional gas fluidizing method can cause forming bulk and sticky particle as pointed in the indian patent 166307 (Unilever).Document is afterwards attempted by using the internal recycle gas fluidisation granulator to overcome this problem.Yet the present invention has overcome this problem by the pilot-gas temperature more simple and efficiently.
Therefore; the present invention now provides a kind of method for preparing the granulated detergent product; this method is included in the gas fluidisation granulator; fluidizing granular solids material is contacted with the liquid adhesive of sprinkling; simultaneously in this tablets press, make described solid fluidisation with at least a air-flow; wherein the temperature of pilot-gas at least one stage of this method makes it to raise and/or reduce.
Preferably the pilot-gas temperature according to the present invention makes it the temperature rising and/or the reduction of the fluidized particles solid material at least one stage of this method.In other words, not that the pilot-gas temperature makes and only to keep constant " bed " temperature, for example by removing heat of reaction, but make the actual temperature of fluidized solids raise and/or reduction.
Gas fluidized granulating equipment mainly comprises an air chamber, wherein uses air-flow, and air normally forms solid " cloud " so that the powder solid produces eddy current, is sprayed onto liquid adhesive on this dust or sprays into wherein, to contact each powder.Along with the carrying out of this technology, each powder of solid material is because the effect of liquid adhesive is formed particle by agglomeration.
The inventive method has solved with granuloplastic problem of viscosity, and in many cases, what believe this situation is because the variation of technological temperature, and liquid ingredient is transferred to and has more solid-state or have result in the solid of highly viscous state more.
The rising of temperature and/or reduction must occur among at least one stage of this method, at least one stage when promptly carrying out fluidisation and sprinkling.
In at least one stage of this method (or whole process), with this method of subambient gas-operated.Preferably, this method is higher than subordinate phase with temperature in the fs, and the gas before or after the fs is operated.
Gas fluidisation granulator is generally under the plus or minus relative pressure, at the about 0.1-1.2ms of void tower air speed
-1Following operation.This gas temperature, preferred bed tempertaure, can raise in very first time section, for example be increased to 80 ℃ or even high to 200 ℃, then one or more other stages (before or after) locate, can cool the temperature to and just be higher than room temperature, be in room temperature or be lower than room temperature, for example reduce to 30 ℃ or lower, preferred 25 ℃ or lower, or even be low to moderate 5 ℃ or lower, or-10 ℃ or lower.
In preferred embodiments, gas temperature preferably also is a bed tempertaure, raises in very first time section, reduces in second time period then.
When this method was interrupter method, temperature variation occurred in one period process period.If continuation method, temperature will change along " track " of granulation lathe.Under one situation of back, suitable " plug flow " formula tablets press that uses is finished, and promptly wherein material flows through terminal a kind of tablets press from reactor top.
In interrupter method, can be in the relative short period of time, for example the 10-50% of process time reduces gas temperature down.Generally, gas temperature can reduce and reaches 0.5-15 minute.In continuous processing, gas temperature can reduce along the short relatively length " track " of granulation lathe, for example along the 10-50% of this track.In both cases, gas can be by precooling.
The preferred gas temperature preferably also is a bed tempertaure, just reduces when the granulation of fluidized particles solid material is finished basically.
Term described here " bed tempertaure " is meant the temperature of fluidization solid particle material.The temperature of fluidization solid particle material for example can use thermocouple probe to measure.No matter be that recognizable powder bed or the powder bed that can not distinguish (are to operate under high gas flow speed because of mixing tank promptly, make and can not form classical " boiling " fluidized-bed), " bed tempertaure " all should be taken at the temperature that the about 15cm of fluidisation indoor distances gas distributor plate place measures.
In the present invention, term " granulated detergent product " comprises the finished granule that is used to sell, and the granular composition or the additive that are used to form finished product, for example adds in the finished product by back batching, or mixes mutually with other of other component or subsidiary is any.Therefore, the granular detergent products of this paper definition can contain or not conform to has such as detergent materials such as synthetic surfactant and/or soaps.Minimum requirements is at least a material in the conventional component of its general classes that should contain granular detergent products, for example tensio-active agent (comprising soap), washing assistant, SYNTHETIC OPTICAL WHITNER or bleach systems component, enzyme, enzyme stabilizers or enzyme stabilising system component, anti-soil dirt be deposition agent, fluorescent agent or white dyes, corrosion inhibitor, froth breaking material, spices or tinting material again.
Term described here " powder " is meant basically the material that particle and the particulate mixture by various materials constitutes.Term " particle " is meant by the small-particle of agglomerant powdered material.According to the finished product of the inventive method by the granulometric composition of high percentage ratio or comprise the particle of high percentage ratio.Yet, other granular and/or powdered material can be randomly by after prepare burden in this product.In addition, as being explained in more detail hereinafter, solid material of the present invention is pellet and can is powdery and/or granular.
No matter the gas fluidized prilling process of the present invention is to carry out with interrupter method or continuous processing, adding whenever that the granular solids raw material all can be in spraying liquid tackiness agent process.In the technology of plain mode, solid material at first adds in the gas fluidisation granulator, sprays liquid adhesive then.Yet a part of granular solids raw material can add before gas fluidized apparatus processing begins, and remaining can add at one or more stages place in later stage, can or press the continuous mode adding by discontinuous intermittence of one or many.
Be that solid material has such size-grade distribution aptly: granularity is greater than no more than 5% weight of the particle of 250 μ m.Also the grain graininess of preferred at least 30% weight is more preferably less than 75 μ m less than 100 μ m.Yet, the solid material that the present invention has a bigger fraction also be fit to (promptly,＞5% particle greater than 250 μ m is in addition randomly＜30% less than the particle of 100 μ m or 75 μ m), but this has increased some not agglomerant raw material crystalline chances occurred in finished product.But this is favourable to cost, allows to use more cheap raw material.In a word, the granular solids raw material has the mean particle size that is lower than 500 μ m can provide the detergent powder with the low bulk density of special ideal.In the definition of solid material, the mean particle size meaning of mentioning is meant d
3,2Average particulate diameter.
Gas fluidisation granulator is suitable for " particulate " circulation, promptly has the very powdery or the part granulated material of small grain size, so that make the inlet of their return gas stream equipment and/or the inlet of any premixer.Preferably, fine particle is eluted material, and promptly they are present in the gas fluidisation chamber of the degassing.
It is the type that vibrating bed is housed that gas fluidisation granulator can be chosen wantonly, particularly uses in a continuous manner.
In the method for preferred type of the present invention, liquid adhesive comprises the acid precursor of anion surfactant, and the granular solids raw material comprises the inorganic alkaline material.The inventive method is particularly suitable for this granulation, particularly when in fs of this method during elevated temperature.By this method, before the granulation EO, the method for comparable other situation of neutralization reaction is more approaching to be finished.
Therefore preferably in any neutralization reaction process, preferably, increase bed tempertaure by improving gas temperature for the essential part of neutralization reaction.
Acid precursor for example can be the acid precursor of the anion surfactant of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) or primary alkyl sulphates (PAS) anion surfactant or any other kind.
Suitable material as the inorganic alkaline material comprises alkaline carbonate and supercarbonate, for example its sodium salt.
Neutralization reagent preferably exists with the amount of whole acidic components that are enough to neutralize.If need, can use the excessive neutralization reagent of stoichiometric calculation, neutralize fully or other effect is provided guaranteeing, for example as detergent builder compound, for example if neutralization reagent comprises that yellow soda ash is promptly so.
Liquid adhesive can be in addition or is also contained one or more other fluent materials, for example liquid nonionic surfactants and/or organic solvent.The total amount of acid precursor is generally high as far as possible, and this is owing to have some other components and because other consideration item of hereinafter mentioning in liquid.Therefore, acid precursor can constitute at least 98% (for example, at least 95%) of liquid adhesive weight, but can be at least 75%, at least 50% or at least 25%.Even for example can constitute binder wt 5% or still less.Certainly, if need, acid precursor can omit fully.
When liquid nonionic surfactants was present in the combination of acid precursor of liquid adhesive and anion surfactant, then the weight ratio of all acid precursor and nonionogenic tenside was generally 20: 1-1: 20.But this ratio for example can be 15: 1 or lower (this anion surfactant), 10: 1 or lower, or 5: 1 or lower.On the other hand, nonionogenic tenside can be main component, so that this ratio is 1: 5 or bigger (nonionogenic tenside), 1: 10 or bigger, or 1: 15 or bigger.Ratio is 5: 1-1: 5 scopes also are possible.
Contain the particle of anion surfactant for preparation, do not need sometimes to mix all described anion surfactants by the neutralizing acid precursor.But some optional dissolved are mixed in liquid adhesive or as its alkali metal salt of the part of solid material.In this case; the maximum of the anion surfactant that mixes with salt form (weight percentage with the total anionic surfactant salt from the product of gas fluidisation granulator output is represented) preferably is not more than 70%; more preferably no more than 50%, most preferably be not more than 40%.
If need mix soap in particle, this can realize that this lipid acid is to mix with the solution form in liquid adhesive or as the part of solid material by mixing lipid acid.Under any circumstance, solid material also must comprise that part of inorganic alkaline neutralization reagent that generates soap with fatty acid response.
Liquid adhesive is water-free usually fully or basically, that is to say that the water of existence is no more than 25% of liquid adhesive weight, but preferably is no more than 10% weight.Yet if need, the water that can add manipulated variable is to promote neutralizing effect.Generally, the water yield of adding, the weight by final Betengent product is 0.5-2%.Described water is adapted at adding before the acid precursor or with acid precursor and adds together or alternately add.
In addition, can use aqueous liquid adhesive.This be particularly suitable for preparing be used for then with other component mixed the additive product of complete formula Betengent product.This additive (not considering the component from liquid adhesive) usually is main by component a kind of or that a few is found in detergent composition usually, for example tensio-active agent or washing assistant, for example zeolite or tripoly phosphate sodium STPP.Yet if the product of the basic complete formula of preparation, this does not get rid of the liquid, aqueous tackiness agent that is used for granulation.Under any circumstance, general liquid, aqueous tackiness agent comprises aqueous solution, water-soluble acrylic/toxilic acid polymkeric substance (for example Sokalan) of alkalimetal silicate etc.
In precision work of the present invention, the granular solids raw material can for example low, in or in the high-shear mixer (being premixer) contact with the first part liquid adhesive and mix, form the granulated material of part.The latter can spray the second section liquid adhesive then in gas fluidisation granulator, make granulated Betengent product.
In this two sections granulation processs, preferred, but be not imperative, total liquid adhesive only is metered in part granulation premixer and the fluidisation step.It is contemplated that, some can be in part granulation pre-mixing and/or fluid mapper process or before metering.In addition, the content of liquid adhesive can change between these first and second stages.
Granulation in premixer (being the part granulation) degree and the granulation amount in gas fluidisation granulator preferably decide according to the density of desired the finished product.Preferably the amount of the liquid adhesive that measures in two stage each stage can so change:
(i) if need lower powder density, i.e. 350-650g/l,
(a) 5-75% of total liquid adhesive weight preferably is added in the premixer; With
(b) 95-25% of all the other total liquid adhesive weight preferably is added in the gas fluidisation granulator.
(ii) if need higher powder density, i.e. 550-1300g/l,
(a) 75-95% of total liquid adhesive weight preferably is added in the premixer; With
(b) 25-5% of all the other total liquid adhesive weight preferably is added in the gas fluidisation granulator.
If the initial premixer that uses carries out the part granulation, the mixing tank that is fit to that is used for this step is high-shear Lodige
RCB machine or moderate-speed mixers be Lodige for example
RThe KM machine.Other equipment that is fit to comprises the GmbH by Drais Werke, the Drais that Germany produces
RT160 series; Have the Littleford mixing tank of inscribe blade and the turbine type mill mixer of several blades is arranged in rotating shaft.Low shearing or high shear mixing tablets press have the stirring action and/or the cutting action of operation independently of one another.Low or the high shear mixing tablets press of preferred type is Fukae
RFS-G series mixing tank; Derive from Dierks ﹠amp; Sohne, the Diosna of Germany
RV series; Derive from the Pharma Matrix of T.K.Fielder Ltd. Britain
RBe sure of to be applicable to that other mixing tank of the inventive method is the Fuji that derives from Fuji Sangyo Co. Japan
RVG-C series derives from Zanchetta ﹠amp; Co.srl, gondola Roto
RAnd Schugi
RThe Flexomix tablets press.
The another kind of mixing tank that is applicable to the pre-granulation stage is Lodige (trade mark) FM series (the plough shovel mixing tank) batch mixer that derives from Morton MachineCo.Ltd.Scotland.
Randomly add " stratification agent " or " flow promotor " in any suitable stage.The one-tenth graininess that this can improve product for example suppresses particle agglomeration and/or bonding.Any stratification agent/flow promotor by the weight of particulate product, is fit to 0.1-15%, and more preferably 0.5-5% content exists.
Stratification agent/the flow promotor that is fit to comprises crystallization or amorphous alkali metal silicate, the silico-aluminate that comprises zeolite, Dicamol, calcite, diatomite, silicon-dioxide for example precipitated silica, muriate, for example sodium-chlor, vitriol, for example sal epsom, carbonate lime carbonate and phosphoric acid salt tripoly phosphate sodium STPP for example for example.Can use these mixtures of material on demand.
Generally, other component can be added in liquid adhesive or with the solid neutralization reagent in suitable stage of this technology and mix.But solid ingredient can after allocate in the granulated detergent product.
Except optional any anion surfactant by neutralization procedure production, above-mentioned other anion surfactant or nonionogenic tenside also have positively charged ion, zwitter-ion, both sexes or semi-polarity tensio-active agent and its mixture also can add in due course.Generally, suitable tensio-active agent comprises those tensio-active agents in " tensio-active agent and washing composition " I volume that is generally described in Schwartz and Perry.As above-mentioned,, also can contain for example average C if need by saturated or unsaturated fatty acids
10-C
18The soap that the lipid acid of individual carbon atom obtains.
By the weight of final granulated detergent product, detergent active (if the words that exist) is fit to 5-40%, and preferred 10-30% content mixes.
Complete detergent composition contains detergent builder compound usually.Described washing assistant can together add and/or add at subsequent step on demand with solid material.Washing assistant also can be used as neutralization reagent, and for example yellow soda ash will use this enough material in this case, to reach two kinds of effects.
In a word, the total amount of detergent builder compound in particulate product be with 5-95%, 10-80% for example, and more preferably 15-65%, particularly 15-50% weight is advisable.
The inorganic builders that can exist comprises yellow soda ash, if desired, can be used in combination with the crystal seed of lime carbonate, as disclosed among the GB-A-1437950.If in this technology, added anionic surfactant acid precursor, then need with the outer excessive yellow soda ash of neutralize anionic surfactant acid precursor.
Other washing assistant that is fit to comprises crystallization and amorphous aluminosilicate, for example disclosed zeolite in GB-A-1473201; In GB-A-1473202 disclosed amorphous aluminosilicate and in GB1470250 disclosed mixed crystallization/amorphous silicate; With disclosed layered silicate in EP-B-164514.Also can there be inorganic phosphate builders, for example sodium orthophosphate, trisodium phosphate and tripoly phosphate sodium STPP, but because environment, these compositions are no longer preferred.
Silico-aluminate no matter as the stratification agent and/or mix in the particle body, all suit with 10-60% altogether preferred 15-50% (weight) content existence.Selling the zeolite that uses in the granular detergent composition most of merchants is zeolite A.Describe and claimed maximum aluminium zeolite P (zeolite MAP) but preferably can use among the EP-A-384070.Zeolite MAP is the alkali metal aluminosilicate of P type, and the ratio of its silicon and aluminium is no more than 1.33, preferably is no more than 1.15, is most preferably not exceeding 1.07.
The organic washing-assisting detergent that can exist comprises multi-carboxylate's polymkeric substance, for example polyacrylate, vinylformic acid/maleic acid and vinylformic acid phosphonate, monomer multi-carboxylate for example Citrate trianion, gluconate, oxygen connection succinate, glycerine list-, two-and three succinates, carboxy methoxy-succinic acid salt, carboxymethyloxymalo,ates, two pyridine carboxylic acid salt, the inferior oxygen base of hydroxyethyl diacetin, alkyl and alkenyl malonate and succinate and sulfonated soap.The multipolymer of toxilic acid, vinylformic acid and vinyl-acetic ester is particularly preferred, because it is biodegradable, is ideal to environment therefore.That enumerate and do not mean that and be only limited to these herein.
Particularly preferred organic washing-assisting detergent is a Citrate trianion, and it is suitable to 5-30%, and the content of preferred 10-25% (weight) uses; And acrylate copolymer, particularly vinylformic acid/maleic acid, it is suitable to 0.5%-15%, and the content of preferred 1-10% (weight) uses.To being used for other purpose, Citrate trianion also can low amount (for example 0.1-5%) by weight use.This washing assistant preferably exists with alkali metal salt, particularly sodium salt.
Builder system also is fit to comprise crystalline layered silicate, for example derives from the SKS-6 of Hoechst, and zeolite is zeolite A and optional alkali metal citrate for example.
The granular composition that is made by the inventive method also can comprise granular filler (or to washing process any other component less than contribution), suitable inorganic salt, for example sodium sulfate and the sodium-chlor of comprising.By the weight of particulate product, filler can account for 5-70% weight.
The present invention also comprises the granulated detergent product that is made by the inventive method (before operations such as any back batching).The bulk density of this product is by the exact nature decision of the inventive method.If this method does not comprise the premixer of implementing the part granulation, estimate that generally final bulk density is 350-750g/l.As above-mentioned,, use premixer can make final bulk density be respectively 350-650g/l or 550-1300g/l according to no matter adopting optional (i) or (ii).But also be their size range by the granulated detergent product feature that the present invention makes.Preferably be no more than the particle diameter＞1.4mm of 10% weight, be in above this diameter limit more preferably no more than the particle of 5% weight.Also preferably be no more than the particle diameter＞1mm of 20% weight.Finally, by mercury porosity determination method, this particle is different from the particle that is made by other method.This mercury porosity determination law technology can not be measured each not agglomerant particulate porosity reliably, but its to be used to characterize this particle be ideal.
The detergent composition of complete formula produced according to the invention for example can comprise detergent active thing and washing assistant, randomly one or more flow promotors, filler and other a small amount of component, for example tinting material, spices, fluorescent agent, whitening agent, enzyme.
Now by following non-restrictive example the present invention is described: embodiment prepares following preparation: LAS sodium 24 weight % yellow soda ash 32 weight %STPP 32 weight % zeolite 4A 10 weight % water 2 weight %
In example I-IV, in the fs, the fluidizing agent temperature is changed to 80 ℃ from 20 ℃, and in subordinate phase, the fluidizing agent temperature is 20 ℃ then.Use fog system nozzle SUE25, under 5 crust atomization air pressures, operate.
In the intermittent type experiment, record the influence of powder as follows:
| Embodiment | I | II | III | IV | |
| LAS filler speed | [g minute -1] | 1280 | 1600 | 1320 | 1600 |
| Fs | [s] | 139 | 112 | 135 | 112 |
| The fs temperature | [℃] | 20 | 20 | 80 | 80 |
| Subordinate phase | [s] | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
| The subordinate phase temperature | [℃] | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| UCT * | [g] | 7200 | 7100 | 4350 | 4700 |
* UCT is the viscosity of measuring, and this value is high more, and product is sticking more.Example I and II are comparative examples, and wherein temperature does not change.
Claims (19)
1. method for preparing the granulated detergent product; this method is included in the gas fluidisation granulator; the fluidized particles solid material is contacted with the liquid adhesive of sprinkling; simultaneously in this tablets press with the described solid of at least a air-flow fluidisation; wherein at least one stage of this method; gas temperature is controlled, made it to raise and/or reduce.
2. according to the process of claim 1 wherein at least one stage of this method, gas temperature is controlled, made it to raise and/or reduce the temperature of fluidized particles solid material.
3. according to the method for claim 2, wherein at least one stage, the temperature of fluidized particles solid material is brought down below room temperature or is in room temperature.
4. according to the method for claim 2, wherein in the fs of this method, the temperature of fluidized particles solid material is higher than the temperature of the subordinate phase of this method after the fs.
5. according to the method for claim 4, wherein this method is an interrupter method, and the temperature variation between first and second stages was carried out in for some time.
6. according to the method for claim 4, wherein this method is a continuous processing, and the temperature variation between first and second stages is carried out along the granulation track.
7. according to the method for claim 5, finish this moment in the plug flow tablets press.
8. according to each method of claim 4-7, wherein control the temperature of fs, make to be up to 200 ℃, preferably be up to 80 ℃.
9. according to each method of claim 4-8, wherein control the temperature of subordinate phase, making it is 30 ℃ or lower, preferred 25 ℃ or lower, or 5 ℃ or lower, or-10 ℃ or lower.
10. according to the process of claim 1 wherein at least one stage, gas temperature is brought down below room temperature or is in room temperature.
11. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that in fs of this method, gas temperature is higher than this method subordinate phase, before the fs or the temperature after the fs.
12. according to the method for claim 11, wherein this method is an interrupter method, the temperature variation between first and second stages was finished in for some time.
13. according to the method for claim 11, wherein this method is a continuous processing, the temperature variation between first and second stages is carried out along the granulation track.
14. according to the method for claim 13, finish this moment in the plug flow tablets press.
15., wherein control the temperature of fs according to each method of claim 11-14, make to be up to 200 ℃, preferably reach 80 ℃.
16. according to each method of claim 10-15, wherein control the temperature of subordinate phase, making it is 30 ℃ or lower, preferred 25 ℃ or lower, or 5 ℃ or lower, or-10 ℃ or lower.
17. require each method according to aforesaid right, wherein liquid adhesive comprises the acid precursor of anion surfactant, granular solids comprises the inorganic alkaline material.
18. require each method according to aforesaid right; wherein in premixer, first part's liquid adhesive is mixed with the granular solids raw material; make part granulating solid material; then in gas fluidisation granulator; spray the second section liquid adhesive; make it to contact, to finish granulation with this part granulating solid material.
19. require the granulated detergent product of each method preparation according to aforesaid right.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB9712587.6A GB9712587D0 (en) | 1997-06-16 | 1997-06-16 | Production of detergent granulates |
| GB9712587.6 | 1997-06-16 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1267329A true CN1267329A (en) | 2000-09-20 |
| CN1170917C CN1170917C (en) | 2004-10-13 |
Family
ID=10814308
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB988081911A Expired - Fee Related CN1170917C (en) | 1997-06-16 | 1998-06-12 | Production of detergent granulates |
Country Status (18)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0993504B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1170917C (en) |
| AR (1) | AR013093A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU725182B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9810165A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2294287A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69804457T2 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA002160B1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2174457T3 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB9712587D0 (en) |
| HU (1) | HUP0003031A3 (en) |
| ID (1) | ID24618A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN189876B (en) |
| PL (1) | PL186896B1 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR199903104T2 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW432108B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998058048A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA985194B (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9526097D0 (en) * | 1995-12-20 | 1996-02-21 | Unilever Plc | Process |
| GB9712583D0 (en) | 1997-06-16 | 1997-08-20 | Unilever Plc | Production of detergent granulates |
| GB9712580D0 (en) * | 1997-06-16 | 1997-08-20 | Unilever Plc | Production of detergent granulates |
| GB9713748D0 (en) * | 1997-06-27 | 1997-09-03 | Unilever Plc | Production of detergent granulates |
| CN1192091C (en) | 1997-07-14 | 2005-03-09 | 普罗格特-甘布尔公司 | Process for making low density detergent composition by controlling agglomeration via particle size |
| US6355606B1 (en) | 1997-07-14 | 2002-03-12 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for making a low density detergent composition by controlled agglomeration in a fluid bed dryer |
| EP1002044B1 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2004-05-06 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for making high-active detergent agglomerates by multi-stage surfactant paste injection |
| US6440342B1 (en) | 1998-07-08 | 2002-08-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for making a low density detergent composition by controlling nozzle height in a fluid bed dryer |
| DE19904657B4 (en) * | 1999-02-04 | 2012-09-20 | Glatt Ingenieurtechnik Gmbh | Process for the preparation of heavy-duty detergents and heavy-duty detergent components |
| GB9913542D0 (en) * | 1999-06-10 | 1999-08-11 | Unilever Plc | Process for preparing granular detergent compositions |
| GB9913544D0 (en) * | 1999-06-10 | 1999-08-11 | Unilever Plc | Process for preparing granular detergent compositions |
| GB9913546D0 (en) | 1999-06-10 | 1999-08-11 | Unilever Plc | Granular detergent component containing zeolite map and laundry detergent compositions containing it |
| GB9927653D0 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 2000-01-19 | Unilever Plc | Process for preparing granular detergent compositions |
| DE19957036A1 (en) * | 1999-11-26 | 2001-05-31 | Henkel Kgaa | Production of particulate detergents containing components effective at different pH values involves applying a flowable acidic component onto alkali-containing particles in amount related mathematically to the particle radius |
| GB0125653D0 (en) | 2001-10-25 | 2001-12-19 | Unilever Plc | Process for the production of detergent granules |
| MXPA04003892A (en) | 2001-10-25 | 2004-07-08 | Unilever Nv | Process for the production of detergent granules. |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1341557A (en) * | 1970-06-02 | 1973-12-25 | ||
| GB2209172A (en) * | 1987-08-28 | 1989-05-04 | Unilever Plc | Preparation of solid particulate components for detergents |
| US4919847A (en) * | 1988-06-03 | 1990-04-24 | Colgate Palmolive Co. | Process for manufacturing particulate detergent composition directly from in situ produced anionic detergent salt |
| GB9415904D0 (en) * | 1994-08-05 | 1994-09-28 | Unilever Plc | Process for the production of detergent composition |
-
1997
- 1997-06-16 GB GBGB9712587.6A patent/GB9712587D0/en not_active Ceased
-
1998
- 1998-06-12 PL PL98337431A patent/PL186896B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-12 EP EP98933629A patent/EP0993504B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1998-06-12 ID IDW991607A patent/ID24618A/en unknown
- 1998-06-12 ES ES98933629T patent/ES2174457T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-12 AU AU83382/98A patent/AU725182B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-06-12 WO PCT/EP1998/003669 patent/WO1998058048A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-06-12 HU HU0003031A patent/HUP0003031A3/en unknown
- 1998-06-12 BR BR9810165-0A patent/BR9810165A/en active Search and Examination
- 1998-06-12 EA EA200000024A patent/EA002160B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-12 TR TR1999/03104T patent/TR199903104T2/en unknown
- 1998-06-12 CN CNB988081911A patent/CN1170917C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-12 CA CA002294287A patent/CA2294287A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-06-12 DE DE69804457T patent/DE69804457T2/en not_active Revoked
- 1998-06-15 ZA ZA9805194A patent/ZA985194B/en unknown
- 1998-06-16 IN IN376BO1998 patent/IN189876B/en unknown
- 1998-06-16 AR ARP980102845A patent/AR013093A1/en unknown
- 1998-10-15 TW TW087117202A patent/TW432108B/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AR013093A1 (en) | 2000-12-13 |
| DE69804457T2 (en) | 2002-10-17 |
| EA002160B1 (en) | 2001-12-24 |
| TR199903104T2 (en) | 2000-03-21 |
| IN189876B (en) | 2003-05-03 |
| HUP0003031A2 (en) | 2001-01-29 |
| ID24618A (en) | 2000-07-27 |
| EP0993504B1 (en) | 2002-03-27 |
| AU8338298A (en) | 1999-01-04 |
| EA200000024A1 (en) | 2000-06-26 |
| PL337431A1 (en) | 2000-08-14 |
| DE69804457D1 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
| CN1170917C (en) | 2004-10-13 |
| ZA985194B (en) | 1999-12-17 |
| AU725182B2 (en) | 2000-10-05 |
| WO1998058048A1 (en) | 1998-12-23 |
| GB9712587D0 (en) | 1997-08-20 |
| EP0993504A1 (en) | 2000-04-19 |
| CA2294287A1 (en) | 1998-12-23 |
| HUP0003031A3 (en) | 2003-02-28 |
| BR9810165A (en) | 2000-08-08 |
| TW432108B (en) | 2001-05-01 |
| PL186896B1 (en) | 2004-03-31 |
| ES2174457T3 (en) | 2002-11-01 |
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