CN1244933C - Oxide material for molten-core catcher of nuclear reactor - Google Patents
Oxide material for molten-core catcher of nuclear reactor Download PDFInfo
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- CN1244933C CN1244933C CNB028075897A CN02807589A CN1244933C CN 1244933 C CN1244933 C CN 1244933C CN B028075897 A CNB028075897 A CN B028075897A CN 02807589 A CN02807589 A CN 02807589A CN 1244933 C CN1244933 C CN 1244933C
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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Abstract
The inventive oxide material for a molten-core catcher of a nuclear reactor comprises Fe>2<O>3< and /or Fe>3<O>4< and Al>2<O>3<. The content of Al>2<O>3< and /or Fe>3<O>4 <ranges from 46 to 80 mass %, and Al>2<O>3 <from 16 to 50 mass> <%. Said material can also contain up to 4 mass % of SiO2, preferably from 1 to 4 mass %. The material can be embodied in the form of a ceramic material or concrete which additionally contains up to 20 mass % of cement binder.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to atomic energy industry, relate to so-called expendable material (sacrificialmaterials) particularly, be used in the fusing lining (moltencorium) of locating airtight water cooled nuclear reactor when hypothetical accident occurring.When this accident occurring, the lining of this material and nuclear reactor high temperature melting reacts to each other, make melt stop (location) in trap (trap) and with it cooling, form subcritical state simultaneously, to prevent to keep certainly the generation of chain reaction of nuclear fission, promptly prevent from the nuclear reaction in the melt is converted to overcritical pattern.Thus, expendable material itself dissolves gradually by complex physicochemical process, and no longer exists with its original form.
Background technology
After extensive accident takes place in Chernobyl Plant the 4th heap and U.S.'s TMI nuclear power station, and after some other accident of nuclear plant, make the expendable material in the device of fusing lining location of formation in the exploitation nuclear power plant accident, seem particularly important.At present, the nuclear power industrial expansion depends on the reliable system of location nuclear reactor fusing lining and the manufacturing of the effective expendable material of nuclear reactor under many circumstances.
Expendable material fundamentally is a kind of new material, and relative research and development is also few, and owing to can not directly carry out the experiment of full-scale, therefore can only be according to the systematic approach that uses Theoretical Calculation and model experiment.
Studying maximum expendable materials is iron and steel.Be well known that nuclear reactor fusing lining comprises two-phase: metal phase (lighter) and oxide be (heavier) mutually.Use iron and steel can reduce the effective temperature of metal component overheated greatly in (cooling) melt.
But iron and steel only can dilute the metal component in the nuclear reactor fusing lining, can not influence oxide part wherein, and main radiation (mainly being uranium dioxide) is arranged in oxide and most of residual amount of energy is released in wherein.
Therefore, under the subcritical neutron of melt oxidation thing phase, subject matter is dilution, location and safeguards.Be fine with the oxide component in monox or the aluminium oxide dilution melt, for example, russian patent No.2165106, G21C9/016,13/10,10.04.2001.These oxides mix with a large amount of uranium dioxide that exist in the melt, reduce its concentration, thereby reduce the possibility of nuclear reaction in the melt that reaches overcritical pattern; And because its quite high thermal capacitance, these oxides make the melt cooling and are positioned in the trap.
But these oxides can not be to being dissolved in the melt oxidation thing part and zirconium that part enters from oxide in the melt metal component produces effective oxidation.The oxidation of the oxidized aluminium of zirconium only can be carried out under very high temperature, that is, very short in the reaction time that contacts with expendable material before making the temperature reduction.For example, the oxidized aluminaization of zirconium is only carried out being higher than under 2300 ℃ the temperature.Under lower temperature, residual unoxidized zirconium in the lining melt of fusing.Unoxidized zirconium is when having an accident in the metal component, with the steam reaction in atmosphere or the cooling system, perhaps with the steam reaction of cold fuse-element, generation can with the oxygen burning in the atmosphere even the hydrogen of blast.And, produce gaseous products when oxidized silicon of zirconium or aluminium oxide oxidation.The generation of any gas phase also causes the acceleration greatly that radioactive nuclide smog forms in the melt, the shell formation leakage that smog enters container (containment) (space at nuclear reactor place, sealing when nuclear power station has an accident) and passes the described space of sealing.
In order to make the zirconium oxidation, another kind of oxide expendable material has been proposed, wherein contain iron oxide and borosilicate glass, iron oxide (Fe
2O
3And FeO) content is 22-45%, silicon dioxide (SiO
2) content is about 25%, aluminium oxide (Al
2O
3) content is about 2%, all the other are that the oxide of boron, calcium, magnesium and chromium (is seen: Markus Nie.Application of sacrificial concrete for the retention andconditioning of molten corium in the EPR core melt retention concept.OECDWorshop on Ex-Vessel Debris Coolability, Karlsruhe, Germany, 15-18 day in November, 1999).
But, use this known expendable material can not help to solve and the relevant a lot of problems in nuclear reactor fusing lining location.The Fe that in above-mentioned known oxide expendable material, exists
2O
3Can not make a large amount of zirconium complete oxidations that exist in the fusing lining, cause hydrogen to generate and discharge considerable volatility radioactive nuclide.Use silicon dioxide and boron oxide also to promote the generation of gaseous state and volatile products,, in course of reaction, generate the silicon monoxide of gaseous state because silicon dioxide and zirconium react to each other; And at high temperature boron oxide has high volatility.The thermal capacitance of the oxide of boron, silicon, calcium and magnesium is lower, and melt cools is had negative effect.Uranium dioxide Combination in silicon dioxide and boron oxide and the fusing lining is poor, and the layering of generation oxide as a result (liquate) does not reach the oxide part in the dilution melt, thereby reduces the reliability that nuclear reactor is remained on subcritical state.And the stronger metal component of heat release remains on the top, has weakened heat radiation and cooling, and the metal of metal in mutually, and as chromium, iron and nickel, the result of its oxidation produces hydrogen.The oxide of calcium and magnesium is an infusible compound, improves the temperature of reaction beginning between metal and the oxide material, reduces reaction rate, thereby hinders cooling, and increases crystallization start temperature, dispels the heat thereby reduce in the cooling procedure, hinders cooling.And calcium oxide is unstable in air, with the steam reaction that exists in the air and produce hydrolysis.
Basic purpose of the present invention provides a kind of oxide expendable material, its composition can mix well with the urania that nuclear reactor melts in the lining, and with the zirconium complete oxidation that exists in the melt, reduce the generation of volatile matter in the melt, obtain to begin temperature, low crystallization start temperature and the stability of oxide expendable material with the higher rate of fusant reaction, low reaction.The reliable location that this provides melt makes that nuclear reaction is more difficult to reach overcritical pattern, prevents the burning and the blast of hydrogen in the container, and reduces the release of radioactive nuclide to environment.
Summary of the invention
Consider above-mentioned basic purpose, propose a kind of oxide material that is used for molten-core catcher of nuclear reactor, it contains Fe
2O
3And/or Fe
3O
4And Al
2O
3, Fe
2O
3And/or Fe
3O
4Content be 46～80wt%, Al
2O
3Content be 16～50wt%.
This material compositions is that the present inventor draws through testing in a large number and experimental data being carried out theoretical generalization, has therefore produced the balance component of this oxide material of nuclear reactor trap.
Find as the present inventor, the oxide material of this component because the oxide content height of iron, can be to the zirconium complete oxidation that exists in the melt, thereby the generation that prevents hydrogen with and burning and possible blast.Simultaneously, because aluminium oxide thermal capacitance height, so the effective cold fuse-element and holding it in the trap of the aluminium oxide of high-load.When the oxide of iron and aluminium was used for described material jointly, they did not produce gaseous products when the lining with fusing reacts, thereby reduced the release of the radioactive nuclide that volatilizees and leakage from container.
Material of the present invention can mix with the oxide of uranium and not cause oxide layering (liquate) mutually, thereby guarantees the dilution good to the oxide of uranium, reduces the possibility that nuclear reaction in the melt reaches overcritical pattern thus.And the oxide of iron and aluminium has good Combination with the oxide that melts uranium in the lining, and the density of oxide part obviously reduces in the melt, and melt is inverted, that is, oxide portion divides the arrival metal part to divide above surface.This has improved the heat radiation of metal part, has quickened cooling, and prevents from partly to make the metal in the metal component contact generation hydrogen with water or water vapour owing to lack the fusing oxide.
The oxide of iron and aluminium generates the solid solution that fusing point and Tc are lower than aluminium oxide by reaction, has quickened the reaction between melt and the expendable material, is cooled off faster thus.And aluminium oxide produces the zirconium oxidation Al of gaseous state under free state
2O no longer reacts with zirconium when the oxide with iron forms solid solution, does not therefore form gaseous products.
Material of the present invention is stable in the air, does not produce hydrolysis.
Can further contain SiO in this oxide material
2, its content can be up to 4wt%, preferably 1～4wt%.
A spot of silicon dioxide like this can be dissolved in the oxide part of melt, and does not cause layering.Because the ferriferous oxide of high-load makes the zirconium complete oxidation, silicon dioxide does not form any gaseous products (silicon monoxide) with the zirconium reaction.Although the thermal capacitance of silicon dioxide makes some reduction of thermal capacitance of expendable material, because SiO
2Content is few, and this influence is not obvious.Simultaneously, a spot of silicon dioxide like this makes the intensity of expendable material increase 40～50%, because generated SiO
2With Al
2O
3Compound (mullite).And, SiO
2Adding make some decline of density of oxide part, help to be inverted, and also reduce the temperature that crystallization begins.When pottery is used as expendable material, SiO
2Have and help sintering.
This oxide material can be a stupalith.Select as another kind, this oxide material also can contain the cementing agent of maximum 20wt%, and cementing agent can be a cement, forms concrete.
Embodiment
As mentioned above, expendable material of the present invention can use with at least two kinds of forms: according to the material of ceramic process sintering, and the concrete with granular filler that the fragmentation by agglomerated material obtains.The goods of the sintering of material of the present invention can be embedded in the structure of molten-core catcher of nuclear reactor with the form of brick.In addition, material of the present invention also can be incorporated in the concrete that is placed in the trap with the particle form that broken fired brick obtains.
The example that constructed in accordance and process present inventor tested, had the expendable material of described composition and character is listed in following each table.Embodiment 1-7 in the table 1 is the expendable material about sintering.In order to compare, also listed the performance of the known materials of forming by silicon dioxide.Embodiment 8-14 in the table 2 is that it has the granular filler that is obtained by agglomerated material brick fragmentation constructed in accordance about the sacrifice concrete.
Embodiment 1-7: agglomerated material is the fired brick of the dimensionally stable that obtains by the secondary clacining method.The material that contains iron, aluminium and may have silicon at first carries out dry type vibratory and grinds.But then use the cementing agent of 5% polyvinyl alcohol water solution, be pressed into brick, 1300 ℃ of calcinings 2 hours as burn off.After this with brick fragmentation, grinding, classification, mixes, then suppress once more with interim cementing agent (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)).Finally in air, calcined 6 hours at 1350 ℃.
Embodiment 8-14: obtain concrete according to standard technique, wherein use agglomerated material of the present invention, and use alumina content to be not less than 70% high-alumina cement as cementing agent as filler.In all embodiments, the content of filler is 80%, and the content of cementing agent is 20%.This concrete characteristic is listed in the table 2, is to obtain according to the mode identical with the material of table 1.
The embodiment of the expendable material of table 1 sintering
| Material composition (wt%) | The embodiment numbering | Known materials | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||
| Fe 2O 3 | 50 | 70 | - | 35 | 62 | - | 40 | - |
| Fe 3O 4 | - | - | 75 | 30 | - | 70 | 40 | - |
| Al 2O 3 | 50 | 30 | 25 | 35 | 36 | 29 | 16 | - |
| SiO 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 4 | 100 |
| Average response speed (mm/s) with melt | 2 | 10 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 17 | 0.1 |
| The temperature that begins to react with melt (℃) | 1380 | 1350 | 1300 | 1340 | 1350 | 1300 | 1250 | 1420 |
| Liquidus temperature (℃) | 1900 | 1830 | 1820 | 1830 | 1850 | 1820 | 1780 | 1920 |
| The thermal absorption of expendable material (DH) (MJ/m 3) | 7400 | 6450 | 6100 | 6700 | 6900 | 6100 | 6050 | 3700 |
| Gas discharges | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | SiO |
| Produce liquate | Not | Not | Not | Not | Not | Not | Not | Be |
The embodiment of the expendable material of table 2 concrete form
Particle wherein obtains by the brick of broken sintered oxide material
| Packing material composition (wt%) | The embodiment numbering | ||||||
| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
| Fe 2O 3 | 50 | 70 | - | 35 | 62 | - | 40 |
| Fe 3O 4 | - | - | 75 | 30 | - | 70 | 40 |
| Al 2O 3 | 50 | 30 | 25 | 35 | 36 | 29 | 16 |
| SiO 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Average response speed (mm/s) with melt | 5 | 14 | 25 | 9 | 9 | 15 | 28 |
| The temperature that begins to react with melt (℃) | 1400 | 1390 | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 | 1320 | 1320 |
| Liquidus temperature (℃) | 1950 | 1940 | 1920 | 1890 | 1820 | 1820 | 1810 |
| The thermal absorption of expendable material (DH) (MJ/m 3) | 5200 | 5350 | 4700 | 4500 | 4100 | 3900 | 3850 |
| Gas discharges | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have | Do not have |
| Produce liquate | Not | Not | Not | Not | Not | Not | Not |
In use, oxide expendable material of the present invention places trap, for example is positioned at the nuclear reactor below, preferably puts together with metal sacrificial.When accident and fusing occurring and penetrate the nuclear reactor wall, temperature reaches 2700 ℃ fusing lining and flows into downwards in the trap and with expendable material and react.In this case, expendable material fusing also mixes with the lining of fusing, at first melt is cooled to about 2000 ℃, prevents that its melt burning from melting the trap wall, thus fixing melt; Secondly, the uranium dioxide dilution with containing in the fusing lining reduces to react the possibility that reaches overcritical pattern.
When melt arrives expendable material, with the expendable material fusing and make the melt cooling.In this case, exothermic themopositive reaction takes place in the forward position of the oxide of a large amount of iron that exist in melt and oxide expendable material reaction, makes melt keep liquid a period of time, mixes well with expendable material, and is effectively diluted by expendable material.The heat release of reaction front and certainly the heating be by lot of F e by the zirconium in the melt
2O
3And Fe
3O
4Oxidation forms, and makes reaction velocity fast.The high activity of described reaction makes expendable material and fusing lining form uniform melt fast, thereby owing to the trap wall absorbs heat the liquid in trap in a large number melt is cooled off fast.Described heat release between expendable material and the fusing lining on the interface prevents melt crystallization on the interface, thereby prevents that the reaction between expendable material and the fusing lining is converted to the solid phase reaction of low speed from liquid phase reactor at a high speed.This prevents that also unreacted expendable material from forming the solid phase shell near the trap wall, reduces from described wall heat radiation, thereby slows down cooling velocity.
Because strong zirconium oxidation, avoided water vapour in zirconium and the container reaction and with reaction and the generation and the accumulation hydrogen of the water of cold fuse-element, cause burning and explode.
Because the oxide of aluminium and iron to the fine dilution of uranium in the melt, therefore maintains subcritical neutron with chain reaction in the melt more reliably.And as the result of this dilution, the oxide of melt partly becomes light and swims on metal part is divided in the melt, that is, melt is inverted.This forms more effectively cooling to melt, because oxide partial coagulation temperature height, the very fast crust that in trap, forms, crust hinders heat radiation; And metal partial coagulation temperature is lower, still remains liquid in longer a period of time fully, and is in the bottom, makes the good heat radiation of melt not only carry out also carrying out at the bottom of trap from the trap wall.
And metal partly moves downward, and prevents metal in the metal part, as chromium, iron and nickel, is formed hydrogen by steam oxidation.Before all zirconium oxidations, these metals can be by the oxide oxidation of expendable material.Because zirconium has high dissolubility in melt oxidation thing part, therefore the oxidation of zirconium is still proceeded after melt is inverted.
Although the process that takes place at the interface of expendable material and melt has exothermic character, see that on the whole reaction is still absorbed heat, thereby has cooled off melt effectively, and it is fixed in the trap.The endothermic nature of process is to be caused by the aluminium oxide that contains a large amount of high heat capacities in the expendable material.And the high speed reaction between melt inversion and expendable material and the melt as mentioned above, has improved heat radiation, and melt is effectively cooled off.
Although the alumina content height comprises trap inner oxide material and the system's fusing point that melts lining, when adding dystectic aluminium oxide, can not raise, this helps system to remain liquid in longer a period of time, has therefore improved heat radiation.This be because, the oxide interreaction of iron and aluminium forms compound (solid solution), its fusing point is starkly lower than pure alumina.In addition, the crystallization under lower temperature of this solid solution also helps the melt system and remains on liquid condition.And, the zirconium in not oxidation of the aluminium oxide melt that exists with this solid solution form, thus prevent because the gaseous products that this reaction forms.
Like this, the present inventor has successfully made oxide material, is applied to molten-core catcher of nuclear reactor, and the oxide of iron and aluminium is a balance in its composition, thereby on the one hand,, and form reaction at a high speed between oxide material and the melt with the zirconium complete oxidation in the fusing lining; On the other hand, consider the factor of above-mentioned influence heat radiation, the heat in the melt that can effectively scatter and disappear.Use material of the present invention, cold fuse-element is positioned at melt in the trap reliably effectively, and melt in the trap is remained on subcritical neutron, prevents that the generation of hydrogen and gathering from causing that the radioactive nuclide of burning and blast and minimizing volatilization enters environment.
If the Fe in the material
2O
3And/or Fe
3O
4Content is less than 46wt%, then owing to lack oxygen and can not make the zirconium oxidation fully, causes forming with volatile products of the hydrogen that is harmful to and other gaseous state.If the Fe in the material
2O
3And/or Fe
3O
4Content surpasses 80wt%, and the overall reaction effect will be heat release, causes a large amount of and formation unallowed gaseous state and volatile products.
If Al
2O
3Content is less than 16wt%, and then themopositive reaction can not be heated the endothermic effect that the trap oxide material produces and offsets, and causes total exothermic effect will heat whole melt positioning system certainly.If Al
2O
3Content surpasses 50wt%, then owing to lack Fe
2O
3And/or Fe
3O
4And making the zirconium can not oxidation, liquidus temperature raises, and unoxidized zirconium contacts generation hydrogen with water vapour, obviously increases the possibility of combustion of hydrogen and blast.
As mentioned above, a small amount of SiO that adds in the material of the present invention
2, can obviously improve its intensity, and when using stupalith as the trap oxide material activated sintering process, and do not cause the layering of the system that comprises trap oxide material and nuclear reactor fusing lining.
If SiO
2Content surpasses 4wt%, and then the release of gaseous products increases, and also increase because the liquate process forms the possibility of melt layering, and the factor of porosity of the expendable material of sintering itself also increases.Simultaneously, work as SiO
2Content is 1wt% or during more than 1wt%, makes the intensity of material of the present invention obviously increase and improve sintering condition.
By model experiment and calculation of thermodynamics, assessed material of the present invention nuclear reactor has been melted the effectively ability of location of lining.
The model experiment of on experimental facilities, carrying out, be in cold crucible, to realize the high-frequency induction melting process, according to test specifically developed program for this, measured following numerical value: the reaction velocity of material of the present invention and nuclear reactor fusing lining, the temperature that begins to react, the liquidus temperature of melt and expendable material potpourri.The sample of expendable material of the present invention is placed on the bottom of cold crucible, adorns a lid on the sealing quartz container of stove above the cold crucible, covers to have perforate, is used to install pyrometer, measures pool depth and observes bath surface.Before this, use cold reactor fuel,, melt is contacted with the expendable material piece by the expendable material piece is moved to the zone that contacts with melt by the preparation of induction melting in cold crucible fusing lining.The crucible that melt is housed is placed on equipment to be made on the worktable of crucible with respect to inductive coil and shielding vertical moving.Rigidly connect by melt and to touch the hot junction timing immediately that is contained in the thermopair on the expendable material, assaying reaction forward position movement velocity.
Use the program of checking and the IVTANTHERMO database that comprises the macroscopic property data, gas be formed on experimentally and be defined as in theory under the formation temperature of molten bath the quantity of gaseous products (gas and steam) in the system, wherein system is made up of fusing lining and expendable material.
Use identical program and IVTANTHERMO database,, thermal effect is calculated as enthalpy poor of system by calculation of thermodynamics, that is, when the institute that takes place in taking into account system responds, the heat of release when melt cool off by expendable material.
As can be seen from Table 1, the expendable material that obtains by sintering material of the present invention all surpass aspect all characteristics known, by SiO
2The expendable material of forming.
The data of contrast table 1 and table 2, as can be seen, the sintering expendable material of ceramic formula surpasses the expendable material of concrete form aspect heat absorption values (DH), and heat absorption values is the characteristic that characterizes expendable material cooling fusing lining possibility.This be because, compare with sacrifice concrete with particles filled material that the grinding and sintering Ceramic Tiles obtains, agglomerated material has high density.
The average response speed of material of the present invention and melt be 2～17mm/s (that is, than known, by SiO
2High 1～2 order of magnitude of forming of expendable material), reaction beginning temperature is 1250～1380 ℃, and liquidus temperature is 1780～1900 ℃, and enthalpy (DH) is 6050～7400MJ/m
3Do not observe the liquate of active gases generation and melt.
Industrial usability
Material of the present invention is applied in the trap of nuclear reactor fusing lining, particularly the nuclear-power reactor of the reactor of nuclear power station and other use radioactive substance.
Claims (7)
1. an oxide material that is used for molten-core catcher of nuclear reactor contains Fe
2O
3And/or Fe
3O
4And Al
2O
3, Fe wherein
2O
3And/or Fe
3O
4Content be 46～80wt%, Al
2O
3Content be 16～50wt%.
2. oxide material as claimed in claim 1 wherein also contains the SiO of maximum 4wt%
2
3. oxide material as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein also contains the SiO that content is 1～4wt%
2
4. oxide material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein this oxide material is a stupalith.
5. oxide material as claimed in claim 3, wherein this oxide material is a stupalith.
6. oxide material as claimed in claim 4, wherein oxide material also contains the cementing agent of maximum 20wt%, and described cementing agent uses cement, and described material is a concrete.
7. oxide material as claimed in claim 5, wherein oxide material also contains the cementing agent of maximum 20wt%, and described cementing agent uses cement, and described material is a concrete.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2001108841 | 2001-04-02 | ||
| RU2001108841/06A RU2178924C1 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2001-04-02 | Charge for producing material ensuring confinement of nuclear reactor molten corium |
| RU0200027 | 2002-01-25 | ||
| RUPCT/RU02/00027 | 2002-01-25 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1500274A CN1500274A (en) | 2004-05-26 |
| CN1244933C true CN1244933C (en) | 2006-03-08 |
Family
ID=20247939
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB028075897A Expired - Fee Related CN1244933C (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-04-02 | Oxide material for molten-core catcher of nuclear reactor |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1244933C (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2178924C1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2837976B1 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2004-11-12 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | NUCLEAR REACTOR COMPRISING AT ITS STRUCTURES OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS |
| MX2007002646A (en) | 2004-09-14 | 2007-05-16 | Carbo Ceramics Inc | Sintered spherical pellets. |
| CA2599025C (en) | 2005-03-01 | 2013-09-24 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Methods for producing sintered particles from a slurry of an alumina-containing raw material |
| US7828998B2 (en) | 2006-07-11 | 2010-11-09 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Material having a controlled microstructure, core-shell macrostructure, and method for its fabrication |
| US8063000B2 (en) | 2006-08-30 | 2011-11-22 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Low bulk density proppant and methods for producing the same |
| US7721804B2 (en) | 2007-07-06 | 2010-05-25 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Proppants for gel clean-up |
| RU2687243C1 (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2019-05-08 | Акционерное Общество "Научно-Исследовательский И Проектно-Конструкторский Институт Энергетических Технологий "Атомпроект" | System for separation of pressure volume of containment of nuclear power plant |
-
2001
- 2001-04-02 RU RU2001108841/06A patent/RU2178924C1/en active
-
2002
- 2002-04-02 CN CNB028075897A patent/CN1244933C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1500274A (en) | 2004-05-26 |
| RU2178924C1 (en) | 2002-01-27 |
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