CN1219110C - Method for preventing magnesium and its alloy parts from corrosion and wearing - Google Patents
Method for preventing magnesium and its alloy parts from corrosion and wearing Download PDFInfo
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- CN1219110C CN1219110C CNB031115675A CN03111567A CN1219110C CN 1219110 C CN1219110 C CN 1219110C CN B031115675 A CNB031115675 A CN B031115675A CN 03111567 A CN03111567 A CN 03111567A CN 1219110 C CN1219110 C CN 1219110C
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- magnesium
- conversion film
- alloy components
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/60—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using alkaline aqueous solutions with pH greater than 8
Abstract
The present invention provides a method for preventing magnesium and alloy members thereof from being corrosion and abrasion. The present invention is characterized in that converting films are nickel-phosphorus composite layers are attached to the surfaces of magnesium and basal bodies of the alloy members, wherein reticulate patterns and cracks exist on the surfaces of the converting film layers of which the thickness is approximately from 3 to 5 mum; the content of phosphorus in the nickel-phosphorus layers is from 7 to 13 wt. %, and the deposition speed of the nickel-phosphorus layers is from 8 to 15 mum/h. Firstly, chemical converting treatment is carried out for magnesium alloys to form chemical converting films on the surfaces of the magnesium alloys, and then nickel is chemically plated on the chemical converting films. The present invention not only solves the problem of unobvious corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy chemical converting films, but also solves the problem of environmental protection direct chemical nickel plating pretreatment for the magnesium alloys. The present invention obtains plating layers with the favorable effects of corrosion resistance and wear resistance from AZ91D and AM50 magnesium-alloy embodiments; therefore, the present invention provides an effective measure for the protection of magnesium alloys.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to the treatment technology of metallic surface, be specially wear-resisting, the anti-corrosion Ni-P protective layer of method deposition one deck that utilizes chemical conversion processing and chemical nickel plating to combine at magnesium and alloy surface thereof.
Background technology:
Magnesium alloy is as the lightest structured material, be described as 21st century " green engineering material ", it has very high specific tenacity, specific rigidity, than Young's modulus and good castibility, machinability and dimensional stability, have good damping capacity and capability of electromagnetic shielding simultaneously, obtain extensive concern in industries such as automobile, aviation, electronics, communications, a year application rate of increase surpasses 20%.Yet because the chemically reactive of magnesium alloy is higher, in air, be easy to oxidation, generate oxide film loose, the protective capability difference, cause magnesium alloy in atmosphere, soil and the seawater of humidity, all serious corrosion will take place, hindered the widespread use of magnesium alloy.In order to improve the corrosion resistance nature of magnesium alloy, generally adopt surface treatment methods such as chemical conversion, anodic oxidation, physical gaseous phase deposition coating, can play certain effect, but solidity to corrosion, wear resistance are still not ideal enough.Chemical nickel plating has good wear resistance, erosion resistance and other performance characteristics as a kind of functional coating, if can be with the protection aspect that is applied to magnesium alloy of chemical nickel plating success, the corrosion resistance nature of magnesium alloy will greatly be improved, and can also widen its use range, it is a lot of that present chemical nickel plating is studied aspect the protection of magnesium alloy.
ASTM B480-88 provides chemically coating nickel by magnesium-alloy and mainly contains and soak two kinds of methods of zinc and direct chemical plating.Soaking the zinc method is soak zinc in containing the zinc solution of pyrophosphate salt after, by the cyanide copper plating bottoming, carries out electroless plating then.This complex process, be not suitable for the higher magnesium alloy of aluminium content, the problems such as safe in utilization and liquid waste disposal of prussiate also are badly in need of solution simultaneously.Therefore the method for direct chemical nickel plating comes into one's own.The technology of direct chemical nickel plating is first alkaline degreasing, carries out chromic acid dipping and hydrofluoric acid activation treatment again, carries out chemical nickel plating at last.Chromic acid and hydrofluoric acid are all unfavorable to health and environmental protection in the pre-treatment process, therefore improve the pre-treating technology of magnesium alloy direct chemical nickel-plating, and the pre-treating process of exploitation environment-friendly type has very big using value.
The technology contents of invention:
The objective of the invention is by a kind of composite chemical nickel plating coating is provided on the magnesium alloy component surface, come magnesium alloy is carried out protection against corrosion, both solved the inapparent shortcoming of the barrier propterty of chemical conversion film own, solved the problem that exists in the magnesium alloy direct chemical nickel-plating pre-treating technology again, and conversion film is as transition layer, avoided nickel layer to combine with the direct of magnesium alloy substrate, reduced potential difference between the two, avoided nickel layer to destroy the generation of back intensive galvanic corrosion, can play the ideal protective effect magnesium alloy.
The invention provides a kind of magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, attrition resistant method of making, it is characterized in that: the composite bed that is attached with conversion film and nickel phosphorus at magnesium and alloy components matrix surface thereof; The conversion film film surface exists some reticulate patterns and crack, and thickness is 3～5 μ m; The content of phosphorus is 7-13wt% in the nickel phosphorus layer, and sedimentation velocity is 8-15 μ m/h.
The preparation technology of magnesium alloy composite chemical nickel plating coating of the present invention is as follows: chemical conversion is handled and can be adopted chromate conversion, phosphate conversion, permanganate to transform and the stannate conversion processing.The chromate conversion treatments solution composition can adopt chromic acid, alkali metal chromate or dichromate and some activators such as potassium aluminium sulfate etc.; The main ingredient of chromate conversion coating is trivalent chromium and chromic compound and magnesium chromate, and conversion film is very thin, has only about 3-5 μ m, and film surface exists some reticulate patterns and crack, has certain adsorptive power.Phosphate conversion is handled and can be carried out in two class solution, a kind of dihydrogen phosphate of manganese, iron and solution of Sodium Fluoride or Potassium monofluoride of adopting, and rete mainly is made up of manganous phosphate, and it is the hydrolysate of soluble phosphoric acid dihydric salt in the treatment solution; Solution, the conversion film composition of another kind of employing alkali-metal phosphoric acid salt, nitrate and fluoroborate mainly are trimagnesium phosphates; Two class retes all have vesicular structure, and the pre-treatment that can be chemical nickel plating provides the good adsorption condition.Permanganate transforms the main mixing solutions of potassium permanganate and alkali-metal fluorochemical that adopts and handles, and membranous layer ingredient is mainly the oxide compound and the fluorochemical of magnesium, has some tiny crackles, also has very strong adsorptive power.From the angle of environmental protection, the present invention adopts the stannate conversion processing, and the conversion film composition mainly is a magnesium stannate.Solution composition is that alkali-metal stannate and pyrophosphate salt are the basic solution of main component, stannate is main membrane-forming agent, oxide compound or the greasy dirt that pyrophosphate salt can well be removed alloy surface, under suitable pH value, can obtain having favourable absorption ability and even, fine and close relatively conversion film, with the sodium salt is example, and solution composition and operational condition are as shown in table 1.
Chemical nickel plating can adopt known any magnesium alloy nickel plating technology now, and the pre-treatment process comprises sensitization, activation and reduction process.Bath system, main salt can be selected nickel acetate or basic nickel carbonate; Reductive agent can be selected inferior sodium phosphate; Complexing agent can be selected citric acid, and this system complex ability is strong, and coating is along the two-dimensional directional ramp that is parallel to matrix, and the coating that obtains is smooth, fine and close, and porosity is little; The pH value is strict controlled between the 6.0-6.5 in the plating process; Temperature is the factor that electroless nickel deposition speed is had the greatest impact, plating temperature want suitably and temperature control even, remain on 80-85 ℃, avoid local superheating.Optimum process condition is determined by orthogonal test.According to above technology the sedimentation rate that magnesium alloy carries out chemical nickel plating is reached 8-15 μ m/h, phosphorus content reaches 7-13wt.%, nickel plating coating and matrix bond are good, compact structure, do not have tangible surface imperfection, and the corrosion resistance nature for coating on weave construction and the composition provides certain guarantee.
Advantage of the present invention: chemical conversion and chemical nickel plating are reasonably combined, on chemical conversion film, carry out chemical nickel plating, both solved the inapparent shortcoming of the protection effect of chemical conversion film own, the porous characteristics of chemical conversion film itself have been made full use of again, it provides the good adsorption condition for the pre-treatment process of chemical nickel plating, can be on chemical conversion film success carry out chemical nickel plating, improved corrosion protection, the wear resisting property of magnesium alloy greatly.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is the surface topography after the AZ91D alloy tin hydrochlorate conversion processing;
Fig. 2 is the cross section pattern after the AZ91D alloy tin hydrochlorate conversion processing;
Fig. 3 is the surface topography after the AM50 alloy tin hydrochlorate conversion processing;
Fig. 4 is the cross section pattern after the AM50 alloy tin hydrochlorate conversion processing;
Fig. 5 is the surface topography of nickel deposited on the AZ91D alloy conversion film;
Fig. 6 is the cross section pattern of nickel deposited on the AZ91D alloy conversion film;
Fig. 7 is the surface topography of nickel deposited on the AM50 alloy conversion film;
Fig. 8 is the cross section pattern of nickel deposited on the AM50 alloy conversion film;
Fig. 9 is the polarization curve when the nickel plating sample is polarised to the above 1.0V of corrosion potential on AZ91D and the AM50 alloy tin hydrochlorate conversion film in 3.5wt%NaCl solution;
Figure 10 is the surface topography (both patterns are similar) after the chemical Ni-plating layer polarization test on AZ91D and the AM50 alloy tin hydrochlorate conversion film.
Embodiment:
1) sample alkali cleaning: the alkali lye composition is NaOH 10-20g/L, Na
2CO
315-25g/L cleans 5-15min under 85-95 ℃ of temperature, to remove the greasy dirt and the impurity on surface.
2) acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5-10min.
3) chemical conversion is handled: it is the solution of membrane-forming agent that the chemical conversion processing can be adopted chromic salt, phosphoric acid salt, permanganate, stannate.The solution composition of chromate treating can be selected Na
2Cr
2O
72H
2O150-180g/L, H
3NO
3120-180g/L, NH
4HF
25-15g/L, temperature 20-35 ℃, treatment time 2-5min, medium stirring; The solution composition of stannate conversion processing can be selected Na
2SnO
33H
2O 30-50g/L, Na
4P
2O
730-50g/L, NaOH 5-15g/L, NaCH
3COO3H
2O 5-15g/L, temperature 70-90 ℃, treatment time 50-70min, medium stirring.
4) distilled water cleans.
5) acetone ultrasonic cleaning 5-10min is to remove the remaining material of surface when the chemical conversion.
6) sensitization is handled: purpose is the Sn that absorption one deck has reductibility on chemical conversion film
2+, so that when activation treatment, palladium ion is reduced into the palladium atom of katalysis, when electroless plating, produce the active centre.Solution composition is SnCl
25-15g, HCl 5-10mL, H
2O 1000mL, treatment temp are room temperature, time 1-5min, medium stirring.
7) activation treatment: purpose is in order to produce the precious metals pd of skim catalytic, the catalyzer of redox reaction during as chemical nickel plating on the chemical conversion film surface.Solution composition is PdCl
20.5-1.5g, C
2H
5OH 500mL, H
2O 500mL, treatment temp are room temperature, time 1-5min, medium stirring.
8) reduction is handled: sample is through after the activation treatment, reduce processings, the unnecessary precious metal ion that adsorbs reduced, to prevent the stability of these ion damaged chemical nickel-plating liquids.Solution composition is NaH
2PO
2H
2O 20-50g/L, H
2O 1000mL, treatment temp is a room temperature, time 10s-2min, medium stirring.
9) distilled water cleaning, cold wind dry up.
10) chemical nickel plating: the basal component of the plating bath of chemical nickel plating is as follows:
1. main salt: for magnesium and alloy thereof, because the high reactivity of itself has determined its main salt should not select single nickel salt or nickelous chloride, main salt is decided to be nickel acetate or basic nickel carbonate.
2. reductive agent can be selected inferior sodium phosphate, sodium borohydride, alkyl ammonia boron and hydrazine etc., and their common traits structurally are to contain two or more active hydrogens, reduction Ni
2+Catalytic dehydrogenation by reductive agent is carried out.Because inferior sodium phosphate is cheap, plating bath is controlled easily, and Ni-P alloy layer excellent property, reductive agent is selected inferior sodium phosphate.
3. complexing agent is except that main salt and reductive agent, most important plating bath integral part, and it mainly acts on is to prevent that plating bath from separating out precipitation, the stability that increases plating bath also increases the service life, and improves the pH value scope and the improvement quality of coating of plating bath work.Complexing agent is selected citric acid.
4. function of stabilizer is to suppress the spontaneous decomposition of plating bath, and the plating process is carried out under controlled conditions in order.Select KIO
3Or sulphur urine is as stablizer.
5. the effect of buffer reagent is to guarantee that the pH value of plating bath in the plating process is unlikely to change too big, can maintain within the certain pH value scope, and the selection sodium-acetate is a buffer reagent.
6. tensio-active agent helps gas (H
2) effusion, reduce the porosity of coating; In addition because tensio-active agent has the effect of whipping agent concurrently, in the plating process under the stirring of evolving gas, the plating bath surface can form the foam of one deck white, it can be incubated, reduce the vaporization losses of plating bath, also helps the removing of booty, keeps the cleaning of plating bath and plating piece.Select Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as tensio-active agent.
7. the pH value is the important factor that influences quality of coating, and the stability of sedimentation velocity, phosphorus content, stress distribution and the plating bath of its variable effect coating etc. need strictness to control the scope of pH value, generally between 5.0-6.5 in magnesium and the alloy plating process thereof.
8. temperature is the factor that electroless nickel deposition speed is had the greatest impact, plating temperature want suitably and temperature control even, remain on 80-85 ℃, avoid local superheating.Overall composition sees Table 1.
Table 1
| Composition | Content |
| Ni(CH 3COOH) 2·4H 2O or NiCO 3·2Ni(OH) 2·4H 2O | 15-30g/L or 10-20g/L |
| NaH 2PO 2·H2O | 15-30g/L |
| NH 4HF 2 | 10-20g/L |
| C 6H 8O 7·H 2O | 5-15g/L |
| NH 4·H 2O | 20-30ml/L |
| KIO 3Or sulphur urine | 0.01-0.02g/L or 0.001-0.002g/L |
| CH 3COONa | 5-15g/L |
| Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate | 0.01-0.025g/L |
| The pH value | 5.0-6.5 |
| Temperature | 80-90℃ |
Embodiment 1
Selection is an as cast condition AZ91D alloy, sample size is 15mm * 10mm * 3mm, use the 1000grit sand papering, to guarantee that matrix has identical surfaceness, carry out alkaline degreasing → acetone ultrasonic cleaning → chemical conversion processing → washing → acetone ultrasonic cleaning → chemical nickel plating pre-treatment → chemical nickel plating then.The solution composition of chemical nickel plating is identical with operational condition, and is as shown in table 2.The solution composition and the operational condition of the solution composition that chemical conversion is handled and the pre-treating technology of operational condition and chemical nickel plating are as shown in table 3.
Embodiment 2
Selection is an as cast condition AM50 alloy, sample size is 15mm * 10mm * 3mm, use the 1000grit sand papering, to guarantee that matrix has identical surfaceness, carry out alkaline degreasing → acetone ultrasonic cleaning → chemical conversion processing → washing → acetone ultrasonic cleaning → chemical nickel plating pre-treatment → chemical nickel plating then.The solution composition of chemical nickel plating is identical with operational condition, and is as shown in table 2.The solution composition and the operational condition of the solution composition that chemical conversion is handled and the pre-treating technology of operational condition and chemical nickel plating are as shown in table 3.
Table 2
| Ni(CH 3COOH) 2·4H 2O 20g/L NaH 2PO 2·H2O 20g/L NH 4HF 2 20g/L C 6H 8O 7·H 2O 6.5g/L NH 4·H 2O 30ml/L KIO 3 0.015g/L CH 385 ℃ of COONa 10g/L Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate 0.02g/L pH value 6.5 temperature |
Table 3
| Embodiment 1 AZ91D alloy | Solution composition and operational condition that chemical conversion is handled |
| Na 2SnO 3·3H 290 ℃ of Na of O 30G/L temperature 4P 2O 7The medium stirring NaCH of 30g/L time 50min NaOH 5g/L 3COO·3H 2O 5g/L | |
| Chemical nickel plating pre-treatment solution composition and operational condition | |
| Sensitization SnCl 25g room temperature, 2.5min, stirring HCl 5mL H 2O 1000mL activates PdCl 20.5g room temperature, 25min, stirring C 2H 5OH 500mL H 2O 500mL reduces NaH 2PO 2·H 2O 20g/L room temperature, 1min, stirring | |
| Embodiment 2 AM50 alloys | Solution composition and operational condition that chemical conversion is handled |
| Na 2SnO 3·3H 270 ℃ of Na of O 50g/L temperature 4P 2O 7The medium stirring NaCH of 50g/L time 70min NaOH 15g/L 3COO·3H 2O 15g/L | |
| Chemical nickel plating pre-treatment solution composition and operational condition | |
| Sensitization SnCl 215g room temperature, 4min, stirring HCl 10mL H 2O 1000mL activates PdCl 21.5g room temperature, 4min, stirring C 2H 5OH 500mL H 2O 500mL reduces NaH 2PO 2·H 2O 50g/L room temperature, 2min, stirring |
The surface of the chemical conversion film of two kinds of embodiment and cross section pattern are shown in Fig. 1～4, as seen the stannate conversion film is formed by fine spherical grains particle close packing, there is the gap between the particle, to provide the good adsorption condition for the pre-treatment process of subsequent chemistry nickel plating, conversion film is all right with combining of matrix, and the composition of conversion film is mainly MgSnO
33H
2O.The surface of chemical nickel plating and cross section pattern are shown in Fig. 5～8 on the conversion film, as seen on AZ91D and AM50 alloy conversion film sedimentary chemical Ni-plating layer organize all very fine and close, free of surface defects, from the cross section pattern as seen, chemical Ni-plating layer in conjunction with all right, between chemical Ni-plating layer and matrix, have the excessive layer of magnesium stannate.Energy spectrum analysis shows that the phosphorus content of coating has reached 7-13wt%, provides good assurance for the corrosion resistance nature of coating on tissue and the composition.Electrokinetic potential polarization test result in 3.5wt%NaCl solution shows that tangible passivation phenomenon all takes place the chemical Ni-plating layer of two kinds of alloys, as shown in Figure 9 in the process of anodic polarization.Surface topography after the polarization test as shown in figure 10, even when being anodized to the above 1.0V of corrosion potential, nickel layer also just produces some ultrafine pits, but not eating thrown or cracking still can play the ideal protective effect to matrix.
Claims (10)
1, a kind of magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, attrition resistant method of making is characterized in that: the composite bed that is attached with conversion film and nickel phosphorus at magnesium and alloy components matrix surface thereof; The conversion film film surface exists some reticulate patterns and crack, and thickness is 3～5 μ m; The content of phosphorus is 7-13wt% in the nickel phosphorus layer, and sedimentation velocity is 8-15 μ m/h.
2, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described conversion film is a chromate conversion coating, and main component is trivalent chromium and chromic compound and magnesium chromate.
3, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described conversion film is the phosphate conversion film, and main component is a manganous phosphate, or trimagnesium phosphate.
4, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described conversion film is the permanganate conversion film, and main component is the oxide compound and the fluorochemical of magnesium.
5, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described conversion film is the stannate conversion film, and main component is a magnesium stannate.
6, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of one of claim 1～5, it is characterized in that: described composite bed is at first to handle by chemical conversion, handles obtaining again through chemical nickel plating.
7, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 6, it is characterized in that: for chromate conversion coating, the treatment soln composition adopts chromic acid, alkali metal chromate or dichromate and activator.
8, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 6, it is characterized in that: for the phosphate conversion film, the treatment soln composition adopts dihydrogen phosphate and the solution of Sodium Fluoride or Potassium monofluoride or the solution of employing alkali-metal phosphoric acid salt, nitrate and fluoroborate of manganese, iron.
9, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 6, it is characterized in that: for the permanganate conversion film, the treatment soln composition adopts the mixing solutions of potassium permanganate and alkali-metal fluorochemical.
10, according to described magnesium and alloy components corrosion protection thereof, the attrition resistant method of making of claim 6, it is characterized in that: for the stannate conversion film, it is the basic solution of main component that the treatment soln composition adopts alkali-metal stannate and pyrophosphate salt.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031115675A CN1219110C (en) | 2003-04-29 | 2003-04-29 | Method for preventing magnesium and its alloy parts from corrosion and wearing |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB031115675A CN1219110C (en) | 2003-04-29 | 2003-04-29 | Method for preventing magnesium and its alloy parts from corrosion and wearing |
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|---|---|
| CN1542164A CN1542164A (en) | 2004-11-03 |
| CN1219110C true CN1219110C (en) | 2005-09-14 |
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Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100365164C (en) * | 2005-11-25 | 2008-01-30 | 上海大学 | Chemical nickel phosphor plating method for magnesium alloy |
| CN100408725C (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2008-08-06 | 东北大学 | Process for compound surface sheilding of metal magnesium and magnesium alloy |
| CN101696500B (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2011-08-24 | 宁波表面工程研究中心 | Method for anticorrosion treatment on surface of magnesium alloy material |
| TW201200756A (en) | 2010-03-10 | 2012-01-01 | Ntn Toyo Bearing Co Ltd | Cage and rolling bearing |
| CN102586763B (en) * | 2012-03-21 | 2014-07-16 | 成都青元泛镁科技有限公司 | Novel chemical nickel-plating method for magnesium alloy |
| CN103789753B (en) * | 2014-02-24 | 2015-10-28 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Environment ultrasonic assisting magnesium lithium alloy chemistry Ni-P-plating technique |
| US20180171483A1 (en) * | 2015-10-01 | 2018-06-21 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Coating structure, impeller, compressor, metal part manufacturing method, impeller manufacturing method, and compressor manufacturing method |
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2003
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